低游离酚热塑性酚醛树脂的合成

改变传统合成工艺,在热塑性酚醛树脂合成过程中加入1种有机酸A,得到低游离酚酚醛树脂。考察了酚、醛物质的量比,有机酸A用量对树脂软化点的影响以及反应温度、反应时间对树脂中游离酚含量的影响。确定了最佳合成工艺条件:第1步反应温度98~104℃,反应时间1 h,催化剂盐酸用量1.0%(基于苯酚质量),苯酚、甲醛和有机酸A的物质的量比为1∶0.82∶0.02;第2步反应温度180℃,反应时间1.5 h。通过气相色谱分析游离酚质量分数由原来的5%~10%降到0.55%。     

低游离醛高羟甲基含量酚醛树脂的合成

通过实验,以CaO作催化剂合成了低游离醛高羟甲基含量酚醛树脂。采用正交试验方法研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对酚醛树脂的游离醛含量、羟甲基含量2个指标的影响。当n(苯酚)∶n(甲醛)=1∶1 2～1 3时,最优工艺条件为:n(催化剂)∶n(苯酚)物质的量比0 02、反应温度70℃、反应时间3h。     

多聚甲醛合成热塑性酚醛树脂过程中游离酚含量的研究

在热塑性酚醛树脂合成过程中,由于苯酚过量,部分苯酚没有参与反应而是进入废液中,不仅导致苯酚的浪费,同时也使废液中的酚含量过高。研究反应体系中酚含量的变化,对提高苯酚的转化率以及减少树脂中游离酚的含量有重要的意义。在酚/醛物质的量比为1∶0. 75的条件下,用草酸做催化剂,催化苯酚与多聚甲醛合成热塑性酚醛树脂。研究了催化剂用量、反应温度和时间、后处理工艺等因素对游离酚的影响。结果表明,草酸用量为苯酚质量1%时,催化效果较好。同时延长低温反应阶段时间,可以提高苯酚的转化率。后处理工艺对最终树脂游离酚含量的影响较大,要保证树脂中的低游离酚含量,后处理的温度和时间是关键。     

磨具磨料用酚醛树脂的合成

采用苯酚和甲醛合成了磨具磨料用液态热固性酚醛树脂,考察了催化剂种类、原料配比,反应温度、反应时间等对产品性能的影响。结果表明,苯酚和甲醛最佳物质的量比为0.81～0.82∶1,100℃下采用二乙醇胺为催化剂预反应30min,而后在85℃下采用碳酸钠催化反应2h,反应缓和易控制,合成树脂的固含量,游离酚和水的质量分数分别为82.51%,11.32%,7.86%,产率为128%(相对于苯酚),满足磨具磨料用酚醛树脂指标要求。     

高软化点低游离酚热塑性酚醛树脂的合成与表征

通过单因素实验,考察了影响制备高软化点热塑性酚醛树脂软化点、收率和树脂中游离酚的因素,并获得了优化的配方和工艺条件.结果表明,在苯酚与甲醛的物质的量之比为1∶0.9、催化剂为草酸、催化剂用量为1％(按苯酚的质量计算)、反应温度为90℃、反应时间为6h的条件下,所制备的线性酚醛树脂为无色透明、光泽度好的固体,软化点为12...     

高物质的量比低游离酚热塑性酚醛树脂的合成工艺

为降低耐火材料用酚醛树脂中游离酚的含量,选择苯酚与甲醛物质的量比1∶1.5,分步加入甲醛,醋酸锌为催化剂,添加质量分数2%,糠醇为溶剂,在60～85℃下制备了液态热塑性酚醛树脂,对产品的物化性能进行了测试并以红外光谱对其结构作了表征。结果表明,该工艺合成的酚醛树脂存在高邻位取代结构,残炭量达到45.66%,游离酚质量分数为1.87%。以原料中苯酚的量计算,产率可达到148.8%。     

钠催化热固性酚醛树脂的合成与表征

采用苯酚和37%甲醛水溶液为原料并以30%氢氧化钠溶液为催化剂制备了高羟甲基含量、低残留甲醛和工艺稳定的热固性酚醛树脂。通过测试合成的树脂中游离酚、游离醛和羟甲基含量研究了醛、酚物质的量比(F/P)、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对酚醛树脂合成的影响,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱对合成树脂的结构进行了分析。结果表明:当F/P=1.5,催化剂添加质量分数为5%,反应时间2.5 h,反应温度85℃时,制备的树脂性能最佳,其羟甲基含量最高,树脂活性最大,主要为高邻位结构。     

硼酸钠/钾一步法催化合成硼酚醛树脂的研究

在水溶液中以硼酸钠或硼酸钾为催化剂,采用一步法合成了硼酚醛树脂(BPF),并探讨了n[苯酚(P)]∶n[甲醛(F)]比例、反应时间、催化剂类型及掺量对产物各项性能的影响。研究结果表明:在水溶液中,硼酸钠或硼酸钾对P/F的缩合反应具有催化作用,而且硼氧键参与了反应,并存在于PF(酚醛树脂)的分子链中;n(P)∶n(F)比例对反应产物的残炭率影响不大,选择n(P)∶n(F)=1∶1.3时较适宜;随着催化剂掺量的增加,游离酚含量下降,产物黏度和固含量增大,有利于提高反应速率;延长反应时间有利于降低游离酚含量,达到一定时间后游离酚含量趋于稳定;硼酸钾对P/F的缩合反应具有同样的催化作用和改性作用,并且改性效果与硼酸钠基本相当。     

正交试验优化热塑性酚醛树脂合成工艺

以甲醛、苯酚为原料,草酸为催化剂合成热塑性酚醛树脂.通过正交试验进行优化,确定了其合成的最佳工艺方案:催化剂草酸用量2.0%(基于苯酚质量),n(甲醛):n(苯酚)=0.82:1,反应时间3.5 h.试验的方差结果表明:甲醛和苯酚的量比是反应的主要影响因素.     

低游离甲醛可发性液态酚醛树脂的制备

以苯酚和多聚甲醛为原料合成可发性液态酚醛树脂,考察了催化剂、甲醛与苯酚摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间和甲醛捕捉剂对酚醛树脂中游离甲醛含量及酚醛树脂黏度的影响。结果表明:以复合催化剂作为催化剂,用量为苯酚质量的5%,采用逐步升温工艺,在60~70℃条件下反应3.0 h,80℃条件下反应2.5 h,添加盐酸羟胺与尿素组成的复合甲醛捕捉剂于80℃继续反应0.5 h,得到的可发性液态酚醛树脂的游离甲醛质量分数为0.12%,黏度为3.97 Pa·s。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。