Integration | Innovation | Inclusion: Values,Variables and the Design of Human Environments

Complexity, complication, contradiction, consumption, confusion, delusion, depression. Opportunity, inspiration, ingenuity, compassion, wisdom. Our world is perplexing, our times are fast moving, and our choices are many. To find an appropriate path is a daunting yet vital challenge that confronts us as individuals, as communities, and as a civilization. How sustainable is our world? How reasonable are our behaviors? The present article is a collection of thoughts on a series of intertwined issues related to the contemporary world, its environmental dimensions, and their present-day problems. The goal is to survey the landscape through a lens of Environmental Design, to provide some perspectives, to raise some questions, and to explore systems, beliefs, and values informing and influencing actions. It is important to consider how people's belief systems influence, inform, and shape actions. This holds true in realms political, spiritual, and cultural. It also proves relevant in the ways in which we imagine, design, develop, and construct our buildings, cities, spaces, and places.

Appropriate solutions to some of our most daunting problems will arise through the concerted efforts, open dialogue, and collective wisdom of the wide array of stakeholders, professionals, politicians, decision makers, and citizens (both engaged and disenfranchised) who have the will and wherewithal to make a difference and to make the world safer, healthier, and better. It seems vital for us to critically examine, and question, our belief systems and their connections to the ways we define, refine, and realize progress. Architecture and Environmental Design, in both a philosophical and a practical sense, reflect as well as form greater aspirations, directions, and events of our times.     

航天器任务调度模型、算法与通用求解技术综述

针对航天器任务调度大规模、复杂化的新常态和灵活组网、快速响应的新要求, 综述了航天器任务调度模型、算法与通用求解技术的发展现状. 首先, 基于遥感卫星、中继通信卫星、导航卫星和航天测控等航天器任务, 从任务排序模型和时间窗口分配模型两个角度出发, 揭示了不同航天器任务调度模型的决策形式和共性特征, 阐明提升模型兼容性、适用性的必要性. 其次, 基于启发式算法、精确求解算法和元启发式算法, 探讨了航天器任务调度算法的适用模型与编码特色, 指明“算法?模型”解耦、算法深度融合的重要性. 在此基础上, 介绍了CPLEX、STK/Scheduler、Europa2和“高景一号”任务调度分系统等航天器任务调度通用求解技术的模型、算法与主要功能, 说明我国自主研发通用求解技术的必要性和新的应用思路. 最后, 指出了开发航天器任务调度统一化建模语言、打造算法库与测试集等未来航天器任务调度研究的新方向.     

从图像到语言：图像标题生成与描述

图像标题生成与描述的任务是通过计算机将图像自动翻译成自然语言的形式重新表达出来,该研究在人类视觉辅助、智能人机环境开发等领域具有广阔的应用前景,同时也为图像检索、高层视觉语义推理和个性化描述等任务的研究提供支撑。图像数据具有高度非线性和繁杂性,而人类自然语言较为抽象且逻辑严谨,因此让计算机自动地对图像内容进行抽象和总结,具有很大的挑战性。本文对图像简单标题生成与描述任务进行了阐述,分析了基于手工特征的图像简单描述生成方法,并对包括基于全局视觉特征、视觉特征选择与优化以及面向优化策略等基于深度特征的图像简单描述生成方法进行了梳理与总结。针对图像的精细化描述任务,分析了当前主要的图像“密集描述”与结构化描述模型与方法。此外,本文还分析了融合情感信息与个性化表达的图像描述方法。在分析与总结的过程中,指出了当前各类图像标题生成与描述方法存在的不足,提出了下一步可能的研究趋势与解决思路。对该领域常用的MS COCO2014（Microsoft common objects in context）、Flickr30K等数据集进行了详细介绍,对图像简单描述、图像密集描述与段落描述和图像情感描述等代表性模型在数据集上的性能进行了对比分析。由于视觉数据的复杂性与自然语言的抽象性,尤其是融合情感与个性化表达的图像描述任务,在相关特征提取与表征、语义词汇的选择与嵌入、数据集构建及描述评价等方面尚存在大量问题亟待解决。     

伦理智能体及其设计:现状和展望

智能体一直是人工智能的主要研究领域之一,任何独立的能够同环境交互并自主决策的实体都可以抽象为智能体.随着人工智能从计算智能到感知智能,再到认知智能的发展,智能体已逐步渗透到无人驾驶、服务机器人、智能家居、智慧医疗、战争武器等人类生活密切相关的领域.这些应用中,智能体与环境、尤其是与人类和社会的交互愈来愈突出,其中的伦理...     

Sixty years of cybernetics

Fundamental aspects of cybernetics, such as goals, problems, methods, tools, brief history, and correlation with other sciences, are considered. Cybernetics in its classical interpretation is the science of information management, communication, and processing. As cybernetics developed, this definition was formalized as the science of methods and processes of information acquisition, storage, processing, analysis, and evaluation, which allows it to apply to decision making in complex control systems. These systems include all engineering, biological, administrative, social, ecological, and economical systems. The main thesis that determined the goals, problems, subject matter, and development of cybernetics as a whole up to the present is the similarity in management and communication processes in machines, living organisms, and both animal and human societies. First of all, these are processes of transfer, storage, and processing of information, i.e., various signals, messages, and data. Any signal and any information may be considered independently from its particular content and destination as a certain choice between two or more values having the known probabilities (selective concept of information). It allows us to treat all processes on the basis of a unified measure and statistical apparatus. The idea of the general theory of control and communication, that is, cybernetics, is based on this hypothesis.     

数字孪生水网(杭嘉湖平原)综合应用研究

嘉兴市位于太湖流域下游杭嘉湖平原,针对区域内水情多变、洪涝多发、水资源供需矛盾突出等问题,为加强洪涝灾害风险防控,强化水资源监管,优化水资源利用,开展数字孪生平原水网综合应用研究,通过模型分析、功能调用、服务调用、数据融合共享等方式,对雨水情监测、水利工程管理、防汛形势研判、联合调度等模块进行集成, 实现对全域水灾害、水环境的预报预警和预演预案功能。系统运行结果有效提高区域内水灾害监控和态势分析能力,加强洪水风险的统筹管控,增强市、区、县水利工程的协同调度能力。实现由经验防御到智慧防御的转变,最大化地发挥水利工程的排涝调度效益,提升区域整体的防洪排涝和水环境改善能力。研究具有平原区河网数字化改革建设的典型性、代表性,可为全国水利数字化改革提供可复制、参考的经验。     

普适医疗信息管理与服务的关键技术与挑战

随着区域医疗、移动医疗、转化医学等新兴技术的应用和发展,电子病历、电子健康档案及转化基因等数据都呈现出爆炸式增长.为了将医疗服务信任问题渗透到人与医疗信息系统可信交互中,提供以个性化、一体化、协同化与知识化为特征的现代医疗服务,必须有效管理和分析这些海量数据资源,达到医疗信息与服务普适共享、广大民众普遍受惠的目的.文中以社会计算为背景,提出一种面向现代医疗服务模式的普适医疗信息管理与服务体系PMIMSS,讨论了普适医疗面临的关键技术问题,包括医疗信息共享与集成、医疗知识发现与服务、医疗服务质量评价、个性化医疗服务推荐,以及基于人与医疗信息系统交互的可信机制等,并总结了当前的研究现状和进展,详细分析了存在的挑战性问题,提出了未来的研究方向.     

时空数据智能化处理与分析的理论和方法探讨

首先回顾了时空数据处理与分析的发展历史,探讨了开展智能化研究的必要性,并提出了具有层次结构的时空数据智能化处理和分析的体系结构,结合第四代基本特征的地理信息系统的理论和技术,提出发展地理智能系统需要着重解决几个关键问题：地学知识的表达与推理,建立多尺度时空数据融合模型,时空数据统计特性的模型化表达,引进人工智能领域最新方法,设计有效,快速的时空数据的特点表达,分析,数据挖掘,知识发现等算法,表成一系列时空数据的智能化处理和分析功能。     

哈密市山洪灾害预警信息平台设计与实现

哈密市山洪灾害具有峰量大且集中、涨峰持续时间较短、破坏力大等特点，山洪的监测监视和实时预警是灾害防御的重要手段。哈密市山洪灾害预警信息平台的设计与实现，遵循哈密市防汛减灾“以时间换空间、以空间换时间”的思想理念，在哈密市水利一张图、一张网、一个库的基础上，汇聚气象、雨量、水位、 视频、应急预案和防汛工程图及相关责任人通讯录等防汛减灾联合调度的关键信息，以前端感知、信息监测和分析研判为主线，实现汛期雨水情的实时监测、监视、预警等，做到提前监测发现和应急准备，为防汛值班、 预报预警、应急处置、安全度汛提供技术支撑和保障。同时，实现哈密市中小型水库视频监视的汇聚，形成统一的视频监视平台，为哈密市委市政府组织应急局、气象局、水利局等多部门协同作业，发挥联合决策、调度优势提供支撑。     

基于有向无环图的区块链技术综述

区块链技术已广泛应用于金融、公共服务、物联网、网络安全、供应链等多个领域,但传统单链结构的区块链在吞吐量、交易确认速度和可扩展性方面存在不足,导致其在一些短时高并发量数据场景中难以落地应用。基于有向无环图（DAG）的区块链技术因其具有交易并发确认功能、吞吐量高、可扩展性强等优势受到研究者广泛关注。通过分析研究现有DAG区块链的发展和演化过程、评估方法、优化方向以及应用场景,探索DAG区块链在落地应用中的可行性。阐述主流DAG区块链的研究现状,比较传统区块链与DAG区块链的优势与不足,并分析现有区块链属性评估方法,总结DAG区块链评估结果。在此基础上,从交易确认速度、系统吞吐量、系统安全性、存储结构等方面对比现有DAG区块链的优化方法,介绍DAG区块链在数据管理、基于边缘计算和联邦学习的数据共享以及面向访问控制和隐私保护的数据安全等场景中的应用情况,并指出当前研究中存在的主要问题和挑战,对未来的研究方向进行展望。     

类ChatGPT大模型发展、应用和前景

生成式人工智能技术自ChatGPT发布以来，不断突破瓶颈，吸引了资本规模投入、多领域革命和政府重点关注。本文首先分析了大模型的发展动态、应用现状和前景，然后从以下3个方面对大模型相关技术进行了简要介绍：1）概述了大模型相关构造技术，包括构造流程、研究现状和优化技术；2）总结了3类当前主流图像—文本的大模型多模态技术；3）介绍了根据评估方式不同而划分的3类大模型评估基准。参数优化与数据集构建是大模型产品普及与技术迭代的核心问题；多模态能力是大模型重要发展方向之一；设立评估基准是比较与约束大模型的关键方法。此外，本文还讨论了现有相关技术面临的挑战与未来可能的发展方向。现阶段的大模型产品已有强大的理解能力和创造能力，在教育、医疗和金融等领域已展现出广阔的应用前景。但同时，它们也存在训练部署困难、专业知识不足和安全隐患等问题。因此，完善参数优化、优质数据集构建、多模态等技术，并建立统一、全面、便捷的评估基准，将成为大模型突破现有局限的关键。     

数字孪生甬江流域水资源“四预”应用研究

基于当前数字孪生流域发展背景及宁波市水资源利用特点，为满足宁波市水资源在不同时空下合理分配的需求，以甬江流域水资源管理与调配“四预”流程为切入点，深度融合数字孪生、BIM 建模等现代化信息技术，在建立来水预报分析、需水预测、水资源优化调配、水资源实时分析评价及水资源预警等各类模型的基础上， 构建具有“预报分析—监测预警—调配预演—调度预案—动态评价”功能的水资源管理与调配业务应用系统，以达到及时准确预报、全面精准预警、同步仿真预演、精细数字预案、多维动态评价的目标，最终实现水资源的智能优化调配与管理。     

Reflections on iCODE: using web technology and hands-on projects to engage urban youth in computer science and engineering

More than 200 middle school and high school students from underserved urban communities in Boston, Lowell, and Lawrence, Massachusetts, participated in after-school and summer enrichment programs over a three-year period, using hands-on learning materials and web resources to complete hands-on microcontroller-based projects. Program content was based on a suite of robotics and electronics kits developed by the University of Massachusetts Lowell and Machine Science Inc., together with on-line instructions, a web-based programming tool, and a shared electronic portfolio of student projects. Participating students worked with classroom teachers and undergraduate mentors to complete a series of projects, and took part each year in a non-competitive robotics exhibition and a competitive robot sumo tournament. Goodman Research Group assessed learning outcomes and attitudinal changes using a variety of measures, including observations of program sessions, group interviews with participating students, pre- and post-program student surveys, and educator feedback. The program was found to effectively engage participants, give them real engineering and programming skills, improve their attitudes toward science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects, and increase their interest in STEM career pathways. These results are presented, along with lessons learned from the program implementation, technology development, and evaluation.     

电网建设项目环境保护和水土保持一体化全过程管控研究与实践

研究与实践电网建设项目环境保护和水土保持一体化全过程管理的工作方法与工作流程,逐步理清各阶段重点管控节点与注意事项,规范各参建单位工作职责,利用信息化手段开展电网建设项目施工现场环境保护及水土保持监控监测,全面提升电网建设项目环境保护和水土保持工作的水平及能力,有效保障工程依法合规建设。本文在此背景下,利用信息化手段开展研究,设计并实现电网建设项目施工现场环境保护及水土保持监控监测系统,系统按其功能结构分为数据采集模块、Web系统模块和移动端模块三大部分,实现了全天候、全区域、全时段对施工现场的扬尘、噪声、风速进行监测,连续监测、报警和管理,有效提高了电网建设项目环境保护和水土保持工作的水平及能力。     

基于Hive的高可用双引擎数据仓库

打破信息孤岛，整合异构数据，汇聚共享交换，深度分析挖掘，提供行业领域辅助决策和态势分析具有深远的理论和应用价值.本文以中国科学院教育科研态势感知服务的实际需求为牵引，设计并实现了一套基于Hive的Hadoop/Spark双计算引擎大数据仓库，支持多种方式OLAP分析，进行了可用性、负载均衡、资源管理的优化设计，为后续进行全院数据汇聚挖掘、知识图谱构建、学科态势分析提供了平台支撑.实验表明，系统灵活高效，高可用可扩展，资源调度科学，负载均衡效果明显.     

Automated Compound Storage and Retrieval System for Microplates and Tubes

As compound libraries continue their exponential growth, assay systems become increasingly complex, and high throughput screening (HTS) technology picks up speed to become ultra-HTS, the need to store more samples and more discrete compound collections in labware of varied dimension, shape, and function, represents a problem of heightening significance for drug discovery laboratories. Adequate storage space is merely the tip of the iceberg. The main challenge comes in finding suitable space- and cost-efficient storage facilities that provide the flexibility, automation, environmental control, and necessary computerization and compound registration and tracking systems that will ensure the utility, security, and integrity of a laboratory's compound and reagent stores. With sample libraries commonly exceeding one million compounds today and companies screening their inventories against an expanding range of targets, the capability for rapid and reliable compound storage and retrieval, cataloging and monitoring, and fast and accurate cherry-picking becomes essential.     

人工智能在基础教育教学应用综述

人工智能是研究运用计算机系统模拟和延伸人脑功能的学科,当前在基础教育教学领域应用越来越广泛.该文从教师、管理者和学生三个视角对人工智能在基础教育教学中的应用进行文献综述和实地调研,旨在分析人工智能中典型的技术,包括计算机视觉、自然语言处理、知识图谱、大数据挖掘等在教育教学各个环节中的使用情况,并根据调研中发现的问题总结...     

COMMONSENSE ASPECTS OF BUYING AND SELLING

We describe an experimental approach toward implementing a commonsense "microtheory" for buying and selling. Our prototype system characterizes how intelligent agents hold items and money, how they buy and sell items, and the way money and items are transferred. The ontology of the system includes money cash, check, credit card, agents people, organizations, items movable, real estate, service, barter, and the notions of transfer, loan, buying by installments, profit, and loss.     

基于多种云环境的任务调度算法综述

任务调度算法是云计算资源分配部署的核心方法。针对当前云计算发展面临的任务需求和数据量指数级增长的问题,重点对任务调度算法进行了系统的梳理和归纳,以云环境为分类依据,研究分析了单云、联盟云、混合云、多云四类调度算法。在单云环境中,从传统启发式、元启发式以及混合式任务调度算法角度进行阐述。在联盟云、混合云、多云环境中,从工作流和独立任务调度算法角度进行阐述。通过比较,总结了现有算法的优点、缺点以及优化性能,并形成结论性意见和开放性问题,为未来对容器云、数据云以及兼顾资源分配与任务调度算法的研究奠定基础。     

Viewpoints [computing in the 1990s]

Fifteen academic and industry leaders share their views on current and future computer and related technology. They discuss Europe 1992 and its impact on information technology, 25 years of MITI and its influence on computing research in Japan, concurrent engineering, the scientific data decade, information systems, superconductivity and computing technology, semiconductor technology at middle age, past and future computer networks, testing and design verification of electronic components, operating systems in the year 2000, data parallel computing, computer-aided software prototyping, and object-oriented software technology