К190ПК钢轨闪光焊机改造及工艺研究

针对К190ПК钢轨闪光焊机响应速度慢,只具有连续闪光焊工艺,难以实现U75V钢轨的焊接等问题,对焊机控制系统的软、硬件进行了改造.采用电液比例伺服阀替代原有的电液随动装置对液压系统进行了重新设计和制作,提高了液压系统的响应速度和精度.在此基础上,以焊接电流作为反馈参数,采用比例控制与ON-OFF控制相结合的方式实现了钢轨脉冲闪光焊功能;采用可编程控制器控制焊接过程,实现焊接过程自动化.采用脉冲闪光焊工艺进行U75V钢轨焊接工艺试验,达到了铁标要求,改造后的系统采用脉冲闪光焊工艺进行钢轨焊接生产,焊接时间短,焊接接头质量稳定.     

UN - 200型钢轨交流闪光焊机工艺研究

介绍了国内首台拥有自主知识产权的UN-200型钢轨交流闪光焊机。针对U75V钢轨,采用连续闪光焊和脉动闪光焊进行了焊接工艺对比试验,分析了采用连续闪光焊工艺焊接U75V钢轨时工艺参数调整困难的原因,在此基础上进行了脉动闪光焊工艺试验,获得了脉动闪光焊的焊接工艺参数,采用此参数进行钢轨焊接,通过了铁道部制定的标准TB／T1632—05,并已应用于无缝线路建设工程中。应用结果表明：该焊机采用脉动闪光焊工艺适合焊接U75V钢轨,焊接接头质量优良。     

K900钢轨闪光焊机控制系统改进

K 900钢轨交流闪光焊机是我国从前苏联(现乌克兰)巴顿焊接研究所引进的移动式连续闪光焊杌,具有结构简单、维修方便、维护费用低的特点.由于历史原因,这些焊机都不具有脉动闪光焊工艺,难以焊接U75V这类焊接性较差的钢轨.针对原K900焊机的不足,对K900的控制系统进行改进,重新编制了PLC控制程序,增加了脉动焊接工艺;细化焊接过程,将焊接阶段由原来的五个阶段增加为八个阶段,可调参数由原来的13个增加为59个,使焊接工艺可调性更强,达到焊接U75V钢轨的要求.     

大型直流固定式钢轨闪光焊机及工艺研究

大功率直流固定式钢轨闪光焊机已经成为我国在钢轨闪光焊技术领域中唯一没有攻破的技术堡垒,不但给我国钢轨焊接生产单位造成了巨大的经济负担,而且阻碍了我国钢轨焊接技术的进步。在我国高速铁路相关技术飞速发展的背景下,研制具有自主知识产权大功率直流钢轨闪光机势在必行。文中从我国钢轨焊接基地对钢轨闪光焊装备需求出发,分析设计了大型钢轨闪光焊机的功能及对应的性能参数,详细说明了电源、机械和控制系统等部分的设计理念和改进措施。     

AMS60 钢轨交流闪光焊机焊接工艺研究

由于AMS60移动式钢轨交流闪光焊机焊接回路长,具有较大的回路阻抗,相时于K系列钢轨交流闪光焊机而言,其短路焊接电流小,焊接电流上升速度慢,焊接工艺调节困难.针对AMS60焊机这些特点,对U71Mn钢轨进行了焊接工艺研究,得到了适合其特点的焊接工艺参数,通过了铁标规定的工艺试验,并已在工程实际中得到应用.     

我国固定式钢轨闪光焊机发展与应用

在我国16个长钢轨焊接基地中,大部分生产线采用了GAAS80系列钢轨闪光焊机,另有成都铁路局、广铁集团等单位的焊轨基地生产线采用了少量K系列固定式钢轨闪光焊机。本文介绍了我国长钢轨焊接基地应用的几种固定式钢轨闪光焊机和我国自主研发的固定式钢轨闪光焊机,详细分析了各型焊机的历史发展、技术参数、机械结构、电源系统和工艺特点。结合我国当前铁路发展的趋势,未来固定式钢轨闪光焊机将朝自动化、智能化和信息化方向发展。     

国内外钢轨闪光焊机电源技术现状与发展

分析了国内外各种钢轨闪光焊电源的系统构成、用途;详细说明了交直流钢轨闪光焊电源系统的发展动态;分析了钢轨闪光焊机中焊接负荷过重、偏相引起的焊接电压闪变、焊接电流不稳定、系统功率因数cosφ很低、供电系统发热超载严重的形成机理以及对闪光焊接质量的影响;指出了解决上述问题的可能途径和优选方案;展望了未来钢轨闪光焊电源向直流化、高频化、数字化方向发展.     

基于可编程控制器的锚链闪光焊控制系统设计与实现

采用可编程控制器设计开发锚链连续闪光焊机控制系统，运用触摸屏进行焊接过程参数输入及实时监控焊接过程曲线，完全替代原有工控机控制系统，解决了工控机系统使用过程中因干扰信号大、死机等问题造成的焊接不稳定。经仿真模拟和现场试验验证，系统设计合理、系统功能满足生产和工艺需求，锚链链环焊接接头牢固，焊接效率高，与原控制系统相比，其操作和系统维护简便，抗干扰能力强，维护和使用成本大幅降低，达到了预期效果。     

基于PLC的钢轨接触焊机速度控制系统

介绍钢轨闪光接触焊接机械结构和焊接工艺流程。研究控制系统的硬件组成和软件设计,重点讨论闪光接触焊接闪光阶段和顶锻阶段的顶锻油缸同步速度控制系统,针对焊接过程中顶锻送进速度对焊头的关键性作用,重新设计了基于速度反馈的PID闭环同步控制系统。     

K355钢轨闪光焊机程序系统的改进

K355钢轨闪光焊机因生产时间较早,焊机控制系统采用机械结构制造,存在诸多缺点。采用可编程控制器(PLC)代替机械指令器,研制了焊接电压、电流以及位移的数据采集以及计算机监控系统。改造完成的K355焊机进行了实际钢轨焊接试验,并应用于实际的钢轨焊接生产中。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.