快速钨铼热电偶的测温误差

文章用热电偶误差计算的通用方法（极限误差表达法），分析了构成快速钨铼热电偶测温误差的因素，从量的角度探讨了各因素对总的误差的影响，对如何认识快速钨铼热电偶的测温精度，提出了可供参考的观点。     

钨铼3-钨铼25快速热电偶测量钢液温度的试验

本文介绍了热电偶的测温原理及钨铼 3—钨铼 2 5快速热电偶的特点 ,并对钨铼 3-钨铼 2 5快速热电偶测量钢液温度进行了高温比对试验 ,对试验数据和推广使用的经济效益进行了分析和计算。     

高性能钨铼热电偶材料及补偿技术研究

文章介绍了高性能钨铼热电偶材料制备方法,分析了钨铼热电偶材料热电特性影响因素及其补偿方式,通过EDS、SEM等分析手段,对微量元素分布、材料微观组织等进行表征,探讨了微量元素分布及微观组织与热电特性的关系,同时分析了钨铼热电偶补偿温度对测温精度的影响,该热电偶材料制成的快速偶头现场测试结果显示其稳定性可控制在±3℃以内,具有良好的测温可靠性。     

高性能钨铼热电偶材料及补偿技术研究

介绍了高性能钨铼热电偶材料制备方法,分析了钨铼热电偶材料热电特性影响因素及其补偿方式,通过EDS、SEM等分析手段,对微量元素分布、材料微观组织等进行表征,探讨了微量元素分布及微观组织与热电特性的关系,同时分析了钨铼热电偶补偿温度对测温精度的影响,该热电偶材料制成的快速偶头现场测试结果显示其稳定性可控制在±3℃以内,具...     

钨铼快速测温热电偶在炼钢中的使用

钨铼快速测温热电偶,是国内科研部门和生产厂家近两年来所研制生产出来的一种新型热电偶。它可以广泛用于金属液体的温度测量。特别适用于炼钢过程的温度测量。与铂铑快速测温热电偶相比,有着测温范围广、资源丰富、价格低廉等优点。无论是对企业还是对社会,都有着明显的经济效益。因此,钨铼快速测温热电偶在我国将有着广阔的发展前景。     

钨铼热电偶的分度试验

一、前言随着我国工农业生产、科技和国防工业的不断发展,钨铼热电偶已在金属冶炼、原子核、航空、机械加工等方面得到广泛的应用。例如,在转炉炼钢、钢水连续测温当中利用钨铼热电偶作为测温元件。在原子反应堆正常运转中作堆内材料试验的测温手段。要保证测温准确,应有对钨铼热电偶的准     

稀土改性对钨铼5/20热电偶材料性能的影响

文章介绍了稀土改性钨铼5/20热电偶材料制备方法,分析了钨铼热电偶材料性能影响因素,通过EDS、SEM等分析手段,对微量元素分布、材料微观组织等进行表征,探讨了稀土元素改性对WRe5/20热电偶材料力学、电学以及热电性能的影响规律。该热电偶材料热电性能测试结果显示其测温允差小于0.5%t,具有良好的测温精度和可靠性。     

钨铼合金制备及应用

概述了粉末冶金法制备钨铼合金中的混料与还原工艺,以及未来可能用于制备纳米结构钨铼合金的新兴工艺。介绍了钨铼合金应用于热电偶和作为面向等离子体材料的研究现状,分析了钨铼热电偶在测温方面以及钨铼合金作为面向等离子体材料方面的发展趋势。     

300～1500℃钨铼热电偶校准结果不确定度分析

钨铼热电偶适用于还原性气氛,广泛应用于冶金、建材、航天、航空及核能等行业,可以部分取代贵金属热电偶,是高温测量领域中很有前途的测温材料。为了保证在工业领域钨铼热电偶测温的准确性,需要对其进行不同温度段的校准。本文主要介绍300～1500℃钨铼热电偶的校准方法,并对校准结果进行不确定度分析。     

钨铼热电偶元件小型化技术研究

本文研究采用电泳涂层法制作小型钨铼热电偶高温测温元件的可能性和工艺过程，研制的热电偶元件外φ≤1.2mm，测温温度t≥1800℃，全面进行了元件的性能检测。包括热电性能，抗热冲击性能，稳定性和时间响应性能等，并在模拟宇航和核场条件下进行了实际温度测量。此外，作为钨铼热电偶用于高技术领域的一项基础性研究，对高温热电偶制作过程中的材料选配和制作工艺等问题进行了探讨。     

传统压痕法识别陶瓷材料断裂韧性的有效性研究

基于虚拟裂纹闭合法对传统压痕法测试陶瓷材料断裂韧性的数值模型进行计算,以此为基础,分析比较传统压痕法的几种典型公式识别陶瓷材料断裂韧性的测试误差和所测材料的适用范围。结果表明:传统压痕法的Anstis公式较Evans公式,Lawn公式,JISR公式和Niihara公式,在材料比功0.3≤We/Wt≤0.45时所测断裂韧性值与理论计算值较为接近,其最大误差为12.9%,测试结果相对准确;当0.45We/Wt≤0.7时,传统压痕法对陶瓷材料断裂韧性的测试误差随比功增加迅速增大,特别是当We/Wt=0.7时,Anstis公式,Evans公式,Lawn公式,JISR公式和Niihara公式所测断裂韧性值与理论计算值的最大误差分别为70%,148.5%,48.8%,98.7%和166.6%,在此材料比功范围内传统压痕法所测断裂韧性值误差较大。     

模拟W/O法测乳化炸药水相析晶点的研究

为准确测出乳化炸药水相析晶点,分析比较了析晶点测试主要方法的优缺点,设计一种模拟W/O法乳化炸药水相析晶点测试装置,对乳化炸药的水相析晶点进行了测试,并与烧杯自然降温法和橡胶塞密闭试管法测得的析晶点进行对比。结果表明,模拟W/O法测得的析晶点误差小于1℃,测试结果准确,测试方法简单,值得推广应用。     

Feasibility study on 1.6 μm continuous-wave modulation laser absorption spectrometer system for measurement of global CO2 concentration from a satellite

A feasibility study is carried out on a 1.6 μm continuous-wave modulation laser absorption spectrometer system for measurement of global CO(2)concentration from a satellite. The studies are performed for wavelength selection and both systematic and random error analyses. The systematic error in the differential absorption optical depth (DAOD) is mainly caused by the temperature estimation error, surface pressure estimation error, altitude estimation error, and ON wavelength instability. The systematic errors caused by unwanted backscattering from background aerosols and dust aerosols can be reduced to less than 0.26% by using a modulation frequency of around 200 kHz, when backscatter coefficients of these unwanted backscattering have a simple profile on altitude. The influence of backscattering from cirrus clouds is much larger than that of dust aerosols. The transmission power required to reduce the random error in the DAOD to 0.26% is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio and the carrier-to-noise ratio calculations. For a satellite altitude of 400 km and receiving aperture diameter of 1 m, the required transmission power is approximately 18 W and 70 W when albedo is 0.31 and 0.08, respectively; the total measurement time in this case is 4 s, which corresponds to a horizontal resolution of 28 km.     

一种宽带光谱响应特性的测量方法

介绍了一种基于分束一步测量宽带（200nm-1750nm)光谱响应的方法。对该测量方法的基本构成、系统定标与校准、基本测量原理等问题均进行了详细分析。给出了实验测量结果，并与日本滨松公司的标准数据进行了对比，测量的平均绝对误差和平均相对误差分别为ε=1.37mA/W和εr=0.89%。理论分析与实验结果十分吻合。     

Performance of the Keck Observatory adaptive-optics system

The adaptive-optics (AO) system at the W. M. Keck Observatory is characterized. We calculate the error budget of the Keck AO system operating in natural guide star mode with a near-infrared imaging camera. The measurement noise and bandwidth errors are obtained by modeling the control loops and recording residual centroids. Results of sky performance tests are presented: The AO system is shown to deliver images with average Strehl ratios of as much as 0.37 at 1.58 microm when a bright guide star is used and of 0.19 for a magnitude 12 star. The images are consistent with the predicted wave-front error based on our error budget estimates.     

Simultaneous measurement of current and voltage by use of one bismuth germanate crystal

An optical fiber sensor is presented that allows current and voltage to be measured simultaneously by use of only one block of bismuth germanate crystal. The polarized light from the sensing crystal is split into two light beams: One beam is utilized for current measurement based on the Faraday effect, and the other one is utilized for voltage measurement based on the Pockels effect. Compared with the existing optical sensors that can measure current and voltage simultaneously, this sensor is simple and inexpensive and allows measurement of electric power. The simultaneous measurements of ac electric current from 0.05 to 10 A, voltage from 1 to 235 V, and power from 2 to 1000 W have been achieved with good linear-response characteristics. The input characteristics and measurement uncertainties that are due to the nonlinear error of the sensing system are also discussed.     

Split-conductor current sensors with electronic load termination

Split-conductor current sensors for measurement of 60 Hz alternating currents have electronic load termination to improve the sensor's linearity. AC currents from 0.1 A to 300 A, with a magnitude error of 0.2-2% of reading at fundamental frequency, and a phase error of 0.1°-2° of -25°C to +75°C. H-compensated current sensors have shown a magnitude error of 0.1% of point and a phase error of 6 min of point in a 150/1 current dynamic range. Current ratios of more than 50000:1 have been achieved. Sensor power dissipation was less than 1 W at 100 A     

铜与硅之间W/Mo-N薄膜的扩散阻挡层性能

研究了铜与硅之间W／Mo-N薄膜的扩散阻挡性能。在Si(100)基片上利用反应溅射沉积一层Mo-N薄膜,然后再利用直流溅射在Mo-N上面沉积Cu／W薄膜。样品在真空下退火,并利用四点探针、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜分析、俄歇电子能谱原子深度剖析等测试方法研究了Cu／W／Mo-N／Si的热稳定性及W／Mo-N薄膜对铜与硅的扩散阻挡性能。实验分析表明,Cu／W／Mo-N／Si结构具有非常好的热稳定性,在600℃退火30min仍未发生相变,并能有效的阻挡铜与硅之间的扩散。     

A discussion of two ways of treating measurements of optical fiberloss

The loss measurement errors that arise from cutting optical fibers in fiber links and in pigtailed optical devices are analyzed in detail. Two methods of treating loss measurement data are compared: averaging P_i/P_o measurement and using just the maximum P_i/P_o measurement. Based on a large number of cutting experiments, a block diagram of cutting power distribution was constructed, and the measurement errors for both techniques were calculated. The results show that the measurement error of the maximum value taken at the input and output ends is less than the measurement error of the average value     

Film radiometer based on electrical substitution for use in photometric measurements

The design of a nonselective radiometer that functions on the basis of the principle of electrical substitution is described. The assembled radiometer possesses high current-voltage sensitivity on the order of 10 V/W, time constant 7 sec, and error in measurement of the emissive power at most 0.3%. It is designed for exact photometric measurements in the visible and infrared bands of the spectrum. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp. 18–21, May, 1997.