Local optimal load-shedding with allowance for voltage deviation

This paper describes an optimal load-shedding method which can be applied to local buses in order to suppress voltage deviations, based on local information obtained at each bus. When a generation outage occurs, adequate amounts of loads must be shed within a few seconds in order to maintain the balance between supply and demand. This method is able to decide quickly the optimal amounts of loads to be shed after the fault. The proposed method is based on the fact that the location of the fault can be estimated exclusively from power flow deviations at local buses, measured after the outage. Because the amounts of load to be shed have constraints, it is necessary to find the optimal factors which decide the amounts of load-shedding at each bus by quadratic programming. To solve this problem we first linearize the study system. Next, in order to relate power flows to voltage deviations at each bus, the voltage sensitivity factors obtained by ac power flow calculation are evaluated. Numerical simulations with 4-machine and 9-machine power system models show the effectiveness of the proposed method. It distributes adequate loads which are almost identical to the completely optimized loads, and it produces smaller voltage deviations than the conventional method. Improved transient characteristics of voltage deviations are also demonstrated. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn 119(1): 35–44, 1997     

Estimation of power outage size based on the dominating differential equation

This paper describes a method to estimate how much power will drop after severe generation outage. When a large generation outage occurs, system frequency plummets to an unacceptable frequency level. Frequency drop affects both customers and generation systems. Thus adequate and quick load-shedding must be done to prevent problems. To institute any load-shedding policy effectively, the size of the generation outage must be precisely estimated in a very short time. So far, several methods have been proposed to estimate the power outage amount by measuring the decaying frequency variations that are obtained at each local bus. These methods are easily applied, but cannot be expected to provide good results in real power system operations because of the noises that are a part of decaying frequency variations. To cope with this problem, a new estimation method based on one that uses the dominating differential equation is proposed in this paper. The most precise estimation at this point is obtained by using additional factors, such as the sine wave included in the decaying frequency fluctuations and considered as a part of the equation. Simulation studies on a model power system consisting of five generating stations and four load points show that the newer method is encouraging. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (3): 39–49, 1997     

Daily integrated generation scheduling for thermal,pumped‐storage,and cascaded hydro units and purchasing power considering network constraints

We have developed an innovative power generation scheduling method using quadratic programming (QP). The advantage of using our method is that it simultaneously solves unit commitment and economic load dispatch. We relax the binary variables of the unit state into continuous variables to apply QP to this problem. We also add a penalty term to converge the value of those variables to 0 or 1 to the objective function: the sum of the fuel costs and the start‐up costs. This penalty term depends on the per‐unit fuel cost. The possibility of its variable converging to zero increases as the cost increases. This method was applied to a test system of daily generation scheduling that consisted of 29 thermal units, two pumped‐storage units, four cascaded hydro units, and one transmission. The schedule satisfied all constraints, that is, load‐power balance, operation reserve, power flow, minimum up/down‐times, and fuel consumption. This result shows that the proposed method is effective. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 25–34, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21014     

考虑负荷电压静特性的最佳乘子牛顿潮流算法

当考虑负荷电压静特性时，潮流方程不再为状态变量的二次函数，传统的求解病态潮流问题的最佳乘子牛顿法无法实施，该文提出了考虑负荷电压静特性的最佳乘子牛顿潮流算法。通过引入附加的状态变量并补充相应的潮流方程，使考虑负荷电压静特性后的直角坐标潮流方程仍保持为状态变量的二次函数，进而可以用最佳乘子牛顿法求解病态潮流问题。使用该方法能够保证潮流计算不发散，并且最佳乘子的求取同样简单，无近似，可以很容易地嵌入到常规的牛顿法潮流程序中，典型系统的数值试验结果表明了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

配电网用户感知停电事故严重性分析及可靠性评估

可靠性评估对于指导配电网规划设计具有重要意义。传统配电网可靠性评估主要从系统侧供电的角度,建立评估指标体系并进行分析,较少考虑停电发生时用户侧的用能需求差异,忽视了不同用户对于同一停电事故严重性的差异化感知,进而造成了传统可靠性指标不能完全准确反映停电事件对于不同用户在不同时段的差异化影响。为解决上述问题,首先,提出了用户感知可靠性的概念,并提出了一种用户对停电事故严重性感知的量化方法,以分析不同用户对停电事故的严重性感知程度及停电容忍程度;然后,分别从用户侧和系统侧提出了一系列基于用户感知的配电网可靠性评估新指标,建立了相应指标体系,并围绕该体系对配电网系统的可靠性评估开展了研究;最后,运用IEEE-RBTS标准算例对所提出的方法、指标进行了计算验证,证明了其可行性及正确性;并通过与传统可靠性指标的对比分析,体现了用户感知可靠性指标相较于传统评估指标的客观优势。     

支路故障后静态电压稳定裕度的估算

提出一种支路故障后静态电压稳定裕度的估算方法。该法先通过2阶灵敏度法对支路故障后电压稳定临界点处的状态变量进行预估,并通过预估的状态变量求出故障后电压稳定临界点处的注入功率;然后将该注入功率等效成正常条件下初始运行点处注入功率的变化量,并根据该等效的变化量来预估故障后负荷裕度的变化,避免了因负荷裕度对支路导纳线性灵敏度差而导致预估精度不高的缺点;最后在IEEE14和30节点系统上验证了所提方法的有效性。     

计及多状态元件模型的系统状态快速排序技术

在实际电力系统中,由于元件的停运概率不同,一些高重故障会比低重故障的发生概率大。这些大概率高重故障状态的数量多,且对系统可靠性的影响大。而在可靠性评估中,状态枚举法通常采用截止故障重数进行状态筛选,会忽略掉这些大概率高重故障事件。文中提出计及多状态元件模型的快速排序技术,基于元件异常状态序列与相邻系统状态,能够按照概率从大到小依次选取系统状态,直至满足评估精度或数量要求。与直接选择法相比,计算效率优势十分明显。由于该方法能够选出大概率高重故障状态,因此,与截止故障重数方法相比,该方法只需少量的系统状态就可获得较高的评估精度。最后以IEEE-RTS为算例验证了该结论。     

Double branch outage modeling and simulation: Bounded network approach

Energy management system operators perform regular outage simulations in order to ensure secure operation of power systems. AC power flow based outage simulations are not preferred because of insufficient computational speed. Hence several outage models and computational methods providing acceptable accuracy have been developed. On the other hand, double branch outages are critical rare events which can result in cascading outages and system collapse. This paper presents a double branch outage model and formulation of the phenomena as a constrained optimization problem. Optimization problem is then solved by using differential evolution method and particle swarm optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm is applied to IEEE test systems. Computational accuracies of differential evolution based solutions and particle swarm optimization based solutions are discussed for IEEE 30 Bus Test System and IEEE 118 Bus Test System applications. IEEE 14 Bus Test System, IEEE 30 Bus Test System, IEEE 57 Bus Test System, IEEE 118 Bus Test System and IEEE 300 Bus Test System simulation results are compared to AC load flows in terms of computational speed. Finally the performance of the proposed method is analyzed for different outage configurations.     

配电网重复多发性停电风险辨识方法

该文提出了一种针对配电网重复多发性停电的风险辨识方法。首先,界定了配电网重复多发性停电的频率,提出基于停电发生概率和停电严重程度的重复多发性停电风险预警指标。为准确刻画已发生停电次数对重复多发性停电预警指标的影响,提出重复多发性停电影响因子,用于修正预警指标。分别采用装备水平、运维水平和网架结构水平指标刻画重复多发性停电发生概率,采用停电负荷重要程度、历史停电投诉信息、停电影响用户数指标刻画重复多发性停电损失严重程度,基于层次分析法（analytic hierarchy process,AHP）和熵权法确定各影响指标的主、客观权重,最终实现配电网重复多发性停电的风险预警评估。根据量化评估结果,即可辨识出重复多发性停电风险较大的线路。以某省电力公司3条10 kV线路为例进行了算例分析,算例结果表明,所提指标和方法能够有效评估配电线路重复多发性停电风险,并辨识出风险较高的线路。     

缺电损失最小化减负荷算法的研究

在满足安全稳定限制的情况下,建立了寻求缺电损失最小的负荷减载模型和算法,以解决系统供电不足时的减负荷问题.该模型是具有等式和不等式约束的函数极值问题,属于最优潮流模型.该算法是在控制变量空间寻优的改进近似规划法：从初始可行的运行点开始,通过计算系统的状态变量对控制变量的灵敏度,将系统的目标函数和约束条件线性化,进行有效约束的筛选,以线性规划修正控制变量,进而解算潮流得到新的可行运行点.通过迭代收敛到最优解.并以IEEE-14节点系统和IEEE-30节点系统为试算系统,验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于稀疏技术的原对偶内点法电压无功功率优化

文章结合电力系统的稀疏特性,提出了一种基于稀疏技术的原对偶内点法电压无功优化控制数学模型,并给出了提高原对偶内点法计算速度的措施。     

基于断开安全裕度状态空间截断的电力系统可靠性算法

在大型电力系统中,由支路断开触发的电力系统相继跳闸故障常会引起大停电的灾难性后果,因此必须进行紧急状态下的事件可靠性分析.通过分析支路断开对系统节点电压及线路负荷的影响,给出一种快速计算紧急状态下系统节点电压和线路负荷的方法,引入系统节点电压和线路负荷安全裕度指标,并提出基于断开安全裕度状态空间截断的电力系统可靠性算法.该算法利用安全裕度指标找出系统故障状态中的关键状态集合,通过对该集合进行系统行为分析来计算可靠性指标.算例表明该算法能有效截断系统状态空间,在一定精度下降低了可靠评估的计算复杂性.     

面向恢复过程的环网并列合闸角两步调控方法

基于投入负荷和增加发电机有功出力之间的相互牵制关系,提出了一种面向恢复过程的环网并列合闸角两步调控方法。根据重要性和对减小合闸角的灵敏度确定负荷的恢复顺序,通过非线性规划求解得到与投入负荷相对应的有功发电增加量。两步调控策略能详细描述以投入负荷和增加发电机有功出力为控制变量的合闸角调控过程。在快速完成调控目标的同时,恢复了部分重要负荷,提高了系统恢复效率,加快了恢复进程,减小了停电损失。山东电网临沂—日照分区子系统的仿真结果表明,该方法能够得到与分支定界算法基本一致的调控策略,参与调整的发电机数量少,出力调整量小,可为系统运行人员提供面向恢复过程的决策支持。     

Reactive power optimization using successive quadratic programmingmethod

This paper presents a reactive power optimization model that is based on successive quadratic programming (SQP) methods. Mathematical formulation and unified algorithm suppose different objective functions (OF) of reactive power optimization, depending on type and purposes of current reactive power control or planning problem. A bicriterion reactive power optimization model, that represents compromise between economical and security objective functions, is proposed. An efficient algorithm for approximation of initial problem by quadratic programming problem is described. The quadratic programming problem (QP) is solved on the basis of the Newton type quadratic programming method. A modified successive quadratic programming method was developed, that provides reliable convergence of the SQP method     

一种确定电力系统最优安全运行点的新方法

针对当前电力系统运行点趋于稳定边缘的现象,提出了一种确定电力系统最优安全运行点的新方法.文中考虑电压安全裕度的改进的多目标最优潮流模型在确保系统运行于理想负荷裕度的同时优化系统的综合运行成本.该方法采用连续潮流法与传统最优潮流模型确定多目标最优潮流模型的初始权重系数,然后用预测-校正原对偶内点法求解改进模型.仿真结果表明,文中提出的改进模型与基于目标规划的多目标最优潮流模型相比,不仅能有效确定系统的最优安全运行点,而且在系统运行偏离理想负荷裕度时具有二次惩罚策略,其优化目标将最终迫使系统运行点向理想负荷点靠近.     

计及通信失效的输电系统信息物理协同恢复策略

为应对输电系统信息物理复合故障,提出了一种计及通信系统失效的信息物理协同恢复策略.首先,基于发电机、电力线路与负荷的故障特性,综合考虑了系统频率、节点电压、线路容量等安全约束,构建了物理系统的恢复模型.然后,提出了一种基于通信网络拓扑的信息系统恢复策略.接着,考虑信息系统故障给发电机出力调节、电力线路投运以及负荷恢复可...     

基于直流潮流的发输电系统区间负荷N-K事故计算

从严格数学角度研究了基于直流潮流的发输电系统区间负荷K个元件事故评估。区间负荷N-K事故场景非常多,首先从优化角度建立了区间负荷N-K最好状态和最坏状态最小切负荷模型,其中最坏状态模型是典型的双层优化模型,上层决策变量是机组、线路和负荷状态,下层模型是直流潮流的最小切负荷模型。然后,使用强对偶理论和数学等效化简方法,把系统N-K区间负荷最坏状态最小切负荷双层优化模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型,该模型可使用成熟优化软件求解。最后,使用IEEE标准算例,测试了考虑区间负荷、机组和线路（或变压器）故障的区间负荷N-K事故最坏状态评估模型,测试结果显示了本文所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

Optimal Automatic Generation Control of Asynchronous Power Systems Using Output Feedback Control Strategy with Dynamic Participation of Wind Turbines

Abstract—This article presents the design of optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators for an interconnected power system with dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines. The power systems consist of plants with hydro-thermal turbines and are interconnected via parallel AC/DC links. Efforts have been made to propose optimal automatic generation control regulators based on feedback of output state variables, which are easily accessible and available for the measurement. The designed optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators are implemented, and the system dynamic responses for various system states are obtained considering 1% load perturbation in one of the areas. The dynamic performance is compared with that obtained with optimal automatic generation control regulators designed using full state vector feedback. The pattern of closed-loop eigenvalues is also determined to test the system stability.     

考虑线路多种停运模式的静态电压稳定风险评估

鉴于双回平行输电线路共同模式停运和相关停运对系统电压稳定性影响较大,本文重点建立了双回线多种停运模式重叠的支路等效停运模型,进而计算输电系统状态概率。在输电系统状态概率模型的基础上,提出输电系统静态电压稳定风险评估指标体系及各项指标计算方法,其中通过基于连续潮流的电压稳定性判据及最优切负荷模型,对输电系统电压失稳进行判定及校正控制。最后以华东某地区电网为例进行静态电压稳定风险评估,说明本文所提方法的有效性。     

静态电压稳定分析的故障筛选和排序方法

提出一种新的故障筛选和排序方法。首先,定义一种负荷裕度阈值,用连续潮流法计算此裕度下的潮流工况,在此工况下,利用最优乘子法依次求解所有的开断潮流,将有解的大部分开断作为安全故障筛选掉,少量无解的则为不安全故障。然后,在基态下利用最优乘子法依次求解不安全故障的开断潮流。有解则为危险故障,并用连续潮流法求解负荷裕度,按裕度给出排序;无解则为失稳故障,结合最小二乘潮流解失配量中隐含的校正控制灵敏度信息,使用序列线性规划法给出使潮流恢复有解的最小切负荷代价,据此代价来排序失稳故障。新英格兰10机39节点系统的仿真结果验证了所提出的方法能快速、可靠、全面地实现电压稳定的故障筛选和排序。