Numerical simulation of transient flow in horizontal drainage systems

A numerical simulation model based on the characteristic-based finite-difference method with a time-line interpolation scheme was developed for predicting transient free surface flow in horizontal drainage systems. The fundamental accuracy of the numerical model was first clarified by comparison with the experimental results for a single drainage pipe. Boundary conditions for junctions and bends, which are often encountered in drainage systems, were studied both experimentally and numerically. The numerical model was applied to an actual drainage system. Comparison with a full-scale model experiment indicates that the model can be used to accurately predict flow characteristics in actual drainage networks.     

ACCURATE PIPE TOP-ENTRY JUNCTION MODEL FOR STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOWS

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多层建筑物排水（污）系统非恒定流数学模型

建筑物污水排放系统中的水流为非恒定流，研究其系统中的非恒定流波的传播现象不但对预估管道中的各种水流现象，进行最优设计有着紧密的联系，同时对进一步研究管道中固体物的运动机理及水气两相流问题也有着重要的意义。本文通过应用特征差分方法，数值求解圣维南方程组，对管道中非恒定流进行了分析并建立了相应的计算机程序；对建筑物排污系统常见的边界情况进行了研究，并建立了无量纲的经验公式，这些公式作为边界条件与计算机程序相结合，可直接用于多层建筑物排水系统的模拟及预估     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TIP-CLEARANCE FLOW IN CASCADE

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泄水建筑物体型优选的数值模拟研究

本文针对泄洪洞水流的特点，建立了适体坐标系下带自由表现、强紊动水流的数学模型。利用该模型编制程序对泄洪洞中复杂水流进行了数值模拟，通过分析输出的数据和图形，可以灵活地修改模型和体型的形状和参数，方便地进行系列数值实验或不同体型方案的比较，从而为泄水建筑物体型方案的选择和设计提供了足够精细和准确的数据，有助于数学模型逐步地取代费时耗财的物理模型实验。     

Pressure-balanced Saint–Venant equations for improved asymptotic modelling of pipe flow

In urban drainage networks, steady free surface flows in circular-shaped pipes are commonly observed given low inflow discharges. Therefore, accurate computation of such steady states is of great practical significance, especially considering bent pipes. This requires numerical schemes to be capable of achieving a delicate balance between slope source terms and fluxes in the discrete framework. To this end, in the current study, a new method using pressure balanced Saint–Venant equations and positivity preserving Godunov-type finite volume scheme, is developed for 1D flow simulation in bent circular pipes. Using pressure balancing, a set of pre-balanced Saint–Venant equations is derived. The numerical discretization method uses an approximate Riemann solver and is capable of dealing with wetting–drying process stably in frictional pipes. As verified by several test cases, the proposed method shows better performances than existing methods in modelling the asymptotic flow behavior and preserving steady states in bent circular pipes.     

南水北调总干渠对其左岸洪水传播的影响

建立了反映顺坡面串、汇流特点的平面二维水动力数学模型,对河南省大沙河串流区在南水北调工程总干渠修建前、后的洪水传播进行了数值模拟.根据数值计算结果做出的修改方案,可以改善总干渠左岸局部积水淹没严重的状况.     

溢洪道挑流鼻坎水气二相流数值模拟研究

针对某溢洪道挑流消能存在的问题,采用VOF方法、立方体网格和k-ε紊流模型对溢洪道整体水力特性进行了三维数值模拟,对挑射水流流态、水舌掺气、水垫塘底板压强、下游河道流速等方面进行了分析。将某溢洪道由原高低式挑流鼻坎修改为差动式后,增大了下泄水流入水范围,提高了挑流消能的消能效率,减小了水垫塘底板压强,降低了下游河道水流流速。优化方案数值模拟结果得到了模型试验结果的验证。     

绕扭曲翼型三维非定常空泡脱落结构的数值分析

该文以一种三维扭曲翼型为研究对象,采用均衡流空化模型和基于滤波器的湍流修改模式模拟了绕翼型非定常空化流动。计算结果显示,在一定条件下绕翼型的空泡流动存在两种脱落结构,即主体脱落和二次脱落。进一步的流场分析表明回射流和侧面射流是这两种空泡脱落结构产生的主要原因。计算结果与试验的比较说明,该文采用的数值模拟方法可成功模拟实验观测的空泡脱落现象。     

阿拉沟水库溢洪道水流特性数值模拟

采用标准k～ε湍流模型,利用VOF法追踪自由水面对阿拉沟水库溢洪道设计和校核工况下水面线、断面流态进行数值模拟,并将两种工况下水流特性进行比较,结果表明水面线实测值与计算值二者吻合良好,各断面平均流速实测值与计算值误差在允许范围内。因此采用数值模拟能够反映不同工况条件下溢洪道的水流特性,可为溢洪道结构设计提供可靠依据,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

水流交汇区的水动力学特性数值模拟

为开展水流交汇区污染物浓度分布研究,进行水流交汇区水动力学特性的数值模拟,建立适用于水流交汇区的水气两相流数学模型。模型采用Weber试验数据进行验证,验证结果表明模型模拟的自由水面、流场与试验结果吻合较好。针对交汇区浓度分布试验的研究需要,模拟分析了不同交汇角、流量比和动量比对交汇区水动力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:分离区的范围随交汇角、流量比和动量比的减小而逐渐缩小直至分离区消失,交汇角、流量比和动量比越小,交汇口上游水位的壅高及分离区内水位的下降程度越不明显。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT SPOTS IN INCLINED OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

The generation and evolution of turbulent spots in the open-channel flow are simulated numerically by using the Navier-Stokes equations. An effective numerical method with high accuracy and high resolution is developed.The fourth order time splitting methods with high accuracy is proposed. Thre-dimensional coupling difference methods are presented for the spatial discretization of the Poisson equation of pressure and Hemholtz equations of velocity, therefore, the fourth-order thre-dimensional coupling central difference schemes are constituted. The fourth-order explicit upwind-biased compact difference schemes are designed to overcome the difficulty for the general higher-order central differences cheme which is inadaptable in the boundary neighborhood.The iterative algorithm and overall time marching is used to enhance efficiency. The method is applied in the numerical simulation of turbulent spots at various complex boundary conditions and flow domains. The generation and the developing process of turbulent spots are given, and the basic char acteristics of turbulent spots are shown by simulating the evolution of the wall pulse in inclined open-channel flow.     

基于FLOW-3D软件的溢洪道三维水流数值模拟

采用FLOW-3D水流计算软件模拟了溢洪道挑流消能的三维水流流场,并通过调整溢洪道平面布置、增设贴角和改变预挖冲坑范围等措施对溢洪道原设计方案进行了优化。结合水工模型试验成果,对原设计方案和优化方案的水流流态、流速分布和水面线等水力特性进行了对比分析。数值模拟计算结果与水工模型试验比较吻合,说明优化方案的有效性,也进一步表明三维数值模拟的可行性。     

坝下消能工局部水流的数值模拟

本文针对坝下消能工紊流的特点，建立了曲线坐标下带自由表面、强紊动水流的数学模型，并编制了坝下消能工数值实验室的大型软件包。利用该软件包对坝下消能工中复杂水流进行了数值模拟，并通过动态显示技术以形象的图形输出，从而可以灵活地修改模型或原型的形状和参数，方便地进行系列数值实验或不同方案的比较，为泄水建筑物消能工的方案选择和设计提供足够精细和准确的数据，有助于数学模型逐步地取代费时耗物的物理模型实验。     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE TRAIN-INDUCED UNSTEADY AIRFLOW IN A SUBWAY TUNNEL WITH NATURAL VENTILATION DUCTS USING THE DYNAMIC LAYERING METHOD

The objective of this study is to investigate numerically the characteristics of train-induced unsteady airflow in a subway tunnel with natural ventilation ducts. A three-dimensional numerical model using the dynamic layering method for the moving boundary of a train is first developed, and then it is validated against the model tunnel experimental data. With the tunnel and subway train geometries in the numerical model exactly the same as those in the model tunnel experimental test, but with the ventilation ducts being connected to the tunnel ceiling and a barrier placed at the tunnel outlet, the three-dimensional train-induced unsteady tunnel flows are numerically simulated. The computed distributions of the pressure and the air velocity in the tunnel as well as the time series of the mass flow rate at the ventilation ducts reveal the impact of the train motion on the exhaust and suction of the air through ventilation ducts and the effects of a barrier placed at the tunnel outlet on the duct ventilation performance. As the train approaches a ventilation duct, the air is pushed out of the tunnel through the duct. As the train passes the ventilation duct, the exhaust flow in the duct is changed rapidly to the suction flow. After the train passes the duct, the suction mass flow rate at the duct decreases with time since the air pressure at the opening of the duct is gradually recovered with time. A drastic change in the mass flow rate at a ventilation duct while a train passes the corresponding ventilation duct , causes a change in the exhaust mass flow rate at other ventilation ducts. Also, when a barrier is placed at the tunnel outlet, the air volume discharge rate at each ventilation duct is greatly increased, i.e., the barrier placed at the tunnel outlet can improve remarkably the ventilation performance through each duct.     

An integrated inundation model for highly developed urban areas.

A numerical model is developed in this study with various components for simulating the complex flow phenomena in urban drainage basins. The model integrates the HEC-1 model, a 1-D dynamic channel-flow model, a 2-D non-inertia overland-flow model and the SWMM model to reflect the hydraulic processes in areas with different characteristics. The inundation of underground infrastructure during flood is also considered in the model. The typhoon Nari event in 2001, which resulted in severe flood in downtown Taipei, is simulated by the model. The result is compared with the survey records of flooded areas, which reveals the storage effect of underground infrastrucures is significant to the simulation results of highly developed urban areas.     

粘弹性流体平面收缩流动的数值模拟

在石油、化工、轻纺和材料等工业中，有大量粘弹性液体的流动问题。如原油升举过程和管道输送中的流动；聚合物溶液和纸浆的流动等。由于粘弹性具有复杂的流变性，实验模拟和解析求解都较困难，随着计算机和计算流体力学的发展，粘弹性流体流动的数值研究日益活跃，成为非牛顿流体研究的一个重要方向。粘弹性流体运动数值模拟的主要困难在于：当Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数和Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ数达到一定值以后，方程组在求解域内是混合型的，既有椭圆型区又有双曲型区［１］，已有数值计算方法只是得到小Ｒｅ数（Ｒｅ≤８）和小Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｓ数（Ｗｅ≤０．４）的结果［２］，因此，探讨这类问题的数值方法有重要的实用意义。本文在二维Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ流体控制方程组类型分析基础上，采用类型相关格式求解原始变量方程，对粘弹性流体二维流动进行了数值模拟，得到收缩通道在Ｒｅ＝０～２０００和Ｗｅ＝０～０．８的流动结果。和已有算例比较，扩大了线性粘弹性流体的可计算范围，为进一步研究粘弹性流体三维流动的数值方法打下了基础。     

河渠分汊处流量与污染物分配

本文建立了一个深度平均的水环境全场紊流模型,将流场与浓度场耦合求解以确定流场和浓度场的分布,通过数值积分得出分流比与污染物分配比。对分汊河渠不规则边界的处理,本文提出了一种新方法:区域坐标系统法。应用上述数学模型和数值方法,本文对河渠分汊点上游存在岸边排放口时分汊河段的流场和浓度场进行了计算,并着重讨论了对称分汊情况下分汊角、排放口入射动量对汊道分流比和污染物分配比的影响。所得计算结果与作者的实验资料符合较好。在此基础上,对不对称分汊情况下流量及污染物的分配也进行了初步探讨。     

泵站内部流动分析方法研究进展

泵站是调水、供水、灌溉和排水系统重要基础设施,其水力性能直接影响系统的安全性、稳定性和工程效益。泵站内部流动分析涉及泵站、流体动力学和数值理论等多个学科,分析方法已由传统的一维半经验半理论阶段发展到了基于计算流体动力学的现代三维黏性阶段。本文综述了泵站内部流动分析过程中涉及的湍流模型、几何模型、网格模型、数值离散模型和解算模型,阐述了研究泵站进水池表面旋涡、泥沙与空化特性、水力激振特性、水力瞬变特性及水力设计的基本方法和过程,总结了泵站流动分析方法方面的最新研究成果,展望了未来发展趋势及主要研究课题。     

降雨入渗过程的水-气二相流模型研究

本文根据多孔介质中水、气的质量守恒定律，结合多相流理论，建立了求解饱和-非饱和渗流的水-气二相流数学模型，并采用积分形式的有限差分法和NewtonRaphson迭代方法进行数值求解，提出了各种边界条件，包括水相、气相和降雨入渗边界的数学处理方法。利用上述模型对土柱试验进行模拟，将计算结果与试验数据比较，验证了模型的正确性；然后对土质边坡降雨入渗过程进行计算，得到孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力和毛细压力的变化过程，其变化规律符合实际，实现了降雨入渗的水-气二相渗流过程，为定量研究空气阻力对入渗水流的影响提供有效途径。