AEO9/醇/烷/水系反相微乳液陶瓷墨水制备与性能研究

AEO9/醇/烷/水系反相微乳液具有相当优异的溶水性能,选择该系用于陶瓷墨水制备,就醇的种类和用量对反相微乳液区的影响进行了研究,划定了该区在拟三元相图中的位置,确定了体系最佳溶水量条件.以ZrOCl2.8H2O和NH3@H2O溶液分别替代优化体系中的水,获得2个反相微乳液,再将它们混合,通过反应制得陶瓷墨水.测定分析了陶瓷墨水理化性能变化规律,针对喷射打印成型硬件要求,对二者性能匹配性进行重点考察.     

AEO9/醇/烷/水系反相微乳液陶瓷墨水制备与性能研究

AEO₉/醇/烷/水系反相微乳液具有相当优异的溶水性能,选择该系用于陶瓷墨水制备,就醇的种类和用量对反相微乳液区的影响进行了研究,划定了该区在拟三元相图中的位置,确定了体系最佳溶水量条件.以ZrOCl₂·8H₂O和NH₃·H₂O溶液分别替代优化体系中的水,获得2个反相微乳液,再将它们混合,通过反应制得陶瓷墨水,测定分析了陶瓷墨水理化性能变化规律,针对喷射打印成型硬件要求,对二者性能匹配性进行重点考察。     

提高AEO9/醇/烷/水体系反相微乳液陶瓷墨水浓度的研究

鉴于陶瓷墨水在某些性能上存在不足,例如相对连续式喷墨打印机打印成型要求而言粘度较大、电导率偏低、固相含量不够高等问题,通过加入醇和Na₂CO₃等添加剂以及利用双连续结构分别对粘度、电导率等性能加以调整及提高陶瓷墨水的浓度。少量醇的加入(1％～2％)使陶瓷墨水体系粘度降低到11mPa·S左右,根据相图从双连续结构角度出发设计了陶瓷墨水的组成,考察了溶水量的变化,并借以提高陶瓷墨水固相含量,使其达到2.54％。由于双连续结构陶瓷墨水的理化性能(粘度、电导率等)仍不能完全满足要求,加入少量Na₂CO₃进行改性,改性后的陶瓷墨水粘度降至18mPa·s以下,电导率接近100mS/m,稳定性良好,墨水中陶瓷颗粒粒度在10nm以下,但透光率略有降低,显微结构观察表明具有明显的双连续结构特征。     

提高AEO9/醇/烷/水体系反相微乳液陶瓷墨水浓度的研究

鉴于陶瓷墨水在某些性能上存在不足,例如相对连续式喷墨打印机打印成型要求而言粘度较大、电导率偏低、固相含量不够高等问题,通过加入醇和Na2CO3等添加剂以及利用双连续结构分别对粘度、电导率等性能加以调整及提高陶瓷墨水的浓度.少量醇的加入(1%～2%)使陶瓷墨水体系粘度降低到11mPa.s左右.根据相图从双连续结构角度出发设计了陶瓷墨水的组成,考察了溶水量的变化,并借以提高陶瓷墨水固相含量,使其达到2.54%.由于双连续结构陶瓷墨水的理化性能(粘度、电导率等)仍不能完全满足要求,加入少量Na2CO3进行改性,改性后的陶瓷墨水粘度降至18mPa.s以下,电导率接近100 mS/m,稳定性良好,墨水中陶瓷颗粒粒度在10nm以下,但透光率略有降低,显微结构观察表明具有明显的双连续结构特征.     

BaTiO3陶瓷墨水的制备和性能

制备了喷射打印用BaTiO3陶瓷墨水，研究了墨水的理化性能。结果表明，在固相含量一定的条件下，BaTiO3陶瓷墨水的分散稳定性随分散剂PAA加入量的增加而增大，存在一个与固相含量有关的分散剂的最佳加入量，墨水的粘度随固相含量的增加而增大。     

喷射打印成型用陶瓷墨水制备方法

简介了喷射打印成型技术的概念,论述了制备陶瓷墨水的几种可行方法;就有关报道及天津大学在该领域开展的工作做了总结．通过分析,作者认为,分散法虽然工艺简单,但分散性和稳定性不够理想．溶胶法制备的陶瓷墨水颗粒细、分散性较好,但稳定性有待提高．反相微乳液法可获得高度分散、高度稳定的陶瓷墨水,陶瓷颗粒的粒度可以达到纳米级,但如何提高其固含量是一个亟待解决的技术难题．     

纳米级两性聚丙烯酰胺微乳胶的合成

绘制了以丙烯酰胺、(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠为单体,环己烷为油相,Span 20和Tw een80为复配乳化剂体系的拟三元相图,并结合电导率将透明区划分为水/油、双连续和油/水三个区域;采用氧化还原引发体系,通过反相微乳液聚合法合成了两性聚丙烯酰胺微胶乳,并研究了乳化剂质量百分含量对产物特性黏度、粒径和透光率,聚合时间对单体转化率和粒径的影响;对不同类型微乳液中的聚合进行了简单比较。     

含固相淀粉的反相乳液体系稳定性研究

以液体石蜡为油相,烯类单体的水溶液为水相,Span80和OP-4为复配乳化剂制备反相乳液.考察了乳化剂HLB值及浓度、水相体积分数Φ、单体用量及固相淀粉颗粒对乳液类型及稳定性的影响规律.实验结果显示:乳化剂HLB值对乳液类型及稳定性影响显著,在HLB=4.3～6.1范围内,能形成稳定的油包水(W/O)型乳液;乳化剂最佳质量分数为5%～8%;Φ应小于50%;单体将导致反相乳液稳定性降低;固体淀粉的存在有利于形成W/O型反相乳液,并且能使反相乳液体系的稳定性明显提高.     

丙烯酰胺三元反相微乳液体系的制备及其聚合研究

用电导法考察了不同HLB值时的电导率变化规律,研究了正丁醇、氯化钠和醋酸钠的加入对微乳液体系电导率的影响,制备了稳定的丙烯酰胺三元反相微乳液体系,并优化了该体系的聚合工艺,测定了乳液中聚合物的固含量和相对分子质量M.结果表明:HLB值为7.5时体系的电导率σ变化较小,加入5.0%(wt)的氯化钠或加入10%(wt)的醋酸钠可以增加体系的溶水量.聚合试验结果表明,通过连续测定丙烯酰胺三元反相微乳液体系σ的变化来寻求聚合工艺配比参数是可行的,该方法具有一定的实用性.     

羧甲基化植物胶粉反相乳液的稳定性

研究了含固相羧甲基化植物胶粉的反相乳液的稳定性。以span-80和op-10为复合乳化剂,液体石蜡为连续相,水溶性单体丙烯酰胺和羧甲基化植物胶粉为水相制备了乳液体系,考察了乳化剂亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)、乳化剂浓度、水相比、植物胶粉含量、pH值及温度对乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明,胶粉用量和pH值影响较小,最佳的稳定条件为:HLB为7.36,乳化剂浓度为0.045g/mL油相,水相比小于60%,温度低于60℃。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...