含铌微合金高强度钢Q345C连铸坯的热塑性

 通过Gleeble-2000 试验机研究了Q345C钢连铸坯的高温热塑性。利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、透射电镜观察了第Ⅰ、Ⅲ脆性温度区内拉伸试样断口部位的显微组织及形貌,分析了动态再结晶、相变、析出物等对微合金化钢高温延塑性的影响。结果表明：在1×10-3/s应变速率下, Q345C钢存在两个脆性温度区,即第Ⅰ脆性区（1200～1300℃）和第Ⅲ脆性区（600～875℃）,无第Ⅱ脆性区出现;最高塑性出现在1050℃左右,断面收缩率（Z）达到85.8%;在第Ⅲ脆性区,沿奥氏体晶界析出膜状铁素体抗拉能力较低,晶界处存在夹杂物以及微合金元素的析出物,是钢的热塑性降低的主要原因。     

微合金钢第Ⅲ脆性区的形成机理

为研究微合金钢第Ⅲ脆性区形成机理及其影响因素,控制连铸坯的表面裂纹,采用Gleeble热力模拟机测定了S355微合金钢在不同温度下的抗拉强度及断面收缩率。使用扫描电镜对拉伸断口进行观察分析,同时采用透射电镜对析出物进行观察分析。在此基础上对拉伸试样进行金相实验,对第二相析出进行热力学计算,分析了组织状态及第二相析出规律对脆性区的影响。结果表明,在第Ⅲ脆性区(660~850℃)内,拉伸断口呈冰糖状,韧窝较浅,形貌表现为沿晶脆性断裂。铁素体网膜沿奥氏体晶界优先析出、第二相沿晶界析出是第Ⅲ脆性区形成的主要原因。     

集装箱板钢高温延塑性研究

本实验采用Gleeble-1500热－力学模拟实验机,测试了集装箱板钢－IV5934E1钢连铸坯试样从熔点到600℃温度区间的高温力学行为,以断面收缩率（R．A．）为标准对钢的高温延塑性进行了评价。采用金相、扫描电镜等手段对拉伸试样急冷后断口的组织、形貌进行了分析,得到IV5934E1钢各脆性区的脆化原因及机理。结果表明：在熔点－600℃的温度区间内,IV5934E1钢存在第I和第Ⅲ两个脆性区。第I脆性区内,高温下晶界处富含硫、氧等杂质是导致沿晶断裂主要原因;第Ⅲ脆性区内,钢的脆性主要发生在（r＋a）两相区高温域（800℃－775℃）,由于先共析铁素体沿晶界析出使钢的塑性降低。IV5934E1钢中高含量的磷和铜未对钢的高温延塑性产生不良影响。     

第三代汽车钢的热塑性及断裂机理

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,对第三代汽车钢(TG钢)在不同的变形温度下进行了热拉伸试验,研究其热塑性的变化运用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析了实验钢热变形的断口形貌及断裂机理.发现实验钢的强度随温度的升高而降低,热塑性曲线分为第Ⅰ脆性区、高温塑性区和第Ⅲ脆性区三个区域,其中第Ⅲ脆性区存在两个塑性极小值.在1300~800℃时实验钢的组织为奥氏体,断裂方式为连孔延性断裂,动态再结晶使韧窝分离前发生了较大的塑性变形,断口为大而深的韧窝;750℃时实验钢沿奥氏体晶界析出铁素体,断裂方式为界面断裂,断口既存在着铁素体内聚失效形成的小的孔洞,也存在由于裂纹沿奥氏体晶界扩展形成的石块状形貌;650℃由于出现了铁素体的准解理,实验钢的塑性下降,热塑性曲线再次出现极小值.      

残余元素对低合金钢连铸坯高温延塑性的影响

 采用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机测试了含有一定量残余元素Cu、As和Sn的低合金钢连铸坯的高温延塑性。低合金钢的第Ⅰ脆性温度区在ts～1340 ℃之间,第Ⅲ脆性温度区在920～730 ℃之间。由于钢中Cu、As和Sn等残余元素含量比较高,因此第Ⅲ脆性温度区比较宽,深度比较大。     

CSP板坯(Q235B)高温力学性能试验研究

采用Gleeble1500对CSP连铸坯(Q235B)进行了热模拟研究;分析了试验温度为800、900、1100℃的横、纵向试样的组织和断口形貌及晶界的元素偏析和夹杂物.结果表明:CSP生产的Q235B连铸坯在600～1 320℃间存在2个脆性温度区,即1 320～1 200℃的第Ⅰ脆性温度区域和600～1 000℃的第Ⅲ脆性温度区域;在1 000～1 200℃温度范围内,Q235B钢具有良好的塑性.而在800℃时试样的Z值为8.46%.Q235B钢的第Ⅲ类脆性区的脆化原因:一方面是形变诱导铁素体呈网状析出,产生应力集中;另一方面是奥氏体低温区域发生的氮化物(AlN)析出产生的晶界脆化.AlN在奥氏体晶界的析出,在拉伸力的作用下易形成应力集中源,使空洞形成、长大并聚集,是铸坯裂纹源.     

铸态齿轮钢16MnCr5高温区形变断裂机理的研究

通过在Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ—１５００热模拟试验机上进行热拉伸试验,研究了１６ＭｎＣｒ５齿轮钢在高温下形变断裂的行为与机制。结果如下：在奥氏体低温区（７５０～１０００℃）,由于晶界滑移而损害了塑性;在奥氏体高温区（１０５０～１３００℃）,动态再结晶的发生使得塑性显著改善;１３５０℃以上温度晶界发生过熔导致沿晶脆性断裂;７００℃时在奥氏体晶界处形成形变诱导铁素体膜,导致沿晶塑性断裂     

低合金钢残余元素Cu-As-Sn的晶界偏析对晶间脆性断裂的影响

用Gleeble-1500热模拟机、扫描电镜和俄歇能谱仪研究了0.10Cu-0.07As-0.05Sn对低合金钢(%:0.15C、0.36Si、1.40Mn、0.003S、0.019P)高温延塑性的影响,凝固过程中的偏析和热处理过程的晶界偏析。结果表明,Cu-As-Sn在晶界的偏析明显加剧第Ⅲ脆性凹槽区的深度和宽度,提高该区上限临界温度;连铸坯不存在明显的Cu-As-Sn晶界偏析,850℃拉伸至屈服的试样和热轧板试样存在明显的Cu-As-Sn晶界偏析,说明热变形加剧残余元素的晶界偏析。     

20CrMnTi钢连铸坯的高温热塑性

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究了20CrMnTi钢连铸坯的高温热塑性，结合扫描电子显微镜和金相显微镜观察了拉伸断口形貌及其附近金相组织，分析了试验钢断裂机理。结果表明：在600～1 300℃温度区间内，试验钢抗拉强度逐渐下降，断面收缩率先下降后升高再降低；在900℃时断面收缩率达到最小值48%,断口形貌呈冰糖状，为典型的沿晶脆性断裂，断口附近组织为贝氏体和部分铁素体；断面收缩率在1 150℃时达到最大值82.36%,断口韧窝较为集中，为典型的韧性断裂，断口附近组织为均匀的贝氏体。试验钢在600～1 300℃范围存在1个脆性温度区间，即750～950℃第Ⅲ脆性区间；塑性区间为600～700℃和1 000～1 300℃。第Ⅲ脆性区间形成原因是由于铁素体沿晶界析出，削弱了晶界结合力，为裂纹的产生和扩展提供了条件，导致材料塑性恶化。为减少裂纹的发生率，在连铸生产中应避开第Ⅲ脆性区间，即控制矫直温度高于950℃或者低于750℃。     

中碳微合金化钢高温延塑性的研究

借助Gleeble1500热模拟试验机测试了含Nb和含Nb、Ti两种中碳微合金化钢的高温力学行为,分析了析出物、相变、动态再结晶对微合金化钢高温延塑性的影响。结果表明:试验钢种无第Ⅱ脆性区出现;含Nb钢第Ⅲ脆性区的温度范围为950~700℃,含Nb、Ti钢第Ⅲ脆性区的温度范围为900~725℃;微合金化元素Ti的加入可以细化奥氏体晶粒使含Nb微合金化钢高温塑性槽变窄、变浅;析出物沿晶界多而细小的析出和γ→α相变是第Ⅲ脆性区微合金化钢高温延塑性变差的主要原因。实际生产中通过优化二冷区水量,采用弱冷,可以有效降低微合金化钢表面微裂纹的发生率。     

High temperature ductility loss in carbon-manganese and niobium-treated steels

The causes of embrittlement in several plain carbon-manganese and niobium-treated steels between 800 and 1200 °C have been investigated. Tensile ductility was measured as a function of temperature and strain rate. Percent elongation and reduction in area were used to characterize the temperature dependence and severity of the ductility loss. The size, distribution, and composition of grain boundary precipitates were measured on extraction replicas. Grain boundary segregation was measured by AES on samples that were deformed at 900 °C before being fractured under ultra-high vacuum at room temperature. Segregation of impurity residual elements and grain boundary precipitation are the primary factors responsible for the observed ductility loss. The embrittlement results in a low ductility fracture which is largely intergranular through the austenite grain boundaries. Segregation of Cu, Sn, and Sb was found on the fracture surfaces of the embrittled samples. High temperature deformation was necessary to produce segregation as no segregation was detected in undeformed samples. Grain boundary precipitation, particularly AIN but also Nb (C,N), contributed to the embrittlement when there was a relatively fine distribution of precipitates along the austenite grain boundaries. The most severe ductility loss occurred when grain boundary precipitation combined with Cu, Sn, and Sb segregation. Formerly Graduate Student, Lehigh University     

Q345B低碳高强度钢的高温塑性

使用Gleeble3500热/力模拟机对Q345B低碳高强度钢的高温塑性进行了测定.通过透射电镜、扫描电镜及金相显微镜对析出物形貌、断口形貌和断口组织进行了观察,分析了Q345B钢的断裂机理.结果表明,在1 350~650 ℃范围内,明显存在3个区间,第Ⅰ区温度范围为熔点到1 307 ℃,断裂形式是由S、O等元素偏析引起的沿晶断裂;第Ⅱ区温度范围为1 307~920 ℃,由于动态再结晶的发生,断裂形式为穿晶塑性断裂;第Ⅲ区温度范围为920~650 ℃,断裂形式是由析出物钉扎晶界以及先共析铁素体析出引起的沿晶断裂.分析结论可为连铸生产提供理论依据.      

Influence of Strain Rate on Hot Ductility of a V‐Microalloyed Steel Slab

The hot ductility and malleability of a vanadium‐microalloyed steel is investigated by means of tensile and compression tests at temperatures ranging from 700 to 850°C and strain rates of 3 × 10^?4 to 0.3 s^?1. The deformation tests are performed after austenitization and cooling to test temperature. The so‐called second ductility minimum is located around 750°C for all strain rates except for the highest one, where no ductility trough is observed. Ductility steadily increases with strain rate at a given temperature, and the fracture mode progressively changes from intergranular to transgranular. In the region of minimum ductility, intergranular cracking occurs at low strain rates by void nucleation, growth and coalescence within thin layers of deformation induced ferrite covering the austenite grain boundaries. Cracking is favoured by V(C,N) precipitation associated with the γ/α phase transformation. Ductility remains low above the temperature of minimum ductility, where no apparent ferrite formation is observed (790 °C). Void formation takes place as a result of grain boundary sliding in combination with matrix and grain boundary precipitation. These voids are able to grow and link up forming intergranular cracks. Ductility increases with strain rate mainly due to the short time available for precipitation as well as for intergranular void growth and coalescence.     

Quench embrittlement of hardened 5160 steel as a function of austenitizing temperature

Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens from experimental heats of 5160 steel containing 0.001 and 0.034 mass pct phosphorus were austenitized at temperatures between 830 °C and 1100 °C, quenched to martensite, and tempered at temperatures between 100 °C and 500 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the fracture surfaces of tested CVN specimens and carbide formation on prior austenite grain boundaries. Quench embrittlement, the susceptibility to intergranular fracture in as-quenched and low-temperature tempered high-carbon steels due to cementite formation as affected by phosphorus segregation on austenite grain boundaries, developed readily in specimens of the high phosphorus steel austenitized at all temperatures. The low phosphorus steel developed quench embrittlement only after austenitizing at 1100 °C. Intergranular fractures correlated with low room-temperature CVN impact toughness. The results are discussed with respect to the dissolution of carbides during austenitizing and the effect of phosphorus on grain boundary, carbide formation, and stability.     

Long-time isothermal temper embrittlement in Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels

Four commercial purity Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels of closely comparable bulk chemistry and grain size, but tempered to various strength levels, were embrittled by exposure at 600°, 750°, and 850°F for times up to 35,000 hr. Maximum temper embrittlement occurred at 850°F in all steels. Severe cases of embrittlement resulted in a marked decrease in tensile ductility and an intergranular tensile fracture. Auger electron emission analysis showed that P, Sn, Ni, and Cr were segregated at prior austenite boundaries in the steels exposed to 750° and 850°F. Increased segregation of phorphorus and tin was always accompanied by increased segregation of nickel and chromium. The severity of grain boundary segregation increased with increasing values of fracture transition temperature. Despite comparable bulk chemistry and grain size, the degree of segregation was different in different steels. Under exposure conditions causing severe embrittlement, the FATT values displayed a strong dependence on the strength level of the steel. In a giyen steel, while the composition and morphology of carbides at austenite boundaries were the same as in the matrix, the density and size of carbides were much higher at the austenite boundaries. The preference of these boundaries as fracture sites would seem to arise from two considerations, namely, a high degree of impurity and alloy element segregation and the fact that the density and size of carbides at these boundaries is higher than that in the matrix. On educational leave from Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pa.     

Tempered martensite embrittlement and intergranular fracture in an ultra-high strength sulfur doped steel

This paper reports a study of tempered martensite embrittlement in a Ni-Cr steel doped with 0.01 wt pct S. The segregation of sulfur to the grain boundaries and the associated embrittlement of this material are very dependent upon the austenitizing temperature. If the austenitizing temperature is below 1050 °C very little embrittlement and very little intergranular fracture are observed because sulfur remains precipitated as chromium sulfide. At higher austenitizing temperatures the sulfides dissolve and sulfur segregates to the grain boundaries. Because of the high bulk content, the sulfur concentration at the grain boundaries becomes great enough for the sulfides to reprecipitate there. This leads to low energy intergranular ductile fracture. However, some sulfur remains unprecipitated at the boundary and can lower the cohesive strength across the boundary. When plate-like cementite precipitates at the grain boundary during tempering heat treatments at 300 to 400 °C, the combination of the carbides and the unprecipitated sulfur causes intergranular fracture and tempered martensite embrittlement.     

S390级转向架用耐候钢的高温塑性

利用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机对S390转向架用耐候钢的高温塑性进行测定。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪对断口组织、断口形貌和析出物进行观察和分析。利用热膨胀仪测定S390耐候钢的临界相变温度,通过Thermal-Calc软件计算微合金元素的热力学析出温度。结果表明,在1 250~650 ℃范围内,存在3个区间,第Ⅰ脆性区在1 220 ℃以上,断裂形式是由S、O等元素偏析引起的沿晶断裂;第Ⅲ脆性区为980~650 ℃,断裂形式是由析出物钉扎晶界及先共析铁素体析出引起的沿晶断裂;在1 220~980 ℃第Ⅱ脆性区内,由于动态再结晶的发生,不出现脆性区,断裂形式为穿晶塑性断裂。实际生产过程中可避开脆性区间,以减轻S390耐候钢的裂纹倾向。     

The use of a boron addition to prevent intergranular embrittlement in Fe-12Mn

Fe-12 Mn alloys undergo failure by catastrophic intergranular fracture when tested at low temperature in the as-austenitized condition, a consideration which prevents their use for structural applications at cryogenic temperatures. The present research was undertaken to identify modifications in alloy composition or heat treatment which would suppress this embrittlement. Chemical and microstructural analyses were made on the prior austenite grain boundaries within the alloy in its embrittled state. These studies failed to reveal a chemical or microstructural source for the brittleness, suggesting that intergranular brittleness is inherent to the alloy in the as-austenitized condition. The addition of 0.002 to 0.01 wt pct boron successfully prevented intergranular fracture, leading to a spectacular improvement in the low temperature impact toughness of the alloy. Autoradiographic studies suggest that boron segregates to the austenite grain boundaries during annealing at temperatures near 1000 °C. The cryogenic toughness of a Fe-12Mn-0.002B alloy could be further improved by suitable tempering treatments. However, the alloy embrittled if inappropriate tempering temperatures were used. This temper embrittlement was concom-itant with the dissolution of boron from the prior austenite grain boundaries, which reestablishes the intergranular fracture mode.     

低熔点元素铋对钢脆化行为的影响

 为了探明钢中低熔点元素铋在切削加工和高温变形生产过程中的“两面性”作用,借助切削加工试验、高温热塑性试验及微观组织结构分析,研究了不同温度范围内铋对钢脆化行为的影响。结果表明,在切削加工过程中,低熔点元素铋对钢的脆化作用,使铋易切削钢易于形成对切削加工有利的“C形”脆性屑,从而获得优良的可切削加工性能,该脆化行为主要与钢中铋的液态金属脆化作用有关,显著降低钢在铋熔点温度附近的塑性。在高温变形温度区间,低熔点元素铋对钢脆化行为的影响,主要与奥氏体晶界上铋膜的偏聚有关,脆化晶界,显著降低钢在1 000 ℃及以下试验温度时的热塑性。