首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 609 毫秒
1.
While previous studies experimentally demonstrated that loop reactor (LR) can be sustained with a lean feed (using ethylene combustion) and have analyzed the single‐reaction adiabatic case, this work analyzes the effects of heat loss and of reactor size to determine the leanest stream (expressed in terms of adiabatic temperature rise ΔTlim) that will sustain the operation. For an adiabatic infinitely long reactor ΔTlim→0 while for a finite reactor ΔTlim scales as (1 + Pe/4)?1 where Pe = Luρcpf/k, and heat loss increases this limit by (β/Pe)1/2. Thus, a good design of a LR will aim to decrease conductivity (k) and radial heat‐transfer coefficient (β) while increasing throughput (u) and reactor length. This article is also the first experimental demonstration of auto‐thermal operation in a LR for catalytic abatement of low‐concentration of methane, showing the leanest stream to be of 8000 ppm vs. 33,000 ppm in a once‐through reactor. Experimental combustion results of methane and of ethylene are compared with model predictions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2030–2042, 2017  相似文献   

2.
The bulk polymerization of MMA at high temperature (120–180°C) in a continuous pilot‐plant reactor has been studied. The polymerization is initiated by diterbutyle peroxide and the chain transfer agent is 1‐butanethiol. A simulation program has been developed to predict the steady state behavior of the reactor. The particular features of the kinetic at above‐Tg temperature are included in the model, especially the thermal initiation of the reation and the attenuation of the autoacceleration effect. For the flow and mixing model, the actual vessel cannot be approximated to a single ideal reactor because of its design and of the moderate agitation imposed by the high viscosity of the reacting fluid. A tanks in series model with a recycle stream between tanks is proposed to evaluate the backmixing caused by the special design of the agitator. The parameters of the model are determined with the help of the experimental residence time distribution measured on the reactor. The data collected on the actual reactor, i.e., operation, conversion, molecular weight, temperature, are compared to the calculated one. The agreement is satisfactory but the tendencies are slightly underestimated. The program is a tool to evaluate the effect of modifications of the design of the reactor or changes on the operation parameters like input rate, temperature, and agitation on its behavior. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2038–2051, 2001  相似文献   

3.
A systematic study of catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide in a fixed bed reactor operated in flow reversal mode was made. A heterogeneous transient model of the reactor was developed. The global rate equations and the heat transfer parameter correlation were obtained, based on a series of previous experiments. The experiments of unsteady-state oxidation of low concentration SO2 were conducted in a bench-scale fixed bed reactor, packed with a domestic commercial catalyst. The model can successfully predict the transient concentration and temperature profiles when a correction factor is introduced to the global rate equations.  相似文献   

4.
5.
Simulations and analysis of transversal patterns in a homogeneous three‐dimensional (3‐D) model of adiabatic or cooled packed bed reactors (PBRs) catalyzing a first‐order exothermic reaction were presented. In the adiabatic case the simulation verify previous criteria, claiming the emergence of such patterns when (ΔTadTm)/(PeC/PeT) surpasses a critical value larger than unity, where ΔTad and ΔTm are adiabatic and maximal temperature rise, respectively. The reactor radius required for such patterns should be larger than a bifurcation value, calculated here from the linear analysis. With increasing radius new patterned branches, corresponding to eigenfunction of the problem emerge, whereas other branches become unstable. The maximal temperature of the 3‐D simulations may exceed the 1‐D prediction, which may affect design procedures. Cooled reactor may exhibit patterns, usually axisymmetric ones that can be characterized by two anomalies: the peak temperature may exceed the corresponding value of an adiabatic reactor and may increase with wall heat‐transfer coefficient, and the peak temperature in a sufficiently wide reactor need not lie at the center but rather on a ring away from it. In conclusions, we argue that transversal patterns are highly unlikely to emerge in practical adiabatic PBRs with a single exothermic reaction, as in practice PeC/PeT > 1. That eliminates patterns in stationary and downstream‐moving fronts, whereas patterns may emerge in upstream‐moving fronts, as shown here. This conclusion may not hold for microkinetic models, for which stationary modes may be established over a domain of parameters. This suggests that a 1‐D model may be sufficient to analyze a single reaction in an adiabatic reactor and a 2‐D axisymmetric model is sufficient for a cooled reactor. The predictions of a 2‐D cylindrical thin reactor with those of a 3‐D reactor were compared, to show many similarities but some notable differences. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012  相似文献   

6.
A theoretical approach is presented for the comparison of two different atmospheric pressure reactors—a direct-contact bubble reactor (DCBR) and an indirectly heated tubular reactor (IHTR)—to evaluate the reactor performance in terms of heat transfer and available catalytic active surface area. The model considers the catalytic endothermic reactions of methane dry reforming that proceeds in both reactors by employing molten salts at elevated temperatures (700–900 °C) in the absence of catalyst deactivation effects. The methane conversion process is simulated for a single reactor using both a reaction kinetics model and a heat transfer model. A well-tested reaction kinetics model, which showed an acceptable agreement with the empirical observations, was implemented to describe the methane dry reforming. In DCBR, the heat is internally transferred by direct contact with the three phases of the system: the reactant gas bubbles, the heat carrier molten salts and the solid catalyst (Ni-Al2O3). In contrast, the supplied heat in the conventional shell-and-tube heat exchanger of the IHTR is transferred across an intervening wall. The results suggest a combination system of DCBR and IHTR would be a suitable configuration for process intensification associated with higher thermal efficiency and cost reduction.  相似文献   

7.
An environmentally friendly method for electrochemically regenerating alkali‐sorbent (NaOH) and recovering sulfur in the flue gas as H2SO4, while producing H2 as a clean energy source from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) residuals in an electromembrane reactor, was proposed in this article. To optimize and improve the performance, the optimal operating conditions were deduced from the numerical simulation and validated using experimental data. Under the optimized conditions, the current efficiencies of alkali‐sorbent regeneration and H2SO4 reached 84 and 87%, respectively, which is comparable to those obtained in the chlor‐alkali industry. Therefore, this method has the potential to be scaled up. If this technology is integrated into an existing FGD facility, the money‐consuming chemical process could be transferred into a renewable resource and clean energy conversion process. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2613–2624, 2014  相似文献   

8.
The use of absorbents based on calcium for the reduction of SO2 emissions from power plants has been studied for the last 30 years. The present work is part of a research project aimed at the development of a moving bed limestone filter. It is placed after burning in order to capture the SO2 from the flue gases of pulverized lignite combustors. A heterogeneous mathematical model was developed for the steady‐state simulation of a gas–solid countercurrent moving bed reactor. The mathematical model was solved using the method of finite elements and gave results for the temperature and conversion profile along the reactor. Also, parametric analysis (for Tg,in, Ts,in, us, qo, , , do, zo) was performed and useful conclusions concerning the behavior of a moving bed reactor in different conditions were drawn. Finally, optimization of conditions was performed to give an SO2 conversion higher than 0.95. The results are of important technological interest as a dry process in applications of SO2 capture. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
The dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane (MCH) to toluene (TOL) for hydrogen production was theoretically and experimentally investigated in a bimodal catalytic membrane reactor (CMR), that combined Pt/Al2O3 catalysts with a hydrogen‐selective organosilica membrane prepared via sol‐gel processing using bis(triethoxysilyl) ethane (BTESE). Effects of operating conditions on the membrane reactor performance were systematically investigated, and the experimental results were in good agreement with those calculated by a simulation model with a fitted catalyst loading. With H2 extraction from the reaction stream to the permeate stream, MCH conversion at 250°C was significantly increased beyond the equilibrium conversion of 0.44–0.86. Because of the high H2 selectivity and permeance of BTESE‐derived membranes, a H2 flow with purity higher than 99.8% was obtained in the permeate stream, and the H2 recovery ratio reached 0.99 in a pressurized reactor. A system that combined the CMR with a fixed‐bed prereactor was proposed for MCH dehydrogenation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1628–1638, 2015  相似文献   

10.
A general rule and a straightforward approach of the real optimal operation of a multistage adiabatic fixed-bed reactor (MAFBR) for a single reaction system, namely, the stagewise maximum conversion approach (SMCA), were derived based on the analysis of the operation of a Fauser—Montecatini type, five-stage ammonia synthesis reactor. The SMCA can be implemented in reactors which have ageing catalysts and maldistributed gas. The SMCA has been applied efficiently to industrial SO2 oxidation and NH3 synthesis plants. Suggestions on the design of a new MAFBR are made.  相似文献   

11.
The effects of enzyme microcapsule shape (spherical, cylindrical and flat plate) on the performance of a nonisothermal, packed-bed reactor have been modeled as a function of Biot number and Peclet number for mass and heat transfer (Bim, Bih, Pem and Peh), and dimensionless heat of reaction α. Under the given simulation conditions, only higher values of Bim and Bih (>2·5) confirm the influence of microcapsule shape on the reactor performance such that the axial and overall conversion and bulk temperature decrease as follows: spherical > cylindrical > flat plate. In terms of the shape-independent modified Biot number, Bi* = Bi/{(n + 1)/3}, this order is retained for 2 < Bi* < 8. The influence of increasing Pem, Peh, and α on conversion and bulk temperature also follows the above order. For the flat plate, the exit conversion and temperature are not influenced by Pem and Peh, that is, mass transfer and thermal backmixing effects, respectively. On the other hand, for the spherical and cylindrical microcapsules, overall backmixing effects are negligible only beyond a critical value of Pem (∼7) and Peh (∼1·75). The conversion and bulk temperature increase with the increase in α, independent of the microcapsule shape. The spherical and cylindrical microcapsules, unlike the flat plate, cannot be considered isothermal.  相似文献   

12.
In this work, an unsteady-state strategy for rapid measurement of gas diffusivity in liquid is proposed, which has a quick perturbation of the liquid flow rate in inner tube for obtaining the change of gas flow rate across the membrane with time. The strategy has taken full advantages of the tube-in-tube reactor that possesses a high permeability Teflon AF-2400 membrane to accelerate the diffusion rate of gas to liquid without direct contact between the two phases. With a developed mathematical model fitting the recorded variation of gas flow rate with time, the gas diffusivity in liquid can be determined within 0.5–3 min compared with the conventional methods of 4–14 hr. In addition, the strategy is demonstrated with several gas–liquid systems (O2-DMSO, CO2-[Emim] [NTf2] and CO2-[Bmim] [BF4]) with varied viscosities and temperatures, showing a good agreement with literature values with less than 10% deviation.  相似文献   

13.
The oxidative coupling of methane to C2-hydrocarbons (OCM) over a La2O3/CaO catalyst (27 at.%) was investigated in an internally circulating fluidized-bed (ICFB) reactor (IDeff = 1.9 cm, Hriser = 20.5 cm). The experiments were performed in the following range of conditions: T = 800?900°C, pCH4:pO2pN2 = 57.1–64:16–22.9:20 kPa. The obtained C2 selectivities and C2 yields were compared with the corresponding data from a spouted-fluid-bed reactor (ID = 5 cm) and a bubbling fluidized-bed (FIB) reactor (ID = 5 cm). The maximum C2 yield in the internally circulating fluidized-bed (ICFB) reactor amounted to 12.2% (T = 860°C, 38.7% C2 selectivity, 31.5% methane conversion), whereas in the FIB reactor a maximum C2 yield of 13.8% (T = 840°C, 40.4% C2 selectivity, 34.2% methane conversion) was obtained. The lowest C2 yield was achieved in the spouted-bed (SFB) reactor (Y = 11.6%, T = 840°C, 36.2% C2 selectivity, 32.0% methane conversion). The highest space-time yield of 24.0 mol/kgcat.h was obtained in the ICFB reactor, whereas in a FIB reactor only a space-time yield of 9.6 mol/kgcatcould be obtained. The performance of the ICFB reactor was strongly influenced by gas-phase reactions. Furthermore, stable reactor operation was possible only over a narrow range of gas velocities.  相似文献   

14.
An a priori reactor model for an adiabatic spouted bed reactor has been developed. This model uses first-principles mass and energy balances to predict the concentration and temperature profiles in the spout, annulus and fountain regions of the reactor. The particle circulation and voidage profiles in the spout are calculated using previously developed analytical techniques. Particle circulation patterns in the annulus are determined by a minimum path-length analysis. The spout and fountain are shown to contribute significantly to the overall conversion in the bed. Predicted and experimental conversions at flowrates up to 1.2Ums show that extension of the fountain reaction zone and increased particle circulation with increasing inlet flow makes up for the higher average voidage in the spout and fountain. Experimental data confirm the calculated results for a stably spouting bed with CO oxidation over a Co3O4/αAl2O3 catalyst. The effects of flowrate and inlet reactant concentration are confirmed.  相似文献   

15.
A model for the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane in a tubular reactor over an industrial catalyst Pt-Sn/Al2O3 has been established. This model takes into account the axial dispersion at the inlet of the catalytic bed reactor as well as the heat transfer at the wall of the reactor. The heat transfer at the wall is satisfactorily represented by using a heat transfer coefficient correlation for which the parameters are obtained by fitting to the experimental data. The model provides a good representation of the radial and axial temperature profiles in the packed bed and can be also used to calculate the conversion.  相似文献   

16.
Thermal bulk copolymerization of styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MAH) has been carried out at 110–130°C and up to around 55 wt % conversion in a stirred tank reactor with an anchor impeller to prepare the random copolymer of St–MAH (R-SMA). A series of experiments in semicontinuous monomer adding process were done to investigate the effects of operating condition on monomer conversion, copolymer composition, and its uniformity. It has been shown that a random copolymer with constant composition can be obtained by semicontinuous copolymerization. A reactor model was developed to simulate the copolymerization processes. The numerical method in which the gel effect on the copolymerization is incorporated has exhibited excellent agreement between the model calculation and the experimental data. However, when using the assumption that (1) k22 = 0; (2) k21[M1] ≫ k12[M2]; and (3) (R1/2kt)1/2 is a constant, an analytical solution to the model was found to be available also. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:1905–1912, 1998  相似文献   

17.
A fluidized bed reactor has been developed to overcome the plugging problem of urea injection by employing a sparger rather than nozzles in the SNCR process for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx. In a developed fluidized bed reactor, the optimum temperature to remove NOx is shifted to lower values, the reaction temperature window is widened with the presence of CO in flue gas, and NO conversion is higher than that in a flow reactor. The optimum amount of urea injection in the reactor is found to be above 1.2 based on the normalized stoichiometric molar ratio (NSR) with respect to NO conversion. In the simultaneous removal of SO2/NO, conversions of SO2 and NO reach 80–90%, nearly the same values for the individual removal of SO2 and NO above 850 ‡C.  相似文献   

18.
The exothermicity of oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) renders a cooled packed-bed reactor impractical or impossible. Recently, we proposed an adiabatic autothermal reactor as a solution to this problem and reported the first results for stable autothermal operation (AO) with feed at ambient temperature. AO on the ignited branch is possible only in the region of steady-state multiplicity. High per-pass conversion and productivity requirements demand a stable ignited branch at the lowest possible feed temperature and high flow rate. To achieve OCM scale-up, many conditions must be satisfied simultaneously. Using a kinetic model for La2O3/CaO catalyst, we examine the impact of space time, feed methane to oxygen ratio, feed temperature, particle size, inter-phase heat and mass transfer gradients, pore-diffusion, bed scale heat/mass dispersion on the region of AO for large scale adiabatic packed-bed reactors. We show that while it is possible to achieve CH4 conversion of about 20% and C2 selectivity of about 80% in scaled-up reactors, these values are sensitive to the design and operating parameters.  相似文献   

19.
Integration of concentrated solar energy into the pyrometallurgical Zn production process as clean source of high‐temperature process heat could significantly reduce fossil fuels consumption and its concomitant CO2 emissions. The solar‐driven carbothermal reduction of ZnO is investigated using a 10‐kWth solar reactor featuring two cavities, the upper one serving as the solar absorber and the lower one containing a packed‐bed of ZnO and beech charcoal as the biogenic reducing agent. Experimentation in a high‐flux solar simulator is carried out under radiative fluxes of 2300–2890 suns, yielding a peak solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion efficiency of 18.4%. The reactor performance under variable operating conditions is analyzed via a dynamic numerical model coupling heat transfer with chemical kinetics. The model is validated by comparison to the experimental data obtained with the 10‐kWth packed‐bed solar reactor and further applied to predict the effect of incorporating semi‐continuous feeding of reactants on the process efficiency. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4586–4594, 2016  相似文献   

20.
Chemical looping is a novel fuel conversion and material separation technology. It can be applied to obtain sulphur through selective oxidation of H2S. Further, chemical looping combustion (CLC) of sulphur can generate SO2 with a high concentration without NOx formation. The high SO2 concentration is adjustable and facilitates large-scale H2SO4 production. In this study, we examined the thermodynamics of the CLC of sulphur for H2SO4 production, which has not been reported previously. We analyzed the effects of reactor temperature and sulphur to Fe2O3 oxygen carrier (OC) ratios on sulphur allotrope transformations and on the distributions of reaction products. Moreover, the reactors were operated auto-thermally. Based on this design, we examined the effects of fuel reactor (FR) and air reactor temperatures on the minimum recirculation of the OC, as well as the gas and solid products and heat released from the air reactor. Our results showed that the CLC of sulphur with Fe2O3 OC could occur through an auto-thermal process. The FR in a sulphur CLC system should be operated over a temperature range of 800–950°C, with an Fe2O3 OC recirculation between 45 and 143 kg/kgS(s). Furthermore, when the FR was operated in the auto-thermal mode, we achieved 100% SO2 conversion. The findings of this study may be applied to reactor design for large-scale H2SO4 production through CLC of sulphur.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号