Environmental strength evaluation of welded steel joint in sea water

Corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviours were experimentally evaluated for the parent metal, as-welded and PWHT specimens of SM53B steel. Multi-pass welding was done by a submerged arc welder. Metallographic observations along the weld fusion boundary were made to investigate the variation of microstructures through the thickness direction. PWHT was carried out at 650°C with holding time of 1/4hr and 40hr. The corrosion fatigue test was conducted in 3.5% NaCl solution with the frequency of 3Hz. In all cases, crack growth in corrosive environment was faster than that of in air. Besides, at the low †K region, crack growth was greatly influenced by corrosive environment and the heat treatment condition.     

Corrosion fatigue characteristics in the weld of multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe

In order to investigate the corrosion fatigue characteristics in the weld of multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe, corrosion fatigue tests were performed under the various stress ratios and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at room temperature. The corrosion fatigue characteristic curves were represented using crack closure concept. The obtained results are as follows ; when the load frequency is 1.0 Hz, the crack opening point is transited in the region of K_max=20-32 MPa-msu1/2. In the low stress intensity factor range, the crack opening point is higher than that in air. However, in the high stress intensity factor range, it is lower than that in air. In the cases of 0.1 Hz and 0.01 Hz, the crack opening point gradually decreases to K(min) with K_max increase.     

Effect of single overload on fatigue behavior in the welded haz of low alloy steel

Room temperature fatigue crack growth behavior was obtained for 4140 parent steel, parent heat treated (same as PWHT), as-welded HAZ and PWHT HAZ material under R≈O constant amplitude loading and single tensile overloads with an over load ratio (OLR: P_over/P_max) of 2.5. Double pass automatic submerged arc welding with AWS EM2 electrode was used. PWHT was performed at 650°C for one hour. Constant amplitude fatigue crack growth behavior was very similar for all four material conditions in the log-log linear Paris region. All material conditions responded favorably to the single tensile overloads with fatigue crack growth retardation ranging from 2.5×10⁵ to 4.5×10⁵ cycles which corresponded to life increases of 250 to 400 percent. SEM analysis indicated many similarities on the fatigue fracture surfaces with predominant ductile quasi-striation morphology.     

硫化氢环境中低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究

针对高强钢在硫化氢环境中腐蚀疲劳数据极为缺乏的现状,研究高压气瓶材料4130X在硫化氢腐蚀介质中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率.结合气瓶实际运行的环境和应力状态,应用改进型WOL(wedge-opening-loading)试样,在自行改造的专用低周腐蚀疲劳试验机上,完成0.006 7 Hz超低频率下饱和H_2S溶液、中等浓度H2S溶液和空气三种环境下的腐蚀疲劳试验,并用Paris公式进行两段式拟合,得出da/dN-ΔK的数学表达式.将试样微观断口的变化与宏观应力强度因子K的变化进行对比研究,给出不同环境中三个阶段K值的定量结果.结果表明:相同条件下,H_2S环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比空气环境中大20倍以上;但当H_2S浓度达到一定范围后,对da/dN影响并不按比例增长,浓度相差11倍时,da/dN相差2.4倍,H_2S腐蚀介质的存在加速了疲劳破坏.     

应力与腐蚀因素对连接件腐蚀疲劳寿命交互作用的研究

在应力控制下分别研究了不同应力,预腐蚀时间对3．5％NaCl溶液中有涂层的LY12CZ铝合金铆接连接件的腐蚀疲劳性能影响的规律。试样结构是根据飞机蒙皮的真实结构设计制成的单剪切连接件,按实际工艺过程进行表面处理。试验结果表明,提高应力和延长预腐蚀时间均会缩短连接件的腐蚀疲劳寿命。应力与环境腐蚀因素对连接件的腐蚀疲劳寿命的影响作用不是简单的叠加关系,而是相互影响的,结果还表明,在无预腐蚀的条件下有涂层连接件在pH值为6的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳寿命比空气中的寿命要高,并且在高低应力范围内均有此现象,在30MPa下预腐蚀对连接件的疲劳寿命的影响作用比50MPa下预腐蚀对连接件疲劳寿命的作用要明显。     

X80管线钢在模拟樟树土壤溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性

以X80管线钢为研究对象,以模拟江西樟树土壤溶液为试验环境,研究了外加电位、应变速率以及这二者的交互作用对X80管线钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响。结果表明:在中等应变速率和阴极电位下试验钢对应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)非常敏感;在阳极电位条件下,应变速率所引起的物质交换对SCC过程影响不大,SCC敏感性较低;在阴极电位区,试验钢上发生析氢反应,在中等应变速率下,本体溶液与裂纹内部溶液及裂纹内部溶液与裂纹尖端金属原子的交换充足,试验钢发生氢致开裂的倾向增加,SCC敏感性更高。     

SPV50Q钢在湿H2S环境下抗应力腐蚀性能试验研究

用楔形张开加载(WOL)预裂纹试样研究了SPV50Q钢在湿H2S环境中的抗应力腐蚀性能。测定了SPV50Q钢母材及热影响区在湿H2S环境下的临界应力强度因子KISCC和应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率;同时研究了H2S浓度、材质、热处理对SPV50Q钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响。     

The Effects of Sodium Chloride Solution on Fretting Wear Behavior of Nickel Based Alloy in Partial Slip Regime

The investigations on fretting wear behaviors of nickel based alloy in NaCl solution and atmosphere indicated that wear mechanism and regional transformation from partial slip regime (PSR) to the mixed regime (MR) are significantly affected by NaCl solution. The crevice corrosion induced by synergy of chloride ion and deformed asperities caused wear mechanism changed from adhesive and oxidation wear (PSR in atmosphere) to abrasive and oxidation wear (PSR in NaCl solution) and to oxidation and delamination wear (MR in NaCl solution), meanwhile accelerated the regional transformation from PSR to MR. However, the annular fatigue crack was almost unaffected by NaCl solution, which propagated along the direction of 40-50^° to surface in the mode of transgranular and intergranular in all conditions.     

航空发动机涡轮盘用GH4133B合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

材料的疲劳寿命由裂纹形成寿命和扩展寿命两部分组成。针对航空发动机涡轮盘用GH4133B合金,进行室温下不同应力比的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,测试疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。Paris公式回归分析结果表明,裂纹扩展速率随应力强度因子和应力比的增大而增大,含门槛值的修正Paris公式能精确描述疲劳裂纹扩展行为。利用光学显微镜在线观测裂纹扩展路径,并利用扫描电镜考察试样断口微观形貌。结果发现,随应力强度因子增大,裂纹扩展路径由平直变得曲折。在疲劳裂纹萌生区、稳定扩展区和快速扩展区,断裂表面依次呈现为解理断裂、疲劳条带和沿晶韧窝混合断裂模式。基于断口反推理论反推载荷和裂纹扩展方程,结果表明,利用反推方程预测疲劳裂纹的扩展,可有效防范疲劳断裂的发生。     

Influences of post weld heat treatment on fatigue crack growth behavior of TIG welding of 6013 T4 aluminum alloy joint (Part 1. Fatigue crack growth across the weld metal)

The present study evaluates the influences of PWHT on FCG behavior and tensile properties of TIG butt welded Al 6013-T4 sheets. Crack propagation tests were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimens. The T82 heat treatment was varied in three artificial aging times (soaking) of 6, 18 and 24 hours. The results of T82 heat treatment with artificial aging variations were tested for their fatigue crack growth rates at the main metal zone, the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the welded metal zone. It has been observed that the various agings in heat treatment T82 are sensitive to the mechanical properties (fatigue crack growth rate test, tensile test). The results show that PWHT-T82 for 18 hours aging is the highest fatigue resistance, while the aging 18 hours provided the highest tensile test result.     

腐蚀结构损伤评估方法

针对腐蚀环境下老龄化飞机结构表面存在广布随机的腐蚀坑,而使其强度降低这一问题,先采用有限元方法并结合仿真软件ANSYS的参数化分析语言APDL,得到不同形状腐蚀坑底部的有效应力集中系数,然后结合局部应力应变法求解各个腐蚀坑底部在疲劳载荷作用下产生初始裂纹的萌生寿命值,再通过蒙特卡罗方法求解数值积分和非线性方程,得到和腐蚀坑具有相同寿命等效裂纹的尺寸,最后采用神经网络技术建立腐蚀坑各种几何尺寸与等效裂纹深度间的多变量非线性映射关系.为工程实践中用广布裂纹方法处理含随机分布腐蚀坑的老龄化结构提供可能.     

Statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life of base metal,weld metal and heat affected zone in FSWed 7075-T651 aluminum alloy

The statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life of base metal (BM), weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) in friction stir welded (FSWed) 7075-T651 aluminum alloy has been studied by Weibull statistical analysis. The fatigue crack growth tests were performed at room temperature on ASTM standard CT specimens under three different constant stress intensity factor range controls. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life on stress intensity factor ranges and material properties, namely BM, WM and HAZ specimens. In this work, the Weibull distribution was employed to estimate the statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life. The shape parameter of Weibull distribution for fatigue crack growth life was significantly affected by material properties and the stress intensity factor range. The scale parameter of WM specimen exhibited the lowest value at all stress intensity factor ranges.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior in STS304 under mixed-mode loading

The use of fracture mechanics has traditionally concentrated on crack growth under an opening mechanism. However, many service failures occur from cracks subjected to mixed-mode loading. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the fatigue behavior under mixed-mode loading. Under mixed-mode loading, not only the fatigue crack propagation rate is of importance, but also the crack propagation direction. In modified range 0.3≤a/W≤0.5, the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of mode I and mode II for the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen were calculated by using elastic finite element analysis. The propagation behavior of the fatigue cracks of cold rolled stainless steels (STS304) under mixed-mode conditions was evaluated by using K_I and K_II(SIFs of mode I and mode II). The maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion and stress intensity factor were applied to predict the crack propagation direction and the propagation behavior of fatigue cracks.     

高强度结构钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机制图

本文研究了20SiMn2MoV高强度结构钢在蒸馏水和盐水中的腐蚀疲劳和应力腐蚀开裂行为。试验结果表明,应力比R对da/Dn-ΔK曲线及断裂机制类型有显著影响。提出了能够描述R影响的以ΔK和Km（Km=1/2[Kmax＋Kmax]）为坐标轴的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机制图,并讨论了断裂机制转变的条件。     

低合金高强钢焊接构件在高温锅炉水中的应力腐蚀开裂行为研究

分析了某公司的2#乙二醇R-120环氧乙烷反应器中C-11环焊缝开裂原因。对开裂C-11环焊缝开展了化学成分、金相观察、硬度测试、断口微观观察、EDS能谱分析等试验研究。试验发现：壳程、管板母材和焊缝金属化学成分分别满足SA543 Type B CL.1,SA508 Gr.4N CL.1和MGS 80的要求;从内壁管板侧热影响区起裂的主裂纹穿晶扩展,裂纹尖端沿晶扩展并有分叉,具有应力腐蚀裂纹特征;内壁附近焊缝两侧热影响区局部有马氏体组织;管板侧热影响区硬度最高为466.3 HV10;断口观察发现裂纹在内壁产生,是多源裂纹,沿壁厚向外壁扩展15 mm,断口上有冰糖状等轴晶和柱状晶;裂纹断口探测到P和Na元素。该反应器开裂原因是由于焊接导致在管板与壳程焊接区域存在较高的残余应力,在高温锅炉水介质中,发生了应力腐蚀开裂,由内壁向外扩展,最终导致泄漏。     

在役压力容器含缺陷结构腐蚀疲劳剩余寿命预测的随机分析

本文根据OCr18Ni9钢在1000ppm NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率计算公式，采用概率方法，考虑裂纹尺寸、载荷、材料等参数的随机性，给出腐蚀疲劳剩余寿命随机计算方法。最后，通过工程案例说明方法的可行和有效。     

不锈钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率与电极电位关系的研究

采用三电极体系对0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在3．5％NaCl水溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展与电极电位的关系进行了研究，探讨了腐蚀溶液体系的电极电位、腐蚀电流与裂纹扩展速率之间的关系。     

不同腐蚀环境下高强铝合金腐蚀行为

针对航空铝合金材料在服役过程中因恶劣环境而导致材料腐蚀的问题,通过分析腐蚀形貌、腐蚀坑开口面积、腐蚀深度、点腐蚀坑数量、pH值、腐蚀产物等变化,研究2xxx航空铝合金在不同腐蚀环境(3.5%NaCl水溶液、模拟油箱积水溶液和潮湿空气)中的腐蚀行为和机理。结果表明,在3.5%NaCl水溶液中,铝合金试样表面腐蚀坑的产生主要发生在前24h内,其最大腐蚀坑深约为45μm,而在72~120h, 随预腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀坑深度、个数的增加并不明显;铝合金试样在模拟油箱积水环境中的腐蚀规律与在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的相似,但腐蚀坑最大开口面积和腐蚀坑的个数明显减少;与前两种环境相比,试样在潮湿空气环境中的腐蚀程度明显减小,腐蚀坑总体个数最少,最大腐蚀坑深约在20μm以内,最大开口面积约在5000μm²左右,且随着腐蚀时间的增长,腐蚀坑之间的深度差距越来越小。     

含缺口结构压疲劳失效研究

结构的疲劳失效与内部的应力水平有着紧密的联系。这里阐述了压应力作用下结构内部裂纹的萌生和扩展机理，并介绍了循环压应力下的裂纹扩展计算方程，结合现代疲劳研究方法的新成果新方法对压应力条件下疲劳破坏研究的未来提出展望。     

Low-cycle fatigue of a friction stir welded 2219-T62 aluminum alloy at different welding parameters and cooling conditions

Strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests and microstructural evaluation were performed on a friction stir welded 2219-T62 aluminum alloy with varying welding parameters and cooling conditions. Cyclic hardening of friction stir welded joints was appreciably stronger than that of the base material. The cyclic stress amplitude increased, and plastic strain amplitude and fatigue lifetime slightly decreased with increasing welding speed from 60 to 200 mm/min but were only weakly dependent of the rotational rate between 300 and 1,000 rpm with air cooling. Friction stir welded joints with water cooling had higher stress amplitude and fatigue life than that with air cooling. Fatigue failure of the joint occurred in the HAZ where the soft zone was present, with crack initiation from the specimen surface or near-surface defect and crack propagation characterized by typical fatigue striations.