从小型海上油田的石油气中提炼出丙-丁烷馏分

考虑压缩天然气运输的日益增长趋势,作者提出了边际油藏开发新方法,在1.8—2．0MHa的压力下,通常使用传统的油罐和液化天然气运输。这篇文章制定了海上油气开发获得伴生气的液体组分以及使用专门的油罐存储的原地（基于平台）技术解决方案,相信这才是经济的、有功效的。     

塔里木油田零散井放空天然气CNG回收技术

油气田在勘探开发过程中,一些偏远的零散单井存在伴生气放空的问题,若大规模建设集气管网来回收这部分放空天然气,投资大、风险高。针对这一问题,塔里木油田通过反复调研和论证,采取了CNG技术回收放空的天然气,取得显著效果。文中对CNG技术进行了系统介绍,并对该技术所涉及的各种工艺装置进行了详细分析。     

油气混烧燃烧器研制实例——油田伴生气的应用

油田开采过程中一般伴生有少量天然气,分布比较零散,收集、输送和存储投资大且技术实现比较困难.废弃能源就地利用是节能降耗的一条有效可行途径,利用这部分伴天然气与原油混合燃烧为油田生产供热可以节约油田生产自用油.目前,国内外尚无成熟的自动油气混合燃烧技术.探讨了一种利用油田伴生气的油、气混合燃烧技术并总结了其应用实例.通过对燃烧器头部结构设计实现了少量油井伴生气的有效利用.以控制系统作为突破口,解决了油气混烧过程中负荷调节时运行稳定性差的问题.     

以气开车顶油 大有发展前途

<正> 天然气一般指油田伴生气和气层气,它是很宝贵的石油化工原料,必须充分加以利用。、但对被迫暂时放空的部份伴生气、回收轻烃后的千气以及气层气中的贫气,在临近没有其它工厂特别需要时,应当千方百计地回收,用作燃料开汽车,亦可收到一举多得的好处。     

天然气烟气余热回收技术分析及应用

"煤改气"作为我国北方地区清洁供暖的改革方式正在稳步推进。天然气燃烧产生含有大量水蒸气的烟气,这些烟气中含有很高的热量未被利用而直接排入大气中,如果把排走的烟气中包含的热量进行利用回收,将能更好地提高天然气的供热利用效率。介绍了天然气烟气余热回收常规技术和近年来推行的热泵加换热器的余热回收技术,分析各技术存在的问题。通过对常规技术进行技术改造,可使天然气供热效率得到大幅度提升,从而实现天然气烟气余热回收、减排与节水的一体化。     

海上天然气液化流程模拟和优化分析

本文针对海上伴生气源参数,分别利用双级氮膨胀、氮-甲烷膨胀和单级混合制冷剂液化循环进行模拟,分析和优化了液化流程参数对其功耗的影响,最后选定了利用混合制冷剂循环作为天然气液化的制冷循环.并根据海上天然气装置对混合制冷剂的来源、贮存的要求对混合制冷剂的配比进行了改进.模拟结果表明,通过调整混合制冷剂组成可以方便的在海上平...     

边远油气田天然气回收利用流程模拟研究

针对边远地区油气田小气量天然气资源目前存在的回收难、效益低的问题,提出了一种采用N-CH4作为制冷剂,两级压缩的方式,可以实现小气量天然气的回收.通过对小型天然气液化装置流程模拟,分析和优化了各个节点的参数.该流程具有结构和操作简单、容易集成撬装化的优点.     

海上多平台互联系统能源管控技术及系统研究

海上油气平台作为开采海底油气资源的重要工作站台,它的能源动力系统安全稳定和信息化一直是研究的重点。传统的海上采油平台是一个孤立系统,通过自身的伴生气和原油作为一次能源满足平台的动力需求,采用多台天然气透平机组并行发电,为平台提供二次能源。但单一平台发电效率不高,热备用较大,电力能量管理系统只关注燃机和电网的稳定运行,不关注负荷端能源的使用情况。随着海上平台的电力组网技术的发展和海底管线的建设,一个海域的平台通过电力和管线实现了互联,形成一个区域多平台互联系统,平台之间通过天然气、电力、原油的互联,形成了一个大型的能源网络。针对该能源系统,文中梳理互联能源系统的能源结构和特征,厘清了能源管控的对象和方向,提出涵盖油、气、电、热、冷、水等能源形式的一体化综合能量管理系统架构,以实现能源产生、传输、转换、使用全流程监控和调度。     

雅克拉集气处理站稳定气压缩机空冷器变频改造

雅克拉集气处理站是中国石化雅克拉-大涝坝气田地面建设项目的重要组成部分,是集天然气处理、凝析油稳定和轻烃回收为一体的综合性凝析气处理站,于2005年11月建成投产,设计天然气处理量为260×104m3/d,凝析油处理量为17×104t/a。雅克拉集气处理站使用3台美国库伯公司生产的CFA34型稳定气压缩机组,设计机组额定一级排量490m3/h,二级排量750m3/h,三级排量2000m3/h;设计一级工作压力0.7MPa,二级工作压力2.3MPa,三级工作压力6.7MPa。压缩机采用三级压缩,冷却方式为空冷,各级压缩天然气共同进入空冷器进行冷却。针对稳定气压缩机空冷器电机调速恒定造成的不利影响,实施压缩机空冷器变频改造,有效解决了3台压缩机空冷器存在的安全隐患、电能浪费和产品收率下降等各类问题,实现了机组的平稳高效运行,提升了气体处理装置运行时效,节约了电能,降低了人员劳动强度。建议这一技术在同类油田企业推广应用。     

兰州的天然气和安全使用

兰州使用的天然气是青海省涩北地区的纯天然气，由钻井开采，通过管道经西宁输送至兰州的。天然气是埋藏于地下的可燃气体，它有纯天然气、石油伴生气、凝析气田气和矿井气等四种。天然气的主要成份是甲烷，兰州天然气的甲烷成分达98％～99．9％，此外含有少量乙烷、丙烷、氮气、硫化氢以及二氧化碳等气体。     

我国天然气消费利用现状和发展趋势

分析了我国的天然气消费利用现状：天然气消费量增长迅速,在全国一次能源中的消费比例仍较低（2％～3％）;开始大规模利用境外管道气;国家天然气基干管网框架基本形成,天然气供应格局呈现“西气东输、海气上岸、北气南下”及“就近外供”的局面;天然气市场已基本覆盖全国,西南地区是天然气主要消费市场;消费结构逐渐由以化工为主的单一结构向城市燃气、工业燃料为主的多元结构转变;天然气定价机制不完善,天然气价格相对较低。对我国天然气消费利用发展进行了展望：天然气消费量仍将快速增长,2020年全国天然气需求量将超过2500×10^8m^3;天然气消费中心将继续“南下东移”,长三角、东南沿海和环渤海地区是未来的天然气主要消费市场：天然气消费结构不断优化,城市燃气和工业燃料将成为主要利用方向;天然气定价机制逐步理顺,市场对气价的承受能力不断提高。     

Effect of parameters on performance of LNG-FPSO offloading system in offshore associated gas fields

Due to the advantages of the flexibility and economics in exploration and production of offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG), the floating production storage and offloading unit for liquefied natural gas (LNG-FPSO) has attracted wide attentions in recent years. The offloading system for LNG transportation from LNG-FPSO to LNG carrier is one of the most important parts in LNG-FPSO. The influences of the main parameters such as the mass flow rate and the height difference of the pipeline. on the performance of LNG offloading in offshore associated gas fields were investigated. A model based on a typical offshore LNG offloading system was first established and simulations were conducted. The governing equations were then used to evaluate the effects of parameters together with the simulation results. It was found that there was an economic mass flow rate for practical design on balance of the cost in pump head and BOG. The height difference of the pipeline must be considered for the increase of required pump head and harms from pressure changes. The effects of other parameters on the performance of LNG transportation such as diameter, equivalent roughness of pipeline and LNG compositions were also discussed.     

Economic limit of field production in Texas

When the revenue generated from an oil and gas field is less than the cost of operations, the field is no longer considered an asset and production ceases. Capital investment may be made in an attempt to increase production or the field may be divested or abandoned. At some point in time all fields will terminate production at their economic limit. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the economic limit of field production in Texas. We classify 16,045 fields that terminated production between 1993 and 2008 by product type, location, and year of termination, and compute average production and adjusted gross revenue statistics near the end of the field’s life cycle. We demonstrate that the revenue thresholds of offshore oil and gas fields is greater than the economic limits of fields located in bays-estuaries and on land and gas fields turn marginal sooner than oil fields. During the last year of production, average oil field revenue varied from $65,000 on land and bays-estuaries to $181,000 offshore; gas field revenue thresholds ranged from $384,000 (land) to $584,000 (bays-estuaries) to $637,000 (offshore).     

产业沼气——我国可再生能源家族中的“奇兵”

近年来"生物天然气"产业正在欧盟国家悄然兴起。沼气不会竞争农地和粮食,而且是循环经济的一个重要手段,特别是"产业沼气"的兴起,终将使之部分替代天然气。沼气经净化和提纯得到的"生物天然气"性能与化石能源天然气没有任何区别,可直接注入天然气管网,也可高密度压缩或液化。与其他形态的生物能源相比,沼气的单位土地面积能量产出率最高,特别需要强调的是,沼气是温室气体负净排放能源。20世纪90年代中期以来,沼气在欧盟国家实现了产业化和商品化。2009年德国沼气发电产能达1597MW,超过水电而仅次于风电。产业化趋势使得技术变革应运而生,最重大的创新是开拓了沼气的新资源,培育了"沼气专用能源作物"。在中国,沼气一直被认为是个公益性"事业",现在是彻底改变这种观念的时候了。到2020年,我国畜禽养殖场废水、工业有机废水和城市污水三项合计的COD年排放量将达到约2×108t,如果将其所含的生物能都开发利用起来,再加上垃圾填埋气,可年产沼气共计1500×108m3(折合860×108m3甲烷),可替代近900×108m3的天然气。我国还可以种植专用能源牧草和能源作物,兼收生态和经济效益。建议国家有关部门在中长期能源规划中,尽快增加关于大力发展产业沼气的内容。     

The economic impact of price controls on China's natural gas supply chain

Despite significant progress made by China in liberalizing its natural gas market, certain key areas such as market access and pricing mechanisms remain controlled by the government. To assess how such distortions impact the market, we have developed a Mixed Complementarity Problem model of China's natural gas industry, with a novel representation of price caps associated with supply obligations. The model is used to assess how government pricing policies and restricted third party access to midstream infrastructure impacted the supply logistics of China's profit maximizing natural gas firms in the year 2015. We find that lifting the price caps for regulated natural gas demand sectors could yield a 4.7% (1.4 billion USD) reduction in total system cost and reduce the national average of marginal supply costs by 14%. Improving third party access to the pipeline and regasification infrastructure would result in an additive total cost saving of 7.6% (2.2 billion USD) and a 16% reduction in average prices, due to replacing domestic and imported LNG with pipeline imports. The LNG industry would be negatively affected by the reforms investigated in this study, as market players would gain more flexibility in their logistics and would utilize lower cost supply pathways.     

Gas-on-gas competition in Shanghai

In common with other major economic centres in China, Shanghai's energy consumption has been increasing rapidly to support the high growth rate of its economy. To achieve rational, efficient and clean use of energy, together with improved environmental quality within the city, the Shanghai municipal government has decided to expand the supply and utilization of natural gas. Shanghai plans to increase the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix to 7 per cent by 2010, up from 3 per cent in 2005. This increase in natural gas demand has to be matched with a corresponding increase in supply. To date, the Shanghai region has relied on offshore extracted natural gas but this supply is limited due to the size of the reserves. Since 2005, the West–East pipeline has provided an alternative for Shanghai but demands from other regions could reduce the potential for expanding supplies from that source. Since domestic production will not be sufficient to meet demand in the near future, Shanghai is building a liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal at the Yangshan deep-water port that would allow an additional supply of more than 3 billion cubic meters per year of natural gas. Malaysia has already committed to supply LNG to the Shanghai terminal at a price that is significantly higher than the wholesale “city-gate” price for natural gas transported via pipeline, but still lower than the gas price to end-use consumers. The presence of both an LNG terminal and a transmission pipeline that connects Shanghai to domestic gas-producing regions will create gas-on-gas competition. This study assesses the benefits of introducing such competition to one of China's most advanced cities under various scenarios for demand growth. In this paper, the impact of imported LNG on market concentration in Shanghai's gas market will be analysed using the Herfindahl–Hirschmann index (HHI) and the residual supply index (RSI). Our results show that Shanghai remains a supply-constrained gas market that will continue to rely upon gas supplies from the western provinces and imported LNG. After 2017, the gas market in Shanghai can be regarded as unconcentrated since its HHI fall below 1800 under a very high growth scenario. In terms of RSI, the gas market can be considered competitive at low, moderate and high growth consumption between 2012 and 2015.     

交流输电线路对埋地金属管道稳态干扰的影响规律

随着电力和石油能源需求不断发展,电力线路和埋地金属油气管道建设在全国各地迅速展开。土地资源紧张的地区,高压输电线路和油气管道往往面临同走廊并行走线的状况。高压交流线路正常运行时,线路上的电流周期性变化产生交变磁场会在管道上产生纵向感应电动势从而引起交流稳态干扰。探讨并获得了管道外径/壁厚、管道埋深、防腐层厚度、管道防腐层绝缘电阻率等参数对交流稳态干扰的影响规律,可供电力和管道设计单位参考之用。     

Dynamic behaviour of non-isothermal compressible natural gases mixed with hydrogen in pipelines

This paper focuses on non-isothermal transient flow in mixed hydrogen–natural gas pipelines. The effect of hydrogen injection into natural gas pipelines has been investigated in particular the pressure and temperature conditions, Joule–Thomson effect, linepack and energy consumption of the compressor station. The gas flow is described by a set of partial differential equations resulting from the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Real gas effects are determined by the predictive Soave–Redlich–Kwong group contribution method. The Yamal-Europe gas pipeline on Polish territory has been selected as case study.     

东北亚地区跨国天然气管网分布研究

东北亚地区具有丰富的天然气资源和广阔的市场潜力，急需发展跨国天然气输配网络系统，促进这一地区能源系统的可持续发展。本文讨论了东北亚地区跨国天然气管网建设的原则，并提出该地区跨国管线走向和实施时间规划设想。本文还强调切实开拓天然气消费市场是管网系统建设的重中之重。     

流程优化减少外购天然气的探讨

外购天然气是炼厂补充制氢原料的主要途径之一。青岛石化制氢装置原设计以自产焦化干气为主要原料。锅炉装置以管网干气为主要燃料,在自产干气产量不足时,用催化油浆作为主要燃料。后因自产干气缺口较大,开始采用外购天然气补充自产干气作为制氢原料。在外购天然气投用之初,其因低廉的价格和充足的气源,在全厂瓦斯平衡和降低生产成本上发挥着重要作用。但近几年来,随着工业整体用气量的增长,以及天然气资源增长速度相对缓慢,外购天然气的价格开始快速攀升,其性价比逐渐降低。通过优化测算不同加工方案下催化油浆的边际价格,认为在当前外购天然气资源紧张、性价比较低、自产干气缺口较大情况下,使用催化油浆作为调节手段,代替自产干气作为锅炉燃料,进一步使焦化干气能够满足制氢装置需要,不增加投资,就可有效降低生产成本、创造效益。