碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇脱水制乙烯性能

对两种不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理,制备介-微孔复合HZSM-5分子筛,研究乙醇脱水制乙烯的催化性能,并考察碱溶液浓度和处理温度对HZSM-5分子筛孔结构和表面酸性的影响。结果表明,适宜的碱处理条件有利于分子筛发生骨架脱硅和脱铝,从而形成介孔。碱处理对硅铝比低的HZSM-5分子筛酸性质影响明显,而硅铝比高的HZSM-5分子筛在碱处理过程中酸性质变化不明显,更易发生脱硅和脱铝而形成更多介孔。碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂使乙醇脱水制乙烯催化性能得到改善,尤其低温催化活性提高,这主要归功于碱处理中介孔的形成和表面酸性的调变。     

稀土改性HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯

采用浸渍法制备La、Ce、Sm、Eu等稀土（RE）金属改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂（RE/HZSM-5）,考察它们在乙醇脱水制乙烯反应中的催化性能.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、N2吸附-脱附（BET）和氨程序升温脱附（NH3-TPD）等手段对其物化性能进行表征,并讨论反应温度对La/HZSM-5催化性能的影响.结果表明：少量稀土引入不破坏HZSM-5分子筛的骨架结构,只对表面酸性产生了较大的影响;表面酸量决定RE/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯的性能,酸量的增大有利于乙醇转化率的提高;在不同稀土改性的催化剂中,2%La/HZSM-5的催化性能最佳,在反应温度240℃、55%原料乙醇、进料质量空速（WHSV）2.5h^-1的条件下,乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性分别达到99.3%和98.6%.     

HZSM-5型分子筛催化乙醇溶液脱水制备乙烯的工艺

以稀乙醇溶液为原料、自制分子筛HZSM-5为催化剂,催化脱水制备乙烯.考察了硅铝比、反应温度、质量空速及乙醇的质量浓度对该反应的影响,得到了较优化的反应工艺条件为:催化剂为HZSM-5(硅铝比30)分子筛,ρ(乙醇)为100~200 g/L,质量空速为2~6 h-1,反应温度为300℃.乙醇的转化率可达99%,乙烯的选择性达99%以上.     

磷镍复合改性HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯

在离子交换法制备的Ni改性HZSM-5的基础上,采用等体积浸渍法引入不同含量的H3PO4改性,制备了磷镍复合改性的HZSM-5并用于乙醇脱水制乙烯。采用XRD、N2吸附脱附、PyTPD、27Al MAS NMR等表征手段考察了改性对分子筛的影响。结果显示:P添加后促进了骨架铝的脱离,导致强酸量进一步减少,提高了催化剂的使用寿命。活性评价结果表明,以8%磷酸改性的催化剂催化效果最好。然后考察了反应条件对其催化乙醇脱水制乙烯的影响,得到最适宜反应条件为温度260℃、质量空速1.5 h-1、进料乙醇体积分数为50%。在此条件下进行了稳定性测试,50 h内乙醇转化率大于97%,乙烯选择性高于98%,和仅用镍改性相比稳定性显著提高。     

碱土金属改性HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯的反应研究

考察了碱土金属镁、钙、钡和锶浸渍改性的固体酸性催化剂HZSM-5分子筛在乙醇脱水制乙烯反应中的催化性能,发现锶改性HZSM-5催化效果最佳,然后在此基础上对反应条件进行了优化实验。结果表明0.5%Sr/HZSM-5的催化性能最好,在220℃、质量空速2.5 h-1、乙醇浓度50%的反应条件下,乙醇的转化率为99.3%,乙烯的选择性高达99.3%。     

乙醇脱水制乙烯的Ti-Si-Al催化剂

制备了Ti-Si-Al催化剂以催化乙醇脱水制乙烯。在小型固定床反应器中考察了钛硅铝摩尔比、焙烧温度、焙烧时间与脱水温度、进料乙醇浓度、进料空速对乙醇脱水制乙烯的影响。结果表明:钛硅铝摩尔比为1∶2∶2,于550℃,焙烧5h制得该催化剂,在脱水温度280℃,进料空速0.6h-1条件下催化乙醇脱水反应,乙烯收率达98.7%。进料可为低浓度乙醇。     

改性HZSM-5分子筛在乙醇脱水制生物乙烯工业小试中的应用研究

主要研究了改性HZSM-5分子筛在固定床反应器上催化乙醇脱水制生物乙烯的应用情况,考察了反应温度、质量空速、乙醇质量浓度以及催化剂粒度等工艺条件对改性HZSM-5分子筛催化性能的影响,同时考察了催化剂的单程寿命。结果显示,反应温度在200~300℃,乙醇质量空速为1.2 h~(-1)的条件下,采用470 g/L的乙醇溶液,催化剂粒度在10~20目之间,乙醇转化率为99%以上,乙烯选择性为98%以上,单程可连续运转1 104 h,表明改性HZSM-5在乙醇脱水工业小试中的催化性能优异。     

Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化棕榈油多产芳烃的研究

HZSM-5分子筛可用于脂肪酸酯催化转化生产芳烃、低碳烯烃等过程。未经过处理的HZSM-5分子筛芳烃产率较低,使用过渡金属改性后的HZSM-5分子筛酸性质发生了改变,能够提高芳烃的收率。以等体积浸渍法对HZSM-5分子筛进行改性,制备了不同锌含量的 Zn/HZSM-5分子筛,并进行了 XRD、XRF、XPS、NH₃-TPD、SEM、TEM、Py-IR、N₂物理吸附-脱附等多种表征,结果表明锌的引入没有改变 HZSM-5的晶体结构,锌物种能均匀分布在 HZSM-5分子筛表面及孔道。棕榈油催化转化实验结果显示Zn含量（质量分数）为3% 的 Zn/HZSM-5有最好的催化效果,芳烃在液相烃类所占比例（质量分数）为87.92%,芳烃收率（质量分数）为59.44%。     

Fe_2O_3/HZSM-5催化转化乙醇制备低碳烯烃

采用浸渍法制备了Fe2O3/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,并用于乙醇脱水与低聚制备丙烯为主的低碳烯烃反应体系.在400～500℃范围内考察了HZSM-5的硅/铝比、氧化铁负载量、反应温度、催化剂氢气还原预处理对产物中烯烃收率的影响.结果表明,HZSM-5硅/铝比为140时,丙烯、丁烯收率最高;氧化铁负载能有效提高烯烃收率,当负载量为2.9%时丙烯收率最高,接近25%;反应初期升高温度可促进丙烯生成,但催化剂寿命缩短;氢气还原预处理能进一步促进乙烯、丙烯生成.     

Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化棕榈油多产芳烃的研究

HZSM-5分子筛可用于脂肪酸酯催化转化生产芳烃、低碳烯烃等过程。未经过处理的HZSM-5分子筛芳烃产率较低,使用过渡金属改性后的HZSM-5分子筛酸性质发生了改变,能够提高芳烃的收率。以等体积浸渍法对HZSM-5分子筛进行改性,制备了不同锌含量的Zn/HZSM-5分子筛,并进行了XRD、XRF、XPS、NH3-TPD、SEM、TEM、Py-IR、N2物理吸附-脱附等多种表征,结果表明锌的引入没有改变HZSM-5的晶体结构,锌物种能均匀分布在HZSM-5分子筛表面及孔道。棕榈油催化转化实验结果显示Zn含量(质量分数)为3%的Zn/HZSM-5有最好的催化效果,芳烃在液相烃类所占比例(质量分数)为87.92%,芳烃收率(质量分数)为59.44%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。