Some regional costs of a synthetic fuel industry: The case of illinois

The Federal Government's efforts to induce development of a coal-based synthetic fuel industry include direct subsidies, tax concessions, and assurances that it will purchase the industry's output, even if above the market price. In this note it is argued that these subsidies will enable this industry to secure a region's largest and lowest-cost coal deposits and that the costs imposed on other coal users will be substantial. Moreover, because the lowest-cost coal deposits will be committed to synthetic fuels production regardless of the industry's commercial viability, distortions in regional coal markets will develop. If economic efficiency requires that the price of the resource reflect its replacement value, then a State government is justified in imposing a tax on coal destined for subsidized synthetic fuel plants. Amounts of such a tax, based on the higher costs of coal that must be accepted by other users as the result of the subsidized synthetic fuel plants' preempting the largest and lowest-cost deposits, are estimated for the case of Illinois strippable coal.     

在医院如何实现BYOD

将BYOD应用到医院中,满足医护工作人员利用自带智能终端办公的需求,提供稳定可靠的无线网络环境并设计安全智能的管理平台,实现移动医疗、移动办公。     

蒸汽供暖中蒸汽损耗量的测定

某蒸汽供暖系统中凝水泵房处蒸汽损耗大，采用仪器直接对凝水箱蒸汽排空管的蒸汽排放量进行实测，给出测量方法。实测结果表明，凝水泵房处蒸汽耗损率占蒸汽供气量的49％，为系统改进提供了依据。     

Benefits and costs of improved IEQ in U.S. offices

This study estimates some of the benefits and costs of implementing scenarios that improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in the stock of U.S. office buildings. The scenarios include increasing ventilation rates when they are below 10 or 15 l/s per person, adding outdoor air economizers and controls when absent, eliminating winter indoor temperatures >23°C, and reducing dampness and mold problems. The estimated benefits of the scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude, including increased work performance, reduced Sick Building Syndrome symptoms, reduced absence, and improved thermal comfort for millions of office workers. The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of nonoverlapping scenarios is approximately $20 billion. While the quantitative estimates have a high uncertainty, the opportunity for substantial benefits is clear. Some IEQ improvement measures will save energy while improving health or productivity, and implementing these measures should be the highest priority. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Owners, designers, and operators of office buildings have an opportunity to improve IEQ, health, work performance, and comfort of building occupants and to obtain economic benefits by improving IEQ. These benefits can be achieved with simultaneous energy savings or with only small increases in energy costs.     

Planning project costs

Setting realistic plans for the expenditure on a project can cause much guessing to be done in the initial stages. These guesses are more vague if only a little is known about the projects being studied. The resource smoothing method as it can be applied to cost aspects of project planning is described.     

The use of hospital waste as a fuel. Part one.

The total quantity of hospital waste produced in the UK has been estimated to be 430kte/yr, having a combustible content equivalent to about 190kte of coal; its average gross calorific value (GCV) depends on the type of hospital, but has been estimated to be about 14GJ/te for the teaching and general hospitals which were examined. Hospitals are obliged to incinerate some of these wastes in order to destroy any pathogens which may be present, and although several hospitals have been involved in recovering the energy from this process, a number of such projects have proved to be unsuccessful. The Glenfield General Hospital (GGH) is burning combustible hospital waste on a Corsair (Erithglen) 0.5MWt (2MBtu/h) hot water boiler, the second such installation involving a new design of plant which accepts bagged, unprepared material. Although the plant suffered inevitable commissioning and teething problems, which have led to further design improvements, it has nevertheless demonstrated its ability to dispose of hospital waste reliably, safely and efficiently; it is felt, however, that it could have performed better with improved project organisation. In the light of likely future legislation to tighten control over emissions from the combustion of hospital wastes, it is anticipated that large scale plant might prove economically and environmentally attractive under certain circumstances; such plant will, in all probability, involve power generation or combined heat and power (CHP).     

合金钢蒸汽管道施工工艺

针对主蒸汽管道施工特点,结合近年来国内化工厂合金钢管道对口及焊接技术,对大口径合金钢管道焊接工艺、焊接设备和焊接材料、现场对口及焊接施工、热处理工艺、管道试压技术进行了阐述,以指导实践。     

Knowing the impact costs

Though dealing with North American practice, this article on quantifying the true costs arising from changes during construction is considered from the analytical rather than the legal standpoint, and thus raises issues of wider interest. Four main guidelines for the contractor are presented and discussed, concerned principally with the logical analysis of the impact on ‘normal’ productivity and the methods of quantifying the effects correctly. The author is head of management consultants Revay and Associates, of Canada.     

Transportation and telecommunications costs

The decreasing costs of telecommunications and the often increasing costs of transportation have given rise to claims that information-intensive activities are becoming footloose. One of the assumptions underlying these claims is that the cost of distance in telecommunications is negligible or very low. This paper examines the relationship between distance and interaction (telecommunications and transportation) costs and rates, with particular emphasis on the effects of geographical scale. Focusing on data from Israel, it demonstrates that the costs of distance are persistent even in telecommunications systems; that for short distances or small regions, transportation costs are not necessarily higher than telecommunications costs; and that pricing of telecommunications services by governments (or PTT's) often does not reflect the costs of providing the services. This creates a cost distribution which differs from Euclidean geographical distances: discontinuities in the rate structure of telecommunications distort the distance-cost schedules and, by creating barriers, may affect location decisions.The paper also demonstrates that actual interaction costs are context specific and therefore no general model has been formulated. Instead, an accounting procedure, which can be used by decision-makers considering (re)location in specific contexts, is suggested.     

Knowing the impact costs

Though dealing with North American practice, this article on quantifying the true costs arising from changes during construction is considered from the analytical rather than the legal standpoint, and thus raises issues of wider interest. Four main guidelines for the contractor are presented and discussed, concerned principally with the logical analysis of the impact on 'normal' productivity and the methods of quantifying the effects correctly. The author is head of management consultants Revay and Associates, of Canada.     

砖坯蒸汽成型及蒸汽用量的计算

1 砖坯蒸汽成型的缘由 采用山地粘土、白垩纪页岩或某种肥粘土作为主要胶结料,一般具有较高的干燥敏感性,制品极易产生裂纹,建议采用蒸汽热挤出成型工艺.     

钢制蒸汽分汽缸的设计

简述蒸汽分汽缸的结构与设计，通过设计计算，确定外形尺寸大小及钢板厚度，从而保证蒸汽分汽缸的安全使用．     

预应力钢筒混凝土管蒸汽养护工艺的探讨

本文依据蒸汽养护工艺的原理,结合预应力钢筒混凝土管制造工艺的特点,对其蒸汽养护工艺进行了探讨。     

蒸汽回转石膏煅烧机的应用

根据石膏的煅烧机理,针对国内石膏煅烧设备的优缺点进行分析研究。设计开发成功一种新型的石膏煅烧设备——蒸汽回转石膏煅烧机,介绍石膏煅烧中采用蒸汽回转石膏煅烧机工艺的可靠性、产能、能耗及产品质量稳定性等,并对存在的问题进行讨论。     

In vitro toxicities of experimental jet fuel system ice-inhibiting agents.

One research emphasis within the Department of Defense has been to seek the replacement of operational compounds with alternatives that pose less potential risk to human and ecological systems. Alternatives to glycol ethers, such as diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (M-DE), were investigated for use as jet fuel system ice-inhibiting agents (FSIIs). This group of chemicals includes three derivatives of 1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (M-1, M-2, and M-3) and a 1,3-dioxane (M-27). In addition, M-DE was evaluated as a reference compound. Our approach was to implement an in vitro test battery based on primary rat hepatocyte cultures to perform initial toxicity evaluations. Hepatocytes were exposed to experimental chemicals (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 mM dosages) for periods up to 24 h. Samples were assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, MTT dye reduction activity, glutathione level, and rate of protein synthesis as indicators of toxicity. Of the compounds tested, M-1, especially at the 10-mM dose, appeared to be more potent than the other chemicals, as measured by these toxicity assays. M-DE, the current FSII, elicited little response in the toxicity assays. Although some variations in toxicity were observed at the 10-mM dose, the in vitro toxicities of the chemicals tested (except for M-1) were not considerably greater than that of M-DE.