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1.
1.  The interaction of surface and subsurface waters increasing streamflow regulation is not taken into account in the practice of designing hydrostations.
2.  The proposed method of taking it into account, realized in the form of a program of calculations with the use of computers, makes it possible to estimate the effect of the indicated factor on any planned hydropower facility.
3.  A preliminary evaluation of taking into account the effect of the interaction of surface and subsurface waters for the example of a hydrostation with a seasonal reservoir made it possible to estimate it with respect to an increase of firm capacity within 0.4–0.9% and with respect to an increase of useful storage of the reservoir within 3–6%. This refinement should be added to the margin of safety of the power indices of the planned hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 14–16, February, 1988.  相似文献   

2.
Conclusions  
1.  The presence of a large volume of the sediment load when constructing hydrostation reservoir leads under operating conditions to a change in the parameters and operating indices of the hydrostations in time, which should be evaluated as part of the designs being worked out.
2.  The cost effectiveness of investments in hydrostations depends on consideration of the change in their parameters and operating indices during siltation of the reservoirs. In this case the financial efficiency of investments depends on the indicated factors to a considerably less degree than budgetary efficiency.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 1, pp. 27–30, January, 1990.  相似文献   

3.
1.  The relative method of measuring the flow rates of water through a turbine is realized by simple means and provides a sufficient accuracy for the needs of hydrostation operation.
2.  Further works of design organizations, operating services, and manufacturing plants is necessary for increasing the reliability of the entire flow-rate measuring system.
3.  The operating staffs of hydrostations need to be materially encouraged to use the discharge efficiently for producing electricity.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 28–31, September, 1989.  相似文献   

4.
1.  Small hydrostations under high-mountain conditions should operate with trash racks, devices should be provided for their cleaning from trash and shuga, as well as shuga-deflectors into the diversion canal.
2.  To reduce abrasion of the turbine equipment, it is necessary to provide operation of the suspended-particle settling basins.
3.  Specifications on the assembly of bearings and movable couplings should be developed for conducting maintenance works.
4.  During restoration works the profile of the runner blades should be made strictly according to the template in conformity with the plant drawings.
5.  Extremely necessary is the equipping of hydrostation with means for monitoring the technial parameters (bearing temperature, water pressure in the passage, wobble of the shafting, etc.), observation of the changes in which will make it possible to carry out in good time preventive maintenance and to reduce the probability of occurrence of breakdown.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 43–45, March, 1990.  相似文献   

5.
Conclusions  
1.  Operation of the structures of the Votkinsk hydrostation occurs under condition different from those proposed in the design: there is no backwater from the reservoir of the Lower Kama hydrostation, as a consequence of transformation of the Kama channel the lower pool levels are 1 m below the design levels.
2.  As the experience of operating the Votkinsk hydrostation with considerable daily variations of the load and, accordingly, with considerable fluctuations of the lower pool level shows, the unprotected stretches in the lower pool in the zone of variable levels are subjected to erosion. They have to be protected during operation. The earlier works on revetting the eroded stretches are performed, the smaller the expenditures they require.
3.  At hydrostations operating under conditions analogous to those of the Votkinsk hydrostation it is necessary to conduct hydraulic studies in the lower pool and to measure the flow velocities for the purpose of eliminating erosion as well as for the correct selection of the variant of revetting the downstream stretches.
4.  For further safe operation of the Votkinsk hydrostation it is necessary to carry out in 1996–1998 revetting of the downstream slope of earth dam No. 1 and works on preventing scour behind the toe wall of the apron of the hydrostation in accordance with the design of Lengidroproekt.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 33–36, February, 1997.  相似文献   

6.
Conclusions  
1.  Reservoirs reduce natural fluctuations of river runoff and provide a reliable water and power supply to the population and industry as well as substantially reduce flood losses.
2.  Reservoirs, redistributing the runoff from the wet season to the low-flow period, provide stable winter production at hydrostations and covering of the load curve of the power system during maximum power consumption.
3.  The regulating storage of reservoirs is insufficient for substantial equalization of fluctuations of the annual runoff of rivers and, accordingly, annual production at hydrostations. Thus, the annual runoff of the Volga at the site of the Volgograd hydro development in a dry year of 90% probability is 38% less than the average annual value, and the design total annual production of the Volga-Kama hydrostations of 90% probability is only 20% less than the avarage annual. On the Angara, where the country's largest carryover reservoirs are located, the runoff of a dry year of 90% probability is 30% less than the average annual value, and the design total production of Angara-Yenisei hydrostations of 90% probability is only 11% less than the average annual.
4.  Along with reservoirs, territorial asynchronism of runoff fluctuations have an equalizing effect on total production of hydrostation. The total annual production at Russian hydrostations of 90% probability is only 7% lower than the average annual. However, such equalization of production become real only in the case of uniting regional power systems into a national system with a sufficient capacity of the transmission lines.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 2, pp. 1–6, February, 1997.  相似文献   

7.
1.  Forced ventilation accompanying the driving of underground workings leads to substantial temperature fluctuations of the roof surface and to the occurrence of thermal compressive stresses in the roof of the powerhouse. The maximum compressive stresses in the roof are observed at those times of the construction period when the values of the temperature gradients in the radial direction and values of the ratios of the height of the powerhouse to its width are maximum. This circumstance should be taken into account when designing and constructing underground powerhouses of hydrostations under conditions of the Far North.
2.  A tectonic fracture passing near the roof at the initial time of thawing of the mass promotes the occurrence of stress concentration in the roof, increasing the maximum compressive stresses by 3 times in comparison with the case when the rock is solid.
3.  The temperature regime of a perennially frozen rock mass around the powerhouse of a hydrostation during its operation stabilizes within 40–50 years of the constant thermal effect from the machine hall. In this case, a halo of thawed rocks forms. The temperature distribution in the rock mass after 15–20 years of operation of the hydrostation is close to steady.
4.  Thawing of frozen rocks in the operating period of the hydrostation, i.e., the establishment of a steady temperature distribution in the mass, is favorable from the viewpoint of the stress state of the powerhouse. In this case, thawing of the mass leads to a decrease of the values of the thermal stresses in the concrete roof of the powerhouse in comparison with the values of these stresses in the construction period occurring as a consequence of forced ventilation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 20–26, August, 1988.  相似文献   

8.
1.  The development of an ATDS should be realized individually for each operating station with consideration of the design characteristics of the units and should be aimed at solving one of the most important problems of increasing the operating reliability of the main equipment and economy of operating the hydrostation.
2.  The deterministic approach to compiling technological diagnostic algorithms makes it possible to use the operating experience gained and to make the diagnosis on the basis of the actual technical state of the units of the hydrostation.
3.  The ATDSs should satisfy the requirements of prompt, integrated, automatic, and dynamic performance (possibility of the modular buildup of problems being solved as a result of developing new diagnostic means and methods).
4.  The proposed development of an ATDS at the unit level should be done with the possible prospects of inclusion in the PCS of the hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 43–48, October, 1990.  相似文献   

9.
1.  The upper and lower pools of hydrostation reservoirs do not significantly differ with respect to the main water quality indices, number and biomass of algae, their qualitative composition, degree of viability of cells, and photosynthetic activity.
2.  The noted variations and scatter of the indices are mainly a consequence of a certain heterogeneity of water masses in the surface and bottom horizons of reservoirs. The proportion of dead phytoplankton under the effect of operation of the units at hydrostations do not have a significant effect on its development, since restoration of the stock of phytoplankton occurs rather rapidly in the lower pool.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitl'stvo, No. 6, pp. 22–25, June, 1990.  相似文献   

10.
1.  In connection with the historically established economic conditions and existing agreements with neighboring countries, the cascade of Vakhsh hydrostation was designed on the basis of operating conditions in an irrigation regime and cannot provide Tajikistan's own need for power in the winter, the deficit of which is 4 billion kWh/yr. The traditional methods of solving this problem call for the construction of either an irrigation reregulator in the lower course of the river or a hydrostation operating in a power compensator regime in its upper course. Both these variants require vast expenditures of material and financial resources and provide an effect just due to one particular hydro development.
2.  The natural conditions of Tajikistan created the unique possibility of increasing the effectiveness of the combined operation of the Vakhsh cascade by constructing a tunnel conduit and using the runoff of the Pyandzh River in operating the Vakhsh hydrostations. With minimum construction costs the power effect of the cascade in this case increases substantially since it is achieved due to the repeated use of Pyandzh River water at all stations of the cascade and without any detriment for irrigation.
3.  Realization of the proposed project will increase the total power production of the cascade for all hydrostations specified by the scheme depending on the degree of streamflow regulation by the Pyandzh reservoir. The cost effectiveness of the proposed project is an order higher than that of the traditional variants. Even for the stations operating today on the cascade its effect is comparable to the effect of the Nurek hydrostation with respect to all indices. Here the total cost of the tunnel conduit together with the dam is an order lower than the cost of the Nurek hydro development.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 12, pp. 5–12, December, 1995.  相似文献   

11.
Conclusions  
1.  With the existing capacity of fuel depots at thermal power stations in the Siberian power pool, the following rules of assigning fuel deliveries in the coming year can be used:
u  if the water levels in the reservoirs of the Angara—Yenisei cascade at the end of the year are close to the long-term minimum possible, then it is necessary to assign the fuel deliveries in accordance with 95% probability of power production of hydrostations for all examined estimates of the cost of fuel; if the water levels in the reservoirs of the Angara—Yenisei cascade at the end of the year are close to the average, then fuel deliveries should be assigned in accordance with 95% or 75% probability of power production of hydrostations depending on the costs of reverve fuels examined in the article; if the water levels in reservoirs at the end of the year are close to the long-term maximum possible, then fuel deliveries should be assigned in accordance with 75% probability of power production of hydrostations regardless of the costs of reserve fuel examined in the article.
2.  When planning the future development of the power industry it is necessary to estimate the need for fuel in the Siberian power pool in the coming year in a certain range determined by the water supplies in reservoirs of the hydrostations.
3.  When operating power systems with a large share of hydrostations it is necessary to determine the volume of fuel deliveries in the coming year annually on the basis of the method developed in this article with the use of actual water supplies in reservoirs of the hydrostations and current fuel prices.
4.  The results and conclusions obtained in this article for the Siberian power pool cannot be applied directly to other power systems with a large share of hydrostations: JSC Magadanénergo, western power region JSC Sakhaénergo, Middle Volga power pool, etc. For these power systems it is required to carry out analogous investigations and to develop appropriate recommendations. It is urgent to carry out the indicated investigations for the aforementioned power systems because under the new management conditions providing the power industry with fuel requires high reliability.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 18–23, March, 1997.  相似文献   

12.
Conclusions  
1.  The 40-year experience of operating the Volga hydrostation indicates that as experience was gained in operating the equipment and it was modernized and improved, the design hydropower indices composing the basis of the high cost effectiveness of the station gradually increased and at the current stage of operation exceeded their design values.
2.  The Volga hydrostation is successfully fulfilling the function of the central, main base of the Russian power grid.
3.  The design data of the hydropower indices were confirmed by the actual operating results, which indicates correctness of the method of calculating the main parameters of large hydropower plants.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 29–32, March, 1997.  相似文献   

13.
Conclusions  
1.  The hydroabrasive resistance of structural steels does not provide the necessary reliability of turbines operating on sediment-transporting rivers.
2.  Case-hardening of structural steels and resistant protective coating are used for increasing the reliability and life of parts of the flow passage.
3.  During actual service the effectiveness of casehardening decreases by half compared with laboratory tests, which is explained by the insufficient thickness of the protective layer. It is not advisable to use this type of surface protection for turbines with a high intensity of hydroabrasive action, since it is impossible to restore the protective layer under hydrostation conditions.
4.  Two types of protective coatings have the highest priority: protective electrode hard surfacing on a cobalt base, for instance, TsN-2, which while providing a high wear resistance of the surface, E greater than 3, permits making a protective layer of the required thickness 3–5 mm and repairing the flow part of the turbine directly at the hydrostation; synthetic polyurethane-based compositions making it possible to completely cover the runners with a coating thickness of 1.5–2 mm. Destroyed polyurethane coatings can be restored directly at the hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 44–47, November, 1997.  相似文献   

14.
Conclusions  
1.  Russian hydropower engineering is a competitive branch of power engineering on the world market.
2.  The Russian Ministry of Fuel and Energy must create conditions for the formation and participation of domestic consortia in bids for turn-key delivery of equipment to Russian hydrostations, which will make it possible to reduce the cost, shorten construction time, improve quality, and ensure putting the units into operation on time, i.e., to use objective market mechanisms.
3.  On the initiative of the customer, certain conditions of storing, making up complete orders, delivery, and technology of installing equipment traditionally established between the customer and equipment suppliers should be revised by means of consortia for purposes of reducing costs and improving quality.
4.  One of the most important conditions for the successful work of the consortium is the clear-cut differentiation of responsibility between participants of the consortium.
5.  The date of synchronizing the unit should be taken as the date of reckoning the warranty period of the equipment.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 7–9, October, 1997.  相似文献   

15.
Conclusions  
1.  A sliding transition makes it possible to transmit the entire horizontal pressure of the upper pool to the downstream shoulder of the fill dam. The use of a bitumen coating on fibreglass fabric as a sliding elements provides complete impermeability of the sliding joint.
2.  Deviation from a linear distribution of the passive earth pressure of the downstream shoulder on the vertical face of the diaphragm and facing remains unclear in a calculation respect, although room for these deviations is small. For a rigid facing these deviations do not have significance, for a diaphragm they can affects its design.
3.  The profile of a fill dam with a vertical concrete facing having a sliding transition shown in Fig. 1 is the results of the design studies. This profile can be recommended with confidence as the initial one for further designing. With respect to the design of the diaphragm, there is nothing concrete at present.
4.  It is desirable that design organizations whose designs of hydrostations have still not been approved prepare also alternative variants of dams with facings.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 53–54, November, 1999.  相似文献   

16.
1.  When ventilating complex underground hydraulic systems during their construction it is necessary to take into account the natural draft.
2.  The method presented for calculating the natural draft pressure drop of single tunnels (formulas 1–6) reflects the specific characteristics of hydrotechnical construction in mountainous areas and for the first time takes into account the direction of movement of the ventilation flow.
3.  For the particular conditions of constructing the Rogun hydrostation the values of the lapse rates were established, which can be used in calculations to take into account the natural draft when designing the ventilation of underground workings.
4.  For calculating the natural draft pressure drop of a complex network of underground workings, an algorithm was developed which makes it possible to calculate by a standard program on a computer the air distribution in the underground complex being constructed in relation to a number of technological and natural factors.
5.  On the basis of analyzing the results of different variants of the air distribution, the selection of the types and arrangement of the ejector fans (including in the future) was optimized, making it possible to increase the quality of ventilation and safety of underground operations, as well as to obtain a substantial technical-economic effect.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 26–29, August, 1988.  相似文献   

17.
1.  The arch dam of the Khudoni hydrostation can be constructed by the continuous conveyor technology as enlarged blocks.
2.  The rate of concreting the dam for the proposed dimensions of the blocks and times of covering them can reach 200–250 m3/h.
3.  To attain the indicated rate of concreting, it is necessary to construct near the dam site a new concrete plant with facilities for cooling or heating the concrete mix.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 13–14, August, 1990.  相似文献   

18.
1.  The actual state of the outlet works as a whole can be evaluated as positive.
2.  To provide complete readiness of the outlet works for service regimes and to keep them in good working order, it is necessary to seal the existing damages and subsequently to carry out annual scheduled preventive maintenance.
3.  Long service of the restored bottom revetment of the stilling basin is possible under conditions of a moderate regime of waste discharges with their uniform distribution over the basin width, shortening of their duration, and reduction of the number of outlets put into operation.
4.  The restored basin revetment is in need of careful observation of its condition and sealing.
5.  The use of outlets for reducing the rate of filling the reservoir and especially for providing navigation releases is not permissible. They should be used only if the discharge capacity of the hydrostation units is insufficient for preventing filling of the reservoir during the spring flood above the elevation of the NPL as well as for not exceeding the NPL during passage of the summer-fall freshets with the reservoir filled to the NPL.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 9–12, April, 1994.  相似文献   

19.
1.  Mechanical equipment is a complex set of devices regulating water discharges. When mechanical equipment is accepted for service, start-up and adjustment works should without fail be carried out by a specially created organization or by assembly groups with the enlistment of the authors of the project. All requirements imposed on the extent of start-up and adjustment works should be formulated in newly developed guides, which are prepared by the State All-Union Construction and Installation Trust (Gidromontazh) in place of the abolished sections of SNiP III-18-75.
2.  The effect of the sections of SNiP III-18-75 concerning mechanical equipment of hydraulic structures has not been abolished in organization of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification (Minenergo), and therefore before publication of the new guide RD-34-02-89 Manufacture, installation, and acceptance of mechanical equipment of hydraulic structures, all requirements of the building codes and standards of the technological designing of hydrostations should be fulfilled by all participants in the creation of mechanical equipment (designers, manufacturers, installers, and adjustors of Gidromontazh), as well as by the designers, builders, and operators of hydraulic and hydropower structures.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 42–44, October, 1989.  相似文献   

20.
1.  The problem of energy dissipation of the flow remains one of the most important in constructing high-head hydraulic structures with pulsating loads.
2.  During operation of the world's largest gravity-arch dam of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation, the energy of the flow being discharged is dissipated by a stilling basin. It was established that the powerful dynamic impulses created in this case originate, among others, from the baffle platform and its foundation. The latter circumstance requires the provision of reliable tightness of the joints between the blocks composing the platform and deep solid transition of the platform with its foundation.
3.  For the first time in domestic hydrotechnical practice fastening of the platform of the stilling basin by means of advance grouting and prestressed anchors installed to a depth greater than 20 m was mastered on the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskoe dam.
4.  Works on the manufacture, transport, assembly, tensioning, and testing PSAs were successfully mastered by the Krasnoyarsk enterprise of Gidrospetsstroi. A number of innovations were introduced at the know-how level.
5.  Passage of the 1992 floodwaters at the elevation of the NPL, after pumping water from the stilling basin, showed the effectiveness of the repair and restoration measures taken, which indicates the correctness of the selected designs, optimal technology, and high quality of the works of Gidrospetsstroi.
6.  An analysis of the strengthening works for high-head structures under analogous conditions permits recommending the following measures for designing and constructing a stilling basin: grouting of the foundation in the region of the stilling basin to a depth of 30–40 m;  相似文献   

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