有机小分子/无机盐混合溶液纳滤膜分离研究进展

工业生产中料液体系成分复杂,用纳滤技术对其中小分子有机物及电解质盐实施有效分离越发重要。本文概述了小分子有机物及电解质盐的纳滤分离机制,从纳滤膜分离糖类、氨基酸、染料、PEG等有机小分子及电解质盐混合溶液出发,总结了纳滤技术分离溶液中有机小分子及电解质盐的研究进展,但该体系各溶质截留情况未得出一致结论。同时指出分离机制的研究、高性能膜的制备、扩大溶质种类及不同条件进行试验是纳滤技术分离有机/无机复杂体系的研究方向,并对纳滤技术用于该体系分离的应用前景进行了展望。     

无机盐水溶液体系的纳滤膜分离实验研究

选择了NF45和SU200两种纳滤膜对1－1型（KC1、NaCl、LiCl)、2－1型MgCl2)、1－2型（K2SO4）及2－2型（MgSO4)等6种无机盐水溶液体系进行分离实验；考察了纳滤膜分离性能随操作压力、料液浓度及电解质种类等因素的变化所受到的影响。实验结果表明，纳滤膜对盐的截留率随操作压力的增加而增大，并趋向于定值（即膜的最大截留率，又称为膜的反射系数）；纳滤膜对盐的截留率随电解质种类的不同而改变，随盐浓度的增大而下降，但当盐浓度很高时，截留率趋向于一定值，该值并不等于0，说明与纳滤膜的孔径相比，不可忽视电解质离子大小的影响。     

络合超滤-软化水过程的模型分析

采用吸附-两性模型探讨了聚电解质-离子配位体的组成,指出了阴、阳离子因吸附到聚电解质上形成聚电解质-离子配位体,其在膜表面的吸附,导致膜表面的荷电,得出了络合超滤对离子截留的截留机理除了络合效应外,可能还与膜表面的静电相互作用有关。分析了络合超滤软化工艺取代反渗透阻垢工艺的可行性。     

层层自组装氧化石墨烯纳滤膜的制备及表征

层层自组装法是一种新型的纳滤膜制备方法。本文采用层层自组装法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)纳滤膜,以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为聚电解质,考察了不同的GO浓度对纳滤膜的结构及性能的影响,确定了最优GO浓度,并在最优的GO浓度下改变聚电解质种类,研究了其对膜的结构及性能的影响。结果表明,随着GO浓度增加,膜性能显著提升。当GO浓度为0.200mg·m L^-1时,膜对伊文思蓝的截留率达到95.4%,为最优GO浓度。在最优GO浓度下,将聚电解质PEI改为聚乙烯亚胺(HPEI),或添加交联剂乙二胺(EDA),纳滤膜的膜通量及截留率均有明显变化,其中聚电解质为HPEI的膜,水通量为135L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1,对伊文思蓝的截留率近100%,为性能最优的GO复合纳滤膜。     

什么是超过滤技术?

正超过滤是一种薄膜分离技术,就是在一定的压力下(压力为0.07~0.7 MPa,最高不超过1.05 MPa),水在膜面上流动,水与溶解盐类和其他电解质是微小的颗粒,能够渗透超滤膜,而分子质量大的颗粒和胶体物质就被超滤膜所阻挡,从而使水中的部分微粒得到分离的技术。超滤膜的孔径是数十至几百埃、介于反渗透与微孔膜之间。超滤膜的孔径是由一定分子质量的物质进行截留试验测定的,并以分子质量的数     

单宁改性皮胶原纤维膜用于油水分离的研究

用杨梅单宁改性皮胶原纤维膜,制备出了新型膜分离材料,并研究了这种膜材料用于油水分离的效果.扫描电镜分析表明,这种膜材料呈纤维网状结构,其通道呈"之"字型,并存在大量微细短纤维束,这使乳液易于破乳而聚集.以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为油组份,系统研究了单宁改性胶原纤维膜的油水(O/W)分离特性.结果表明:使用单层膜和多层膜对油的截留率几乎没有影响,其截留率为80%左右,但使用多层膜时膜的水通量将明显下降.油浓度升高,截留率升高,膜的水通量下降.升高pH,截留率升高,但膜的水通量下降.如果在膜的表面施加搅拌,则膜对油的截留率下降,但水通量提高.膜重复使用三次,其截留率及水通量基本不变.上述研究结果表明,单宁改性皮胶原纤维膜具有良好的油水分离性质.     

聚电解质涂层/纳米纤维膜复合滤膜的制备

以静电纺丝法制备的PAN纳米纤维多孔膜为基膜,以层层自组装成膜技术制备的壳聚糖-海藻酸钠聚电解质涂层为表面选择性涂层,成功制备了聚电解质涂层/纳米纤维膜复合滤膜。用扫描电镜(SEM)对复合膜的微观形态进行表征。在操作压力为0.7MPa的条件下,分别过滤纯水以及质量浓度为1000mg/L的NaCl和500mg/L的MgSO4溶液,测试结果表明:盐离子截留率随聚电解质涂层层数的增加而增加,但同时复合膜的水通量随之明显降低。当聚电解质涂层层数为10时,水通量均在18L/m·2h左右,对MgSO4截留率为64.22%,对NaCl截留达到52.45%。     

超声作用对NaCl和MgSO_4溶液在纳滤膜内传质的影响

将超声波用于强化电解质溶液在纳滤膜内的传质过程,研究超声作用下NaCl和MgSO4溶液在聚酰胺纳滤膜内的传质机理,考察超声作用对膜通量、截留率和跨膜电位随跨膜压差变化规律的影响。实验结果表明,与无超声作用相比,施加在膜表面的超声作用增大了膜通量,降低了截留率,提高了跨膜电位。     

小麦谷朊粉及淀粉生产废水处理中超滤膜的选择

通过实验研究了不同截留相对分子质量和膜材料的超滤膜在超滤小麦谷朊粉及淀粉生产废水时的渗透通量、膜衰减系数、蛋白质截留率、还原糖透过率。根据实验结果综合分析表明:PS-10膜浓缩小麦淀粉废水时膜衰减系数为0.1841、蛋白质截留率为72.2%、还原糖透过率为86.2%,是超滤浓缩分离此废水的适宜用膜。     

PH对荷电有机超滤膜处理金属离子溶液的影响

分别以NaCl、KCl、MgCl2、CaCl2和AlCl3溶液为背景电解质液,测定了聚砜中空纤维超率膜(截留分子量为6k)的流动电位、膜渗透性、离子截留率及pH值差(pH渗透液-PH截留液),并考察pH值对这些参数的影响;在此基础上,研究不同pH环境中离子混合溶液的超滤行为,并与单一溶液进行比较.结果表明,膜渗透性、离子截留率及pH差均与膜的流动电位有关,混合溶液较单一溶液的离子传递特性有一定程度的变化.     

纳滤膜脱盐性能及其在海水软化中应用的研究

选择了ESNA1型纳滤膜对NaCl、MgCl2、Na2SO4、MgSO4等4种无机单盐水溶液体系进行分离实验;考察操作压力和料液浓度等的变化对纳滤膜分离性能的影响及纳滤膜脱盐的稳定性,得到一些纳滤膜脱盐的规律;并对ESNA1膜在人工海水和海水软化脱盐中的应用作了初步探索.无机盐体系脱盐实验结果显示:随操作压力升高和料液浓度增大,ESNA1膜对4种盐溶液中的离子的截留率分别增大和减小,操作压力和料液浓度的变化对一价盐溶液的截留率影响较大,对二价盐溶液的截留率影响较小.人工海水和海水软化脱盐试验结果显示:ESNA1纳滤膜在实验过程中稳定性好,在较低的操作压力下膜通量也较高,且ESNA1纳滤膜对Ca2 、Mg2 、SO42-离子的截留率均＞90%,初步判断此种纳滤膜可用于海水软化预处理.     

水溶性荧光染料溶液脱盐浓缩的纳滤实验研究

选用NTR7450和NF270两种纳滤膜对水溶性工业荧光染料原液进行分离，选择出透过通量大、除盐效果好和染料截留率高的纳滤膜，并对该染料溶液进行了脱盐和浓缩的间歇渗滤过程研究：在温度25℃和压力1.0MPa下，膜对染料截留率达到100％，最终料液中NaCl浓度从0.214mol／L降到0.0025mol／L,料液被浓缩了2．6倍。说明纳滤膜的间歇渗滤操作过程能够实现染料溶液的脱盐浓缩。     

Separation performance of a nanofiltration membrane influenced by species and concentration of ions

Nanofiltration (NF), which has been largely developed over the past decade, is a promising technology for the treatment of organic and inorganic pollutants in surface and ground waters. The ESNA 1 membrane from the Nitto Denko Corporation of Japan is made of aromatic polyamide, which provides salt rejection from 50% to 90%. In this paper permeation experiments of aqueous solutions of five chlorides (NH₄Cl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂ and CaCl₂), three nitrates (NaNO₃, Mg(NO₃)₂ and Ca(NO₃)₂), and three sulfates (NH₄)₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄) were carried out. The effects of species and concentration of salts on the separation performance of the ESNA 1 membrane were investigated. The experimental results showed that the rejection to most salts by the ESNA 1 membrane decreased with the growth of the concentration. Then, the reflection coefficient and solute permeability of ESNA 1 membrane were calculated by the Spiegler-Kedem equation from experimental data. The reflection coefficients of the ESNA 1 membrane to salts are all above 0.95. The salt permeabilities, except for magnesium and calcium salts, increased with the growth of concentration. The sequence of rejection to anions by the ESNA 1 membrane is R(SO²⁻₄) > R(Cl⁻) > R(NO⁻₃) at the same concentration which ranges from 10 mol/m³ to 100 mol/m³. The sequence of rejection to anions by the ESNA 1 membrane can be written as follows: R(Na⁺) > R(K⁺) > R(Mg²⁺) > R(Ca²⁺) at 10 mol/m³ concentration and R(Mg²⁺) > R(Ca²⁺) > R(Na⁺) > R(K⁺) at 100 mol/m³ concentration.     

四种纳滤膜对高盐废水分盐效果分析

为了使煤化工零排放高盐废水分盐产出高质量NaCl和Na2SO4结晶盐,提高废水处理过程的分盐效率,以宁东某煤化工零排放高盐废水的水质情况模拟配制了无机盐溶液,选取了膜1、膜2、膜3和膜4等4种商用纳滤膜,探讨了其对模拟高盐废水中的常规离子(Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、K+、SO42-、Cl-、NO3-)的截留率,并考察...     

Electrolyte removal by mixed matrix membranes based on polyurethane

The membrane processes play a significant role in the water and wastewater treatment to remove dissolved solids, especially electrolytes. In this study, the asymmetric mixed matrix membranes based on polyurethane and SAPO-5 zeolite were used on electrolyte (NaCl) removal from water. Using a low operating pressure, the membrane performances (i.e., pure water permeation, flux and salt rejection) were measured. All membranes were showing an increase in water flux when the pressure was increased. This situation shows that the produced membranes were stable in producing flux and were suitable to be used to proceed for membrane testing process. Based on the results obtained, rejection of salt water increased as the pressure given increased for each membrane. The mixed matrix membranes showed the high rejection for the salt water (NaCl 0.02 M). This shows the good performance in both flux and rejection, and even achieves 98% rejection for the NaCl 0.02 M. Based on the experimental results, it is believed that these mixed matrix membranes are suitable for the electrolytes removal applications.     

腈纶上油槽中硫氰酸钠含量的测定

主要分析了在腈纶生产中改用阴离子型油剂后,影响佛尔哈特法测腈纶上油槽中硫氰酸钠含量的准确性的因素。认为是由于油剂中的磷酸根离子的干扰。为此,实验采用掩蔽法,加入硝酸钙使其生成难溶性磷酸钙沉淀,消除磷酸根离子的干扰。该方法准确性高,重复性好,操作简便,快速,能测定半微量级硫氰酸钠含量。     

Relation between salt rejection and electrokinetic properties on Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membranes with nano-order uniform pores

The salt rejection by Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membranes having nano-order uniform pores was investigated for understanding the electrokinetic mechanism resulting from the surface charge developed on the membrane when in contact with salt solutions. Due to the dissociation of the hydroxyl groups such as silanol groups on the membrane surface, the membrane was negatively charged over a pH range of 3–10 from electrophoretic measurements. Cross-flow filtration experiments showed that up to 63% of NaCl was rejected by an SPG membrane having a mean pore diameters of 33 nm in a 1 mol m⁻³ NaCl solution at pH 7 under a transmembrane pressure of 74 kPa, even though the pore diameter is much larger than the ion diameter. This is a consequence of the electrostatic repulsive interaction between the co-ions (Cl⁻ ions) and the membrane surface. At the same pH, the rejection factor of NaCl decreased with increasing salt concentration due to an increase in the ionic strength. More negative charge on the membrane surface at higher pH resulted in higher rejection factors of NaCl for a fixed salt concentration. Higher rejection factors of NaCl by SPG membranes with smaller pore sizes for a fixed concentration are due to the higher ratio of the thickness of the electric double layer (Debye length) to the pore radius. The SPG membrane showed a salt rejection sequence: Na₂SO₄, NaCl and CaCl₂ at the same pH. This is because divalent anions (SO₄²⁻) are more strongly repelled by the negatively charged membrane, while divalent cations (Ca²⁺) adsorb specifically onto the membrane surface than monovalent cations (Na⁺). The salt rejection factor increased with increasing permeate volume flux. Due to the stronger acidity of the membrane materials, SPG membranes had a higher rejection factor and a lower isoelectric point (IEP < 3) than ceramic membranes.     

Effect of ethylene vinyl acetate content on the performance of VMD using HDPE co-blending membrane

Membranes were fabricated with high-density polyethylene(HDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA) blend through thermally induced phase separation and were then used for vacuum membrane distillation(VMD).The membranes were supported by nonwoven polyester fabric with a special cellular structure. Different membrane samples were obtained by adjusting the polymer concentration, HDPE/EVA weight ratio, and coagulation bath temperature. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analysis, contact angle test, and evaluation of porosity and pore size distribution. A series of VMD tests were conducted using aqueous NaCl solution(0.5 mol·L~(-1)) at a feed temperature of 65 ℃ and permeate side absolute pressure of 3 kPa. The membranes showed excellent performance in water permeation flux, salt rejection, and long-term stability. The HDPE/EVA co-blending membranes exhibited the largest permeation flux of 23.87 kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1) and benign salt rejection of ≥99.9%.     

MULTICOMPONENT TRANSPORT OF ELECTROLYTES THROUGH CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANES

A multicomponent transport model is presented to describe the rejection components of electrolyte systems by cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes. Comparison of the model with the experimental results obtained with NaCl-CaCl₂-H₂O solutions shows good agreement. It was observed that the presence of CaCl₂ can reduce drastically the rejection of NaCl in this multicomponent system and even cause 'negative rejection' in certain cases. The results of this study will be helpful in better understanding, predicting and controlling the operation of reverse osmosis desalination plants that process multicomponent feeds where interactions among the electrolytes present can affect the performance of the membranes used     

Layer‐by‐layer assembled polyelectrolyte blend membranes and their use for ion separation and rejection

Polyelectrolyte blend films and membranes were prepared upon alternating electrostatic adsorption of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and mixtures of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) in different ratio on solid supports. Infrared studies indicated that the PSS‐PAA blend composition of the films always differed from the mixture composition in the dipping solution, PSS being preferentially adsorbed. Films deposited on porous supporting membranes (polyacrylonitrile/polyethylene terephthalate) were studied on their ion permeation under diffusion dialysis conditions, and their flux and salt rejection under nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (RO) conditions. Blend membranes prepared at pH 1.7 exhibit a significantly improved anion separation and salt rejection, the ideal separation factor α(NaCl/Na₂SO₄) of a membrane prepared from a PSS:PAA mixture of 1:1 (w/w) being 197 ± 10 (pure PAH/PSS: 45). The NaCl and Na₂SO₄ rejections under RO conditions are 85 and 97% (pure PAH/PSS: 15 and 27%), respectively. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers