谁甩动了牛鞭

虽说赶在牛年,本文中的牛鞭却与牛没什么关系,而是经济界的一种借喻.何为牛鞭效应?如果将终端消费者比作鞭子的根部,上游供应商比作鞭子的梢部,信息流从终端沿供应链向上传递时,需求变异放大的现象使得终端消费的微小波动,引起上游需求量的大幅变动.很不幸,供应链越长,牛鞭效应的叠加效果越强;距离终端消费者越远,供应链上的企业所感受到的摆动幅度越大.牛鞭效应是现代经济社会的衍生品.销售预测差异沿供应链逐级放大,从而导致企业的原辅料库存也逐级放大.尤其在经济局势动荡时期,政策和社会环境的不稳定因素,很容易使企业采取持有高库存的保护性措施,也就很容易使企业处于更为放大的牛鞭效应之中.     

警惕进口酒供应链的长鞭效应

长鞭效应指出,一旦出现需求波动,将沿着供应链向上游企业逐级放大。这导致企业库存、运营成本的直线上涨,严重约束着进口葡萄酒市场的发展。     

生产

以技术与生产管理为主Base on promoting the product positioning and innovation有效解决供应链上的库存问题在中国,供应链遇到的许多实践的问题如较差的销售预测表现、销售倾斜造成的作业量过度集中、如何分配成品库存和物料库存、缺乏针对服务水准的有效供应链的构建、不匹配的物流服务商、核心     

含服务水平和提前期的服装供应链库存问题研究

为解决当前服装业的库存问题,本文研究含有服务水平约束的、提前期内需求符合正态分布且提前期加速成本函数为连续函数的两级服装供应链库存问题,并且考虑运输费用对总库存成本的影响。首先建立供应链库存成本的基本模型,然后基于库存成本最小化的基础提出求解算法。最后通过数值算例分析结果表明算法和模型的有效性及可行性,并着重分析了不同服务水平的初始值对最优解的影响。     

纸张成本管理

纸张库存管理 对于印刷公司来说,纸张的库存管理是纸张控制的关键.许多供应链专家指出:过时的、不合理的纸张库存管理会把企业拖下水.如果能在满足生产需求的情况下尽可能减少纸张库存,则减少库存所节省的资金能让企业拥有更多的投资机会.     

服装业供应链的系统动力学模型分析

在分析我国服装业供应链运作的基础上,总结出服装业供应链普遍存在的一些问题,指出服装用户需求的变化给服装企业带来的需求预测风险。为了研究在基于供应商管理库存(VMI)补货模式下,供应链的动态反馈方式,考察其运作效率,利用系统动力学的方法为某服装企业构建了系统动力学仿真模型。通过仿真,定量地对比了非VMI及VMI模式下,供应链各成员的订单及库存情况。从仿真计算结果可知,采用供应商管理库存比传统的供应链运作能更有效地减少服装业供应链的牛鞭效应,减少供应链各个成员的库存及订单量波动,提高各个结点对风险的抵抗作用。     

皮衣库存水平改善策略研究

随着消费个性化、多样化日趋明显,需求不确定性大幅增加。而皮衣供应链现有运作模式柔性较差,快速响应市场需求不确定性的能力有限,以至于供应链整体库存积压、利润下滑。如何改善皮衣供应链现有运作模式,降低库存水平已成为皮衣行业面临的重要课题。本文结合皮衣供应链库存现状,深入分析了皮衣库存产生的原因,并提出了基于期权契约的解决方案,为皮衣供应链各参与方提供参考。     

我国服装企业供应链环境下库存管理现状分析

库存控制在服装企业中占有极其重要的地位,库存控制的好坏将影响到企业的竞争力和最终获利情况,通过调研案例,研究国内外服装企业运用供应链管理思想,分析了我国服装企业供应链环境下库存管理现状,提出了解决库存控制问题的必要性和紧迫性     

协调定货在服装业供应链中的应用

分析服装业不同于其它行业的需求特性,在传统订货的经济批量模式基础上,提出供应链协调订货两级供应链模式,供应商通过降低批发价弥补销售商由于协调订货产生的库存成本增加,兼顾销售商的库存成本合理化,建立销售商需求确定下的供应商成本优化模型。当需求增大时,供应链可以柔性响应,从而使整个供应链的利润增加。案例显示,协调订货两级供应链模式比传统的订货模式降低了整个供应链的成本,并在供应商和销售商之间提供了利润分配方案。     

我国服装企业供应链环境下库存管理现状分析

库存控制在服装企业中占有极其重要的地位，库存控制的好坏将影响到企业的考争?和最终获利情况，通过调研案例，研究国内外服装企业运用供应链管理思想，分析了我国服装企业供应链环境下库存管理现状，提出了解决库存控制问题的必要性和紧迫性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press