EFFECTS OF SECONDARY AIR INJECTION ON GAS-SOLID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of secondary air injection on the hydrodynamics such as solid holdup and gas-solid flow behavior were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. The gas velocity in the riser, the ratio of secondary air velocity to that of primary air, and the solid circulating rate were chosen as operating variables. Fluid cracking catalyst(FCC) with a density of 1840 kg/m³ and a mean diameter of 74 um was employed as the solid phase. The secondary air was fed to the riser radially or tangentially at the wall of the column. Pressure drop fluctuations in the riser were measured and analyzed by adopting the stochastic method to characterize the effects of secondary air injection on the gas-solid flow behavior in the bed.

It has been found that the injection of secondary air into the riser can increase the solid holdup in the riser considerably, and that the tangential injection of secondary air is more effective for the increasing the solid holdup than the radial injection. However, the gas-solid flow behavior has been found to become less persistent with the injection of secondary air; the resultant flow behavior is more complex when the air is injected tangentially than radially. The solid holdups in the primary as well as secondary zones of the riser have been well correlated in terms of not only operating variables but also fractal dimension of the pressure fluctuations.     

CFD SIMULATION OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study hydrodynamics aspects of secondary air injection in circulating fluidized beds. This article presents modeling and results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas-solid flow in the riser section of a laboratory-scale (ID = 0.23 m, height = 7.6 m) circulating fluidized bed with a radial secondary air injector. The gas-solid flow model is based on the two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) approach, where both gas and solids phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. A granular kinetic theory model is used to describe the solids phase stresses. The simulation results are compared with measured pressure drop and axial particle velocity profiles; reasonable agreement is obtained. Qualitatively, excellent agreement is obtained in predicting the increase in solids volume fraction below secondary air ports, the accumulation of solids around the center of the riser due to momentum of secondary air jets, and the absence of the solids down-flow near the wall above the secondary air injection ports, which are the prominent features of secondary air injection observed in the experiments.     

CFD SIMULATION OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study hydrodynamics aspects of secondary air injection in circulating fluidized beds. This article presents modeling and results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas-solid flow in the riser section of a laboratory-scale (ID = 0.23 m, height = 7.6 m) circulating fluidized bed with a radial secondary air injector. The gas-solid flow model is based on the two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) approach, where both gas and solids phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. A granular kinetic theory model is used to describe the solids phase stresses. The simulation results are compared with measured pressure drop and axial particle velocity profiles; reasonable agreement is obtained. Qualitatively, excellent agreement is obtained in predicting the increase in solids volume fraction below secondary air ports, the accumulation of solids around the center of the riser due to momentum of secondary air jets, and the absence of the solids down-flow near the wall above the secondary air injection ports, which are the prominent features of secondary air injection observed in the experiments.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LIQUID-PARTICLE FLOW IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

A liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) is operated at high liquid velocity, where particle entrainment is highly significant and between the conventional liquid fluidized bed and the dilute phase liquid transport regimes. LSCFB has potential applications in the fields of food processing, biochemical processing, and petrochemical and metallurgical processing. It is well known that the flow characteristics in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed are different from those of a conventional liquid-solid fluidized bed. The limited studies available in literature do not provide complete understanding of the flow structure in this typical regime.

In the present work, experiments were carried out in a 0.0762 m ID and 3 m height laboratory-scale liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed apparatus by using various solid particles and tap water as fluidizing medium. In the experimental setup, two distributors (specially designed) were used to monitor solid circulation rate in the riser. The effects of operating parameters, i.e., primary liquid flow rate in the riser (Up), solid circulation rate (G_s), and particle diameter (dp), were analyzed from the experimental data. Finally, a correlation was developed from the experimental data to estimate average solid holdup in the riser, and it was compared with present experimental and available data in the literature. They agree well with a maximum root-mean-square deviation of 7.83%.     

ＣＦＢ稀相段直长对颗粒内循环流动规律的影响

采用光纤探头测定Ｄ１m射流循环流化床（半圆形）稀相区颗粒速度、颗粒浓度和颗粒流通量的径向分布规律,并考察了操作条件及其轴向的影响,实验结果表明,在循环流化床（ＣＦＢ）中,颗粒流动在床层径向有较大的不均匀性,并呈明显的内循环流动结构,进而考察了影响其流动规律的,以期进一步理解循环流化床颗料流动机理,强化和改善反应器的设计操作。     

气固流化床流型特性及其识别的复杂性研究

运用复杂性C2、涨落复杂性Cf及Lempel-Ziv复杂性C(n)等复杂性参数对气固流化床压力脉动信号进行分析,研究它们随流化床操作气速增大历经不同流型的变化趋势并将结果作了比较,进一步探讨了流化床流型特性的内在规律性,研究结果表明,在起始流化致鼓泡态转变的过程中,气－固体系会进行一种所谓的“重构”现象,并证实了气泡的存在是影响压力脉动信号复杂性的重要因素,同时实验显示复杂性参数能明确地指示固定床,鼓泡流化及湍动流化等不同流型之间的转变过程,为流型识别提供了新思路。     

循环流化床下行管内气固两相流流体力学模型与数值模拟

从流体力学和湍流理论出发，将ｋ－ε模型运用到气固两相流动体系中，建立了气固两相湍流模型。模型计算得出的轴径向颗粒浓度及速度与实测值相吻合，为下行管的设计放大提供了理论依据。     

气固流化床压力脉动信号的混沌特征分析

对气固流化床内压力脉动时间序列进行分析,研究了流化床内的混沌特性,分别利用李雅普诺夫指数、相对分散度、分形维数和混沌度来定量描述稳定性、复杂性,自由度和系统状态数,证明四个混沌特征参数的相关性是好的,得到了混沌特性随着气速和床层高度的变化趋势,并且提出气泡行为是流化床内产生混沌运动的重要原因。     

循环流化床锅炉结焦浅析

结合循环流化床锅炉近几年的实际运行情况,从点火、运行中结焦原因、现象及预防处理等方面对流化床锅炉结焦问题进行讨论与总结。     

热示踪法测量循环流化床中颗粒循环速度

通过颗粒示踪和热示踪两种方法对鼓泡循环流化床中的颗粒循环速度进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：热示踪方法和颗粒示踪方法测量鼓泡循环流化床的移动床中颗粒循环速度在一定范围内是一致的。但热示踪方法还存在一定的局限性,还需要进一步从理论和实验上完善     

FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN A NEW VAPOR-LIQUID-SOLID THREE-PHASE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED EVAPORATOR

In order to enhance heat transfer and solve the fouling problems in boiling processes, a boiling system was designed by adding solid particles to the boiling liquid. In this paper, both theoretical analyses and experimental studies on the flow boiling heat transfer in a vapor-liquid-solid three-phase circulating fluidized bed evaporator were carried out. Based on the analysis of the heat transfer characters of this three-phase flow boiling, a mathematical model for predicting the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of the vapor-liquid-solid three-phase circulating fluidized bed evaporator was developed. The experiments show that, in the presence of solid particles the flow boiling heat transfer is enhanced and is about 2 times that of the vapor-liquid two-phase one. The predicted results of the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients agreed well with the experimental data.     

气固流化床中气泡流运动特征和空隙率径向分布

引言流态化技术在工业领域应用越来越广,但由于流态化行为复杂,许多内在规律还有待于进一步揭示．气固流化床中最基本的特征是颗粒聚集的乳化相与气体聚集的气泡相共存,它的复杂性就在于它的不均匀性和多态性．气固流化床中的不均匀性是由空隙率分布来描述的,然而空隙率的分布目前还未能从理论上得到定量的描述．气固流化床内的空隙率分布与气泡的运动密切相关,因此对床层空隙率的了解最终决定于对流化床气泡运动的研究．在此作者采用流体力学的方法从宏尺度和宇尺度范围来探讨气固流化床内气泡的运动规律,建立相应的多尺度、连续介质…     

采用凝聚函数法进行气-固流化床轴向区域划分

本文采用床层压力脉动测试技术,通过凝聚函数法进行分析,对流化床气泡上升过程的变化规律进行了研究。表明气-固流化床浓相段沿床高可划分为三个区域,即初始气泡生成聚并区,气泡相对稳定区和气泡崩破区。并对操作条件,颗粒物性及床层结构因素,对于划分区域的影响进行了探索     

循环流化床锅炉灰平衡和循环倍率计算方法的研究

正确地确定循环流化床锅炉的灰平衡计算方法和循环倍率是循环流化床锅炉性能设计的基础。阐述了循环倍率和灰平衡计算的重要性，并从灰平衡计算方法分析出发，给出了各节点灰量和循环倍率的计算公式，找到了完善这一计算方法的关键参数ａｙｈ。     

循环流化床燃烧数学模型

介绍了有关文献中循环流化床燃烧的数学模型。按照各模型所使用的流体动力学模型的差异,将它们分成了不同的类别。同时也简要介绍了几种目前应用于循环流化就数学模型的气固两相流数值模拟方法。在评述各模型的优缺点和分析目前所存在问题的基础上,初步提出了进一步发展的方向。     

循环流化床锅炉的安装方案与实施

介绍某石化公司热电事业部420t／h循环流化床锅炉的安装经验．该锅炉在安装中消除了以往同类工程中易出现的问题,投运后机组运行稳定,各项主要运行指标达到设计考核标准,实现了机组168h试运后不停机连续运行80d的优异成绩．     

并流下行循环流化床反应器中的气固传质特性

采用稳态吸附方法，测定了示踪剂在下行式流化床反应器中的轴向浓度分布，并与理论分布进行拟合，利用Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｔ法，求取了不同操作条件下的轴向扩散系数与气固传质系数，藉以揭示并流下行循环流化床反应器中的气固传质特性．基于实验结果，通过因次分析与线性回归，得到了轴向扩散系数Ｅａ及传质系数ＫＦａ与操作条件的经验关联式：Ｐｅ１≡（Ｌｕｆ）／Ｅａ＝０．２２６Ｒｅ０．４９９ＰΘ－０．３０２Ｐｅ２≡ｕｆ／（ＫＦａ．Ｌ）＝０．０００１８５Ｒｅ０．６１８ｐΘ－０．９８３Θ≡Ｇｓ／（ｕｆρｐ）＝ｕｓ（１－ε）／（ｕｇε）关联式与实验数据拟合较好．     

CLUSTERS IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS: KINETIC THEORY APPROACH

The hydrodynamic behavior of particles in circulating fluidized beds has been studied by means of a Boltzmann-like kinetic model. Two main regimes of flow: a homogeneous and a heterogeneous regime have been delimited. In the homogeneous regime, for concentrations below a critical value, the flow consists of upward moving solids. Above the critical concentration, clusters appear. Particles velocity distribution at different values of the solid concentration and the ratio of particles being in clusters to those being in homogeneous flow are calculated for different solid mass fluxes, particle size distributions and superficial gas velocities. Slip factors and the effect of gas radial velocity profile have been predicted. Qualitative agreement with experimental data is obtained.     

不均匀布风的内循环流化床特性研究

开发了一种新型的内旋流流化床气体分布板 ,像传统内循环流化床气体分布板一样 ,该分布板也有两个区域 ,但产生内循环的机理不同 ,其内循环不是由两个区域的不同气体流速产生 ,而是由两个区域的不同气体通量控制 ,中部为低开孔率区 ,运行时呈移动床状态 ,周围为高开孔率区 ,运行时呈流态化状态 ,两种状态共同作用 ,实现物料在床的内部循环     

喷流床中喷动气入口出料规律的研究

在φ３００ｍｍ的喷流床中,用砂作流化颗粒,以空气作为流化和喷动气、考察了流化气速、喷动气速、静床高、大颗粒深度及锥形气体分布器开孔率等对大颗业在喷动气入口管出料的影响,从而提出大颗粒下料速率的经验关联式为ｖｐ＝１．９５３×１０＾－９ｃｂ（Ｕｓ／ｕｔ）＾－１４．３５ｅｘｐ（－１．３２Ｕｔ／Ｕｍｆ）维持喷动流化床不出料的最小喷动气速计算式为Ｕｓｍｉｎ／ｕｔ＝０．２３１Ｕｔ／Ｕｍｆ＋０．７７１。