基于C语言的虚拟仪器弹出式菜单设计方法

虚拟仪器菜单就是在计算机屏幕上显示出仪器的功能和操作过程选择命令,以便使用户能通过对菜单的选择实现对仪器功能的调用,完成测试过程中一切必要的人机对话。用弹出式菜单方式表达虚拟仪器功能和实现对仪器功能的操作,具有简单直观、操作方便的优点和界面友好的效果。文章介绍了基于C语言的虚拟仪器弹出式菜单的程序设计方法。     

The impact of interface metaphor and context of use on the usability of a speech-based mobile city guide service

This experiment investigated the effect of interface metaphor and context of use (private/public) on the usability of a hierarchically structured speech-activated mobile city guide service. Two different versions of the service were evaluated using a Wizard of Oz methodology. The first was a non-metaphor standard service with numbered menu options. The second was a service based on an office filing system metaphor, with different metaphor-related menu options at each level. User performance and attitudes to the services were recorded over a six week period, and post-trial interviews conducted. Results showed that the interface metaphor improved participants' performance compared to the standard service, but had no effect on attitudes. Context of use did not affect the usability of the services, which supports their use for mobile interaction. Visualisation of the metaphor-based service significantly affected participants' attitudes, suggesting an additional benefit of using interface metaphor for the design of speech-based mobile phone services.     

The impact of interface metaphor and context of use on the usability of a speech-based mobile city guide service

This experiment investigated the effect of interface metaphor and context of use (private/public) on the usability of a hierarchically structured speech-activated mobile city guide service. Two different versions of the service were evaluated using a Wizard of Oz methodology. The first was a non-metaphor standard service with numbered menu options. The second was a service based on an office filing system metaphor, with different metaphor-related menu options at each level. User performance and attitudes to the services were recorded over a six week period, and post-trial interviews conducted. Results showed that the interface metaphor improved participants' performance compared to the standard service, but had no effect on attitudes. Context of use did not affect the usability of the services, which supports their use for mobile interaction. Visualisation of the metaphor-based service significantly affected participants' attitudes, suggesting an additional benefit of using interface metaphor for the design of speech-based mobile phone services.     

采用确定放置式布网的WSN监测界面设计

本文针对采用确定放置式布网的WSN系统,基于VB和SQL Server2000数据库,设计了一种WSN传感器节点采集参量监测界面。包括监测系统中主菜单界面设计、各子功能界面设计以及VB和SQL Server2000中各数据库相关操作程序设计等。系统能实现WSN系统中各节点位置信息的显示;节点工作状态显示;实时参量值显示;参量变化曲线的实时绘制;阈值设置;声光报警;数据信息的存储查询等功能。     

手机三维菜单绩效预测模型

菜单是手机界面的重要交互部件,手机功能增加所带来的菜单规模增大与手机小屏幕形成日益突出的矛盾.三维界面技术可以提高界面信息容量,因此,在手机上引入三维菜单概念是一个值得研究的课题.相应地,需要解决手机三维菜单用户操作绩效的评估问题.模型预测评估法能使研究人员和设计人员快速和以较低成本对用户界面进行评估.因此,基于Fitts定律和Hick-Hyman定律,建立了预测评估手机三维菜单操作绩效的定量模型.通过实验检验了模型的有效性,并将其与相关模型进行了对比分析.实验结果表明,实验得到的数据与该模型预测数据吻合较好,并且与相关模型相比该模型预测数据与实验数据的相关度最高.     

Applications of fuzzy‐based linguistic patterns for the assessment of computer screen design quality

The main objective of this study was to develop a modeling framework which would unify different aspects of computer screen design and result in a quantitative criterion for an optimized computer screen format. The fuzzy set‐based linguistic design patterns were utilized as a tool to build this model. The linguistic patterns are based on categories of expressions related closely to natural language and truth values, which are close to a human designer's intuition. The proposed framework is capable of assessing the quality of computer screen design based on existing knowledge in human‐computer interface domain using the fuzzy‐based linguistic pattern approach. Exemplary patterns for an optimal screen density, information grouping, and some aspects of screen layout are presented, along with a sequence of calculations based on the exemplary screen format. This study showed that it is possible to achieve a rational and relatively easy to interpret assessment of different screen designs in the form of the degrees of truth. Such an evaluation criterion reflects the compatibility of a given screen design with the optimal one based on the current knowledge in the field. It is believed that the proposed methodological framework for computer screen design should significantly augment the efforts of human designers.     

Eyes-free interaction with free-hand gestures and auditory menus

Auditory interfaces can overcome visual interfaces when a primary task, such as driving, competes for the attention of a user controlling a device, such as radio. In emerging interfaces enabled by camera tracking, auditory displays may also provide viable alternatives to visual displays. This paper presents a user study of interoperable auditory and visual menus, in which control gestures remain the same in the visual and the auditory domain. Tested control methods included a novel free-hand gesture interaction with camera-based tracking, and touch screen interaction with a tablet. The task of the participants was to select numbers from a visual or an auditory menu including a circular layout and a numeric keypad layout. Results show, that even with participant's full attention to the task, the performance and accuracy of the auditory interface are the same or even slightly better than the visual when controlled with free-hand gestures. The auditory menu was measured to be slower in touch screen interaction, but questionnaire revealed that over half of the participants felt that the circular auditory menu was faster than the visual menu. Furthermore, visual and auditory feedback in touch screen interaction with numeric layout was measured fastest, touch screen with circular menu second fastest, and the free-hand gesture interface was slowest. The results suggest that auditory menus can potentially provide a fast and desirable interface to control devices with free-hand gestures.     

Using HCA and TOPSIS approaches in personal digital assistant menu–icon interface design

Mobile electronic products have recently become very popular because of their portable convenience and versatile functions. The personal digital assistant (PDA) can even access the Internet. However, there is still plenty of room for improvement in the PDA interface. This research proposes a systematic approach to analyze, generate and evaluate a PDA integrated menu–icon interface design for the DigitHub Company based on customer requirements.Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) is incorporated with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to identify and categorize functional PDA menus and their corresponding icons. We evaluate the importance of each of the different functional menus and categories. We generate five PDA menu–icon interface design alternatives that meet the proposed design guidelines, and we evaluate each for their respective feasibilities. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is applied to measure the overall operating performance of the five PDA menu–icon interface design alternatives. The evaluation results show that the preferred design is option PDA₅, a hierarchical and separated menu–icon layout style that features a two-layer menu structure.We expect that the proposed development procedure for the generation and evaluation of PDA menu–icon design alternatives based on customer requirements will be of interest to interface designers who wish to focus on mobile products.

Relevance to industry

This paper proposes an integrated procedure for designing PDA menu–icon interfaces. Our methodology should help in the creation and optimization of screen layouts for mobile phones, global positioning system (GPS) navigation devices, digital cameras and related screen interfaces.     

Cognitive networks as a guide to menu organization: An application in the automated cockpit

Abstract

When a menu-driven interface controls information in the domain of expertise of the end users, the difficulty that inexperienced users typically have in accessing the panels they seek can be reduced by making the menu organization consistent with the user's cognitive organization. A general tool for deriving a cognitive network is described and applied to the concepts displayed and controlled on the panels of an interface to a flight management system. The cognitive network was used to select the options that would appear on each panel of three different prototypes. The prototypes differed with respect to the amount of redundancy (extra pathways) between a set of dominating panels that appeared on a primary index page and the remaining panels. A fourth prototype was based on the recommendations of a design team rather than the cognitive network derived from a sample of pilots. Four pilots were assigned to each of the four prototypes, in a training session that required the pilots to find specific panels in order to answer questions pertaining to various scenarios. The group using the high redundancy organization that was based on the cognitive network took less time per trial than the three other groups.     

A comparison of simple hierarchy and grid metaphors for option layouts on small-size screens

Modern, technologically driven society is characterized by an increase in the rate of mobile device use and an increase in the extent to which these devices are used for more complex tasks than search for phone numbers. While direct consequences of screen-size reduction on task performance are well known, data are lacking on the impact of layout of multiple options in a complex task environment. In this paper we describe the results of an end-user study in which we compared two basic interface designs for the layout of multiple options: a simple hierarchy and a single layer grid. These two designs were presented to users on two screen sizes; a larger size approximating the size of a standard laptop or desktop screen and a smaller size approximating the size of a PDA screen. This study illustrates that while task performance in accessing information was superior using the grid interface rather than the simple hierarchy interface, users preferred the simple hierarchy interface. Even as the complexity of the task increased, the physical size of the screen had a significantly bigger impact on task performance than did the task complexity. These findings indicate that the grid layout should be used when task performance is of the paramount concern and the complexity of choices is not expected to be large. When user preference/satisfaction is more important than task performance the appeal of the simple hierarchy layout may supersede the cost in performance it entails.     

微机CAD软件中用户界面设计技术——菜单管理系统设计

由于微机的功能不断扩大,微机CAD用户不断增加,为适应微机CAD软件开发的要求,我们对微机CAD系统中的用户界面进行了研究.本文主要介绍菜单设计原理和方法,如主菜单和子菜单之间的结构关系.菜单项的定义和设计、菜单与应用程序之间的接口关系以及如何保存和恢复被菜单覆盖掉的屏幕上的有关信息等.本系统的程序采用C语言编写,可在286、386或486微机上运行,使用较为方便.     

.NET框架下复杂文档/视图的构建和实现

在设计程序的界面时,经常需要将两个甚至多个视窗同时显示在屏幕上以供用户参考或操作;在设计由许多独立模块构成的程序时,不同模块可能需要调用公共的类,但不同模块的菜单、数据等资源又是完全独立的。在以上两种情况下,Windows的文档/视图机制可以提供比对话框机制更强大的功能以及更友好的界面。论文以.NET框架为基础,着重论述在VisualC++.NET下,复杂文档/视图的构建及实现。     

Some effects of menu characteristics and user personality on performance with menu-driven interfaces

User performance with menu-based systems was studied. Three experiments concerning the effects of menu structure, menu breadth, menu system depth, several support facilities and user personality characteristics on user performance, measured in terms of search time and accuracy, are reported. The main findings are that performance is affected by menu structure, the depth of the menu system, the presence of escape facilities, the structure of the alternatives within the menu, some methods of informative support and certain personality characteristics. Some expensive support facilities are found to have no effect. The results are discussed in relation to problems of menu interface design.     

Spatial metaphors for a speech-based mobile city guide service

Speech-based automated mobile phone services allow people to access information whilst on the move, but are difficult to use due to the arbitrary assignment of numbers to menu options. For this study, it was hypothesised that the use of spatial interface metaphors could lead to higher levels of usability for a mobile city guide service by capitalising on humans well developed spatial ability. One non-metaphor, numbered menu service, and three different spatial metaphor-based services were implemented. The metaphors used were: a travel system, an office filing system and a shopping metaphor. Measures of participant performance with each service and their corresponding subjective evaluations were recorded for each trial. The results indicated that, for first-time users, the non-metaphor service was the most usable, but after three trials, the office filing system metaphor service was the most usable. Navigational cues provided by spatial interface metaphors may improve user attitudes and interactions with automated phone services.     

Adapting menu layout to tasks

Menus are an increasingly popular style of user-system interface. Although many aspects of menu design can affect user performance (e.g. item names and selection methods), the organization of items in menus is a particularly salient aspect of their design. Unfortunately, empirical studies of menu layout have yet to resolve the basic question of how menus should be organized to produce optimal performance. Furthermore, a disturbingly common finding has been that any initial effects of menu layout disappear with practice. Thus it is tempting to conclude that menu organization is not important or that it only affects performance during learning. In this paper we present some reasons to doubt this conclusion. In particular, we have found persistent effects of layout with multiple-item selection tasks, in contrast with studies employing a single-item selection paradigm. The results of a controlled study comparing various menu designs (fast-food keyboards) show that the types of tasks to be performed by users must be considered in organizing items in menus and that there may be sustained effects of menu organization with some tasks. In addition, the results of this study support the use of a formal methodology based on user knowledge for menu design. By comparing the performance of subjects using menus designed using our methodology with the performance of subjects using “personalized” menus, we were able to demonstrate the general superiority of our method for designing menus, and for tailoring menus to meet task requirements as well.     

User Preference for a Control-Based Reduced Processing Decision Support Interface

This study examined trainee crime-scene investigators' preference for, and accuracy in using, four different computer-based decision support interface designs, each of which incorporated a different reduced processing information acquisition strategy. The interfaces differed on the basis of the number of options that could be considered simultaneously and the level of control that could be exercised over the number and sequence in which feature values were accessed. Forty trainee investigators completed six decision scenarios in which they were asked to acquire information and formulate a decision by selecting one of three options. The study comprised two phases, the first of which involved familiarizing participants with each of the four interface designs and collecting performance and subjective data. The second phase involved trainees selecting one of the four interfaces to engage in a fifth and sixth decision scenario involving high or low levels of time-pressure. The results indicated that the “all options, full control” interface was the preferred option in the low time-pressure condition. Although the strategy remained the most frequently selected in the high time-pressure condition, this preference was not significant. It was concluded that the perceptions of difficulty and the degree of user control over information acquisition were more important than perceived efficiency in the selection of computer-based interface designs. The outcomes have implications for the design of decision support systems.     

Novell局域网入网登录界面及其管理程序的设计

针对 Novell局域网入网调用应用程序的步骤较复杂 ,Netware提供设计的菜单界面为西文 ,安全性不甚高的情况 ,设计了“登录程序”及“登录管理系统”两个软件。该软件具有入网登录方便、安全性高及管理简单等优点