超声表观积分背散射系数与骨矿密度的相关性分析

用超声评价骨质状况是近年来骨质疏松诊断方面的研究热点之一。介绍了超声背散射法及其参量表观积分背散射系数(Apparent Integral Backscatter coefficient,AIB)的测量及与骨矿密度(Bone Mineral Density,BMD)的相关性研究。在体采集了1087位志愿者跟骨的超声背散射信号,并用双能X射线骨密度仪(Dual X-ray Absorptiometry,DXA)测得腰椎和髋骨的BMD值,然后对AIB与BMD进行相关性分析。实验结果表明,参数AIB与BMD显著相关(R=0.58～0.64,n=1087,p<0.05),可被应用于松质骨状况评价。     

超声背散射信息熵成像评价脂肪肝的新方法

提出超声背散射Tsallis信息熵成像评价脂肪肝的新方法。利用滑动窗口法,估算窗口内局部背散射包络信号的Tsallis信息熵参数值,对信息熵参数值矩阵进行扫描变换、颜色映射及感兴趣区域设置,叠加到超声B模式图像,实现Tsallis信息熵成像。分析72名肝脏捐献者和204名患者的超声背散射信号,参考标准分别为磁共振波谱测得的肝脏脂肪分数(Hepatic Fat Fraction, HFF)和肝活检组织学检查测得的脂肪肝程度。对于72名肝脏捐献者,Tsallis信息熵与lg(HFF)的相关系数r=0.67(P<0.000 1)。对于204名患者,受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.82、0.88、0.89(≥轻度、≥中度、≥重度),而超声背散射零差K成像分别为0.76、0.82、0.82。超声背散射Tsallis信息熵成像可以直观定征并定量评价脂肪肝的严重程度,其诊断性能优于超声背散射零差K成像,可作为一种超声评价脂肪肝的新方法。     

超声背散射信号评价皮肤烧伤程度的可行性研究

烧伤后的皮肤可分为烧伤层和健康组织层,两层间的阻抗差异将使超声脉冲在界面处发生散射,从而影响超声背散射信号及相关的参数。利用超声背散射技术,研究了新鲜带皮猪肉(皮肤+脂肪层+瘦肉层)烧伤程度与表观背散射系数(Apparent Backscatter Coefficient,ABC)、表观积分背散射系数(Apparent Integral Backscatter Coefficient,AIB)和频谱质心偏移量(Spectral Centroid Shift,SCS)的相关性。研究结果表明,烧伤级数和ABC、AIB参数都有很高的正相关性,说明将ABC和AIB用于评价烧伤程度是可行的。     

评价松质骨状况的一种背散射频谱方法

采用超声背散射信号的质心偏移量来评价松质骨,并对牛胫骨和人体跟骨中背散射信号的质心偏移量与松质骨表观密度的关系,以及人体跟骨松质骨中背散射信号频谱质心位置与年龄的关系进行了分析讨论。分析结果表明,随松质骨表观密度的增大,背散射信号频谱的质心向低频方向移动;随年龄的增大,质心位置越接近于发射超声的中心频率。根据超声背散射信号质心偏移量的大小,可用于评价松质骨健康状况。     

松质骨组织的若干超声参量成像方法

介绍了两种松质骨组织超声参量成像方法,即宽带超声衰减成像和超声传导速度成像,概述了这两种基于透射法的成像方法的基本原理以及应用情况．并指出了采用超声透射法参量成像时存在的问题。然后对基于背散射法的超声背散射系数成像方法的可行性进行了分析和讨论,最后对进一步的研究工作进行了展望。     

超声背散射信号递归定量分析无损表征CFRP孔隙分布仿真

针对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（Carbon fibre reinforced plastics,CFRP）孔隙分布对其力学性能有不可忽略影响的问题,提出对超声背散射信号进行递归定量分析（Recurrence quantification analysis,RQA）的方法来表征CFRP孔隙尺寸和位置分布。建立孔隙直径D范围为26~70 μm的3组含球形孔隙且孔隙位置分布不同的CFRP模型,3组模型的孔隙间距d分别为0.21 mm、0.14 mm和0.09 mm,对模型进行仿真计算,采用RQA方法分析超声背散射信号。研究发现,相同孔隙位置分布时,递归度P_RR（Recurrence rate）随D的增加而减小;相同孔隙尺寸分布时,P_RR随着孔隙间距d减小而增大,d=0.09 mm时模型的P_RR始终明显高于其余两组,D<50 μm时,d=0.14 mm与d=0.21 mm模型P_RR之间差别明显,D ≥ 50 μm时差别较小。结果表明,不同孔隙分布情况下P_RR均存在差异,P_RR可用于CFRP孔隙分布表征。     

分析薄膜厚度与成分的卢瑟福背散射技术

对卢瑟福背散射分析技术的基本原理、试验设备、样品要求及数据处理方法进行了介绍,并举例分析了硅衬底上钛膜厚度的测定,以及钼衬底上钛钼合金膜的实际组分以及氦离子注入杂质的分布范围和实际剂量测定。讨论了卢瑟福背散射技术的发展和应用,介绍了弹性反冲、高能非卢瑟福散射和沟道技术三种分析方法。     

超声与X线胸片在新生儿肺炎早期诊断中的价值对比

目的:对比超声和X线胸片在新生儿肺炎(NP)早期诊断中的价值。方法:回顾分析我院2018年11月-2019年11月接收的疑似NP患儿96例资料,所有患儿均行X线胸片及肺超声检查,对比两种方式检出率,并以临床综合检测结果为标准,对比检查准确率、灵敏度、特异性,并观察超声图像特点。结果:超声与X线胸片检查准确率、灵敏度、特异性等指标均无明显差异(P>0.05);且患儿早期超声图像多以出现B线、胸膜线异常为主要表现,占比分别为100%,78.89%。结论:超声检测在新生儿肺炎早期诊断中具有较高诊断准确性,且应用安全性较高。     

高灵敏管外夹持式超声流量计传感器及流量修正系数的研究

本文描述了一种高灵敏管外夹持式超声流量计传感器，其灵敏度比传统的流量传感器高出５０％，文中对它的安装作了详细论述；通过试验，对该新颖流量计的修正系数作了深入讨论；所推导公式可满足工程需要。作者研制的此种流量计的测量准确度达１％，预计今后将会成为一种主要的流量测量手段。     

基于COMSOL的超声层析成像仿真及图像重建

为了验证三角形和四边形准则的二值逻辑反投影(Binary Logic Back Projection,BLBP)算法在超声层析成像重建过程中的可行性,以超声层析成像的重建区域中同时含有圆柱形和椭圆柱形障碍物为例,利用COMSOL对成像区域内存在障碍物的声场进行仿真,得到声场声压分布。然后,通过提取和处理所获取的声压分布,获得信号矩阵。最后,将信号矩阵代入二值逻辑反投影算法进行图像重建。仿真结果表明:当入射波的波长λ远小于障碍物的尺寸时,声衍射的现象并不明显。重建结果表明:两种准则在几何近似理论下可行,且四边形准则的效果优于三角形准则。     

Power consumption and friction coefficient in the ultrasonic consolidation of aluminium alloys

Energy input and friction behaviour are two of the key phenomena related with the welding bond of ultrasonic consolidation (UC) process. In this study, the effects of welding parameters, such as the building height, travel speed, oscillation amplitude and applied force, on the power consumption of the horn and friction coefficient of the welding interface of UC are investigated for aluminium alloys 2024 and 7075. Multiple regression equations are developed to estimate the power consumption and friction coefficient using the welding parameters. A line-contact friction test is performed to examine the friction coefficient of UC under the various applied forces and preheating temperatures. The quantitative relationships among the welding parameters, friction coefficient and power consumption are derived.     

Hydration monitoring of cement-based materials with resistivity and ultrasonic methods

Two test setups, the electrical resistivity and ultrasonic techniques, were used to monitor the hydration process of cement-based materials. In the electrical resistivity method, a non-contacting device was used. In the ultrasonic method, a wave was transmitted and measured by the embedded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers, which had good coupling with the surrounding materials. The focus of the study was to detect the setting and hardening behaviors of cement paste during the first 7 days of hydration using the above techniques. Immediate after placing the cement paste into the mould, the measurement started and continued throughout the hydration process. The obtained resistivity and ultrasonic data were used to interpret the hydration process of the specimens. The correlation of two techniques was also studied. The results illustrated that both electrical resistivity and ultrasonic techniques were effective to accurately monitor the hydration of cement pastes. The resistivity method was able to study both the chemical reaction and physical change during hydration, while ultrasonic method was sensitive to physical change of cement only.     

超声波技术在食品生产检测和食品安全检测中的应用进展

超声波这项新技术被用于研究和诊断领域已经有很多年了。本文分别例举了超声波技术在乳品品质检测,肉制品品质检测,面粉品质检测,果蔬产品品质检测,添加剂分析,农药残留分析和金属元素分析上的应用。旨在对其目前在食品生产领域和食品安全检测领域中的应用及其进展进行介绍,为新检测技术研究者提供参考资料。     

Effects of process parameters on periodic impact force exerting on cutting tool in ultrasonic vibration-assisted oblique turning

During ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining, the large impact force induced by tool-workpiece reengagement (TWR) is an important factor that affects tool chipping. However, mechanical analysis into process factors that affect the impact force and their influencing mechanisms are insufficient. Herein, a prediction model for the instantaneous cutting force during both TWR and the stable turning process, which depends on the process parameters and material properties, is firstly proposed based on the kinematic and dynamic analysis of ultrasonic vibration-assisted oblique turning (UVAOT). The results calculated using the developed cutting force model agree well with the experimental results presented in the literature. Next, the linear change law of the instantaneous cutting force with cutting time during the actual TWR is clarified using the proposed model. The effect of the UVAOT process parameters on the average impact force during the periodic TWR process is discussed, and the influence mechanism is analyzed from the perspective of mechanics. A positive linear correlation is discovered between the feed speed and average impact force. The ultrasonic amplitude and cutting speed do not significantly affect the average impact force of the new sharp cutting tools. These findings are consistent with the experimental observations of tool chipping and are applicable to select process parameters for reducing tool chipping during UVAOT.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-022-00398-x     

水利工程中金属焊缝缺陷的超声检测方法比较研究

为研究基于超声的无损探伤方法在水利工程金属结构焊缝缺陷识别中的应用,利用常规超声检测技术、超声相控阵技术、衍射时差法(Time of Flight Diffraction, TOFD)超声检测技术对水利工程金属结构焊接试块缺陷进行识别,分析了各种缺陷在超声无损探伤技术中的特征显示。研究结果表明:常规超声检测技术、TOFD检测技术均能对各种缺陷实现信号显示,超声相控阵检测技术对气孔和横向裂纹的显示不够明显,但对其它缺陷的检出效果较为明显;常规超声检测技术对操作人员的要求较高,对缺陷的定性困难,精度不高;TOFD检测结果中气孔和横向裂纹的显示呈现出一种特殊的弧形,有一定高度的内部裂纹和未熔合的信号由上下尖端衍射波组成,根部未焊透上下尖端信号不够明显;相控阵检测结果直观,可以较精确地测量缺陷的埋藏深度、自身高度、长度等,但在扫查点状缺陷或者与超声声束平行的裂纹缺陷时,检出率极低。     

用于高强度聚焦超声热消融的PAA模块:模块的制作及声学参数的测量

目的研制一种透明的用于高强度聚焦超声热消融的PAA模块,并对其声学参数进行测量。方法观察模块浓度的不同所致颜色与透明度的变化,并对PAA模块的声学特性包括密度、声速及声衰减进行测量。结果(1)PAA模块为透明的琥珀色,蛋白浓度越高,颜色越深,透明度越低。(2)PAA模块的密度与水相近,为1.0250g/cm3至1.0617g/cm3。声速与模块浓度之间有明显的相关性。声衰减从0.125dB/cm至0.329dB/cm,随着模块密度与探头频率的增加而增加。结论PAA模块是一种较好的用于高强度聚焦超声热消融的均质仿体,实验结果有较好的重复性。     

Association between novel indices of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients

Background: Inflammation and malnutrition are recognized as important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Owing to substantial short‐term variability of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP), more reliable markers of malnutrition–inflammation complex syndrome should be sought with stronger associations with the risk of CVD in HD patients. We therefore explored the clinical relevance of a composite inflammatory index (prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index [PINI]) and of muscle protein mass indicators, derived from creatinine kinetics. Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 177 HD patients (89 women and 88 men; median age, 67.73 years). CVD and risk factors were assessed using medical charts, clinical examination, and biochemical measurements performed at inclusion. Lean body mass (LBM) was derived from creatinine kinetic modeling, whereas PINI was calculated as the ratio (CRP ×α1‐acid‐glycoprotein)/(albumin × transthyretin). Patients were divided according to the presence or absence of established CVD. Results: The traditional risk factors diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 5.83; p = 0.0045) and smoking (OR, 3.50; p < 0.02) were associated with an increase in prevalent CVD. Low transthyretin (OR, 3.79; p < 0.02) and high levels of CRP (OR, 2.70; p < 0.05), PINI (OR, 3.44; p < 0.02), observed LBM (OR, 3.01; p < 0.05), and the ratio of observed/expected LBM (OR, 4.24; p < 0.01) were associated with CVD after adjustment for age, sex, dialysis center, and dialysis vintage. After additional adjustment for diabetes and smoking, only PINI (OR, 2.85; p = 0.0446) and observed/expected LBM (OR, 2.96; p = 0.0361) were still significant. Conclusion: PINI and LBM are associated with increased relative risk for having CVD and could be used routinely to examine the degree of severity of malnutrition inflammation complex syndrome.     

小波包能量谱和BP神经网络在波纹管压浆超声检测中的应用

针对小波分析在信号处理的局限性,将小波包分析和反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络相结合,提出一种基于小波包能量谱和BP神经网络的波纹管压浆超声检测方法。采用超声检测方法接收波纹管模型的回波信号,以小波包分解后各子频带的能量作为检测特征,当波纹管内部出现脱落时,检测特征会发生变化,最后将特征输入BP神经网络中进行分类识别。试验结果表明,该方法能够理想地实现波纹管内部缺陷的诊断,可为波纹管超声检测提供一定的技术支持。