Effect of Mixed Nanobubble and Microbubble Liquids on the Washing Rate of Cloth in an Alternating Flow

It is well-known that laundry waste water contributes to water pollution, and the need to reduce the amount of detergent used is widely recognized. Predominantly, research has focused on the washing effects of microbubbles and nanobubbles, and mechanical work was found to account for about 50?% of the washing effect on the cloth. In the present research, mixed nanobubble and microbubble water and four types of surfactants (including a commercial cleaning liquid) were investigated in an alternating flow system. The nanobubble water achieved a washing rate greater than that of ion-exchanged water. However, the microbubble water had the same washing rate as ion-exchanged water. Moreover, nanobubbles mixed with an aqueous solution of surfactant exhibited a washing rate that depended on the ionization of the surfactant: the mixture with nanobubbles and anionic surfactant exhibited a washing rate that was higher than that of aqueous anionic surfactant solution without nanobubbles. The surface tensions of nanobubble water and mixed nanobubble anionic surfactant were lower than those without nanobubble, respectively. Also, there was no advantage in mixed microbubble liquids. These results provide evidence of an enhanced washing effect by nanobubble mixtures in liquids.     

乳状液膜分离富集废水中的苯酚

以聚异丁二烯双丁酰亚胺(T-154)为表面活性剂制备乳状液膜,研究其对废水中苯酚的分离富集效果。通过单因素法和正交实验优选了乳状液膜的制备条件,即:V(T-154)∶V(液体石蜡)∶V(煤油)=4∶2∶30,质量分数3%的Na OH溶液为内水相,油内比为1∶2(体积比);将最优条件下制备的乳状液膜用于对废水中苯酚的分离富集条件为:溶液p H=6,乳水比为1∶4(体积比),富集时间为15 min;在该条件下加标回收率为96%~98%,相对标准偏差RSD(n=6)为3.7%~4.8%。     

水性涂料界面活性分散剂的开发

采用有效功能结构单元提取、整合方法,开发了具有分散、转相、乳化多重功能的高分子水性涂料界面活性分散剂,设定的分子功能与试验目标初步实现。     

Comparative Study of Effect of Surfactant-Polymer Interactions on Properties of Alkyl Polyglucosides and Alpha Olefin Sulphonate

The properties of Alpha Olefin Sulphonate (AOS) and Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) were studied in the presence and absence of nonionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, poly vinyl pyrrolidone and methyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl cellulose. Properties like surface tension, foaming, viscosity and emulsification were studied at a constant concentration of polymer (0.1%) and varying concentrations of surfactant. It was found that at low surfactant concentrations there is an association between surfactant and polymer at the liquid/air surface in the case of an anionic surfactant and a nonionic polymer, which is not seen in the case of nonionic surfactants and nonionic polymers. A nonionic polymer reduces the surface tension of AOS by forming a surfactant-polymer complex which in turn increases the foamability, emulsifying property and viscosity of solution. APG does not show any effect on its surface tension in the presence of nonionic polymers but its foamability and emulsifying properties are improved. Reduction in surface tension is not the only reason behind increased foamability in the presence of the polymer. Higher molecular weight polymers give a rich, creamy foam because of increased viscosity in the surfactant solution as compared to lower molecular weight polymers.     

烷基糖苷与阴、非离子表面活性剂复配性能的研究

烷基糖苷（alkyl polyglycoside）简称APG,是一种重要的新型绿色表面活性剂,其表面张力低,临界胶束浓度低,胶束聚集数大,增溶作用强,配伍性好,具有优良的乳化、分散、去污性能,生物降解完全且无毒,被誉为＂世界级＂的表面活性剂,有着广泛的工业前景。通过对烷基糖苷与阴离子（十二烷基硫酸钠）、非离子（AEO-9）的复配性能,即在复配物总质量一定的条件下,配制不同比例的溶液,对其复配后的表面张力、润湿力、乳化力、浊点、泡沫性和耐碱性等进行了分析研究。     

十二烷基甘油醚羧酸盐的性能研究

文章测定了十二烷基甘油醚羧酸盐阴离子表面活性剂的一系列性能,结果显示同AEO7、LAS相比,它的γcmc较低,为24.07 mN/m,具有良好的降低表面张力性能,泡沫高度5 min后仍维持58 mm,稳泡性较好,对苯的增溶能力为130 ml/mol,润湿、乳化、钙皂分散性能均较好。     

水溶性电泳漆稳定性研究

由阴离子表面活性剂, 非离子表面活性剂, 偶联剂组成的复配型分散剂, 比单独使用表面活性剂作分散剂更有利于电泳漆液颜料的分散及稳定。阐述了不同分散剂的组成对丙烯酸阴极电泳液稳定性的影响     

Displacement of Organic Liquids from Capillaries and Porous Media by Aqueous Surfactant Solutions and Organosiloxane-in-Water Emulsions

Selective wetting is studied in systems of glass, a nonpolar liquid (dodecane or petroleum), and a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (or an organosiloxane-in-water emulsion). The displacement of dodecane and petroleum from horizontal glass capillaries and a porous medium (quartz sand) is investigated. The rate and efficiency of dodecane and petroleum displacement depend strongly on the surfactant concentration in the displacing solution. The displacing properties of surfactant solutions and organosiloxane emulsions are compared. The emulsions show much better displacing properties: unlike surfactant solutions with concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, they displace petroleum in the plug-flow mode, without dispersing it into drops.     

Synthesis and Properties of Esterification Products of Some Oxyethylated Alcohols and Alkylphenols with Fatty Acids

Some esterification products were prepared from oxyethylated alcohols and alkylphenols using stearic and oleic acids. The functional properties of the products were estimated. It was found that they displayed good emulsifying and dispersing ability and did not exhibit any foaming power, at all. In an alkaline medium they also show a washing power due to a gradually proceeding hydrolysis.     

Mathematical Modeling of the Extraction of the Target Component from Plate-Shaped Bodies in a Semicontinuous Process

The problem on the kinetics of extraction of the target component (technological contaminant) from plate-shaped bodies in an apparatus for a semi-continuous (periodic for the solid and continuous for the liquid phase) process in which the liquid phase is completely mixed was formulated and solved analytically. The process kinetics was analyzed by the numerical method at different specific consumptions of the liquid phase. Recommendations were given on the use of the solution for calculating the kinetics of extraction of technological contaminants from textile materials during washing in the chemical finishing technology.     

A novel dianionic surfactant from the reaction of C14-alkenylsuccinic anhydride with sodium isethionate

A novel derivative of alkenylsuccinic anhydride has been developed. When the anhydride is opened with sodium isethionate, a difunctional surfactant, alkenyl carboxysulfonate (ACS), is produced. This product has a unique combination of properties: moderate foaming, effective detergency, as well as the capability to function as a hydrotrope and as a co-builder in formulated cleaning systems. This paper briefly reviews some past studies with ACS. The utility of ACS in hard-surface cleaning is also examined, especially the capacity of this molecule to act both as a low-streaking surfactant and a hydrotrope. This combined function should allow formulators to diminish or eliminate volatile solvents in a variety of cleaning products. ACS has shown merit as an agent to reduce soil redeposition in three different heavy-duty liquid formulations. Additionally, heavy-duty liquid detergents containing ACS can be formulated to high surfactant and organic builder levels. Presented at the 84th AOCS Annual Meeting, April 1993, in Anaheim, California.     

水和表面活性剂对干洗剂去污力的影响

研究了表面活性剂和少量水在干洗涤中的去污作用和机理。以毛料服装为实验主体,模仿沾染天然污垢,模拟国产干洗机的洗涤过程,参考二十余种常用的表面活性剂进行了配比与筛选,采用系统实验与测试方法,获得混合干洗剂的最佳配方。试验证明：纯毛织物洗涤过程中,在干洗剂中加入油溶性表面活性剂和少量水制成混合干洗之后,不仅能有效防止污垢再沉淀,同时也有助于水溶性污垢的去除,洗涤质量明显优于常规洗涤方式。     

DISPLACEMENT OF A HYDROCARBON OIL FROM A METAL SURFACE USING A SURFACTANT SOLUTION

ABSTRACT

Separation of oils from solid surfaces is important in cleaning and degreasing operations. Water and oils are immiscible requiring the use of an additive which is miscible with water yet has an affinity for oils. Surface active agents, known as surfactants, have this property, being miscible with water while having an affinity for hydrocarbons. In some cases, surfactant solutions displace oils from a solid surface (i.e., remove oil by replacing the oil/solid interfacial area with surfactant solution/solid interfacial area). The presence of alkalinity as well as surfactant concentration is known to affect the ability of a surfactant solution to wet the solid surface and displace the oil. Experiments have been performed to determine quantitatively the effects of surfactant concentration and pH on the displacement of an oil from a metal surface. The displacement is measured in terms of the contact angle formed by the oil on the solid surface in the presence of the surfactant solution, the amount of time needed for the surfactant solution to cause part of the oil to detach from the solid surface, and the volume of the detached oil. Measuring the contact angle of the oil as a function of time shows that surfactant concentration and pH affect the displacement of oil from a metal surface. Increasing the pH of a solution of Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant, enhances oil displacement. Increasing the surfactant concentration also enhances oil displacement. The volume of oil which detaches from the solid surface increases with increasing pH and increasing surfactant concentration.

     

乳液聚合制粉状聚丙烯酰胺的研究

在乳化剂存在下,借机械搅拌作用将丙烯酰胺（ＡＭ）单体分散到介质中,在碱性溶液中加热水解脱水,能简单地一步制得固体聚丙烯酰胺。分子量可达３００万～５００万。     

聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单硬脂酸酯的合成与应用

以山梨醇和硬脂酸为原料,经脱水、酯化、醚化制得聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单硬脂酸酯,它具有良好的活性,已广泛应用于食品、日化、医药、机械加工等领域。     

Formulation of a Biodegradable Detergent for Cleaning Oily Residues Generated during Industrial Processes

The use of toxic petroleum-based heavy oils is common in industrial processes. The cleaning of machines, equipment, and other surface covered in these oils is achieved with expensive products that are often also toxic and harmful to both the health of workers and the environment. The present paper proposes the development of a sustainable biodetergent made from plant-based materials. Tests were performed to determine the properties of the biodetergent in terms of its surfactant and emulsifying capacities, stability, toxicity, and the removal of heavy oil from glass plates and metallic surfaces. The formulation was composed of a natural solvent (cottonseed oil), a plant-based surfactant agent (saponin), and two natural stabilizers (carboxymethylcellulose and glycerine). The formulation was stable, nontoxic, and highly efficient, removing 100% of the heavy oil from glass and metallic surfaces. This solution developed in this study could be used in diverse industries with the need to clean machines and parts encrusted with oil and grease as well as the cleaning of floors covered with petroleum-based residues. A preliminary analysis of the economic feasibility of using the detergent was carried out at a Brazilian power plant. Besides the reduction in environmental impact due to the use of a nontoxic, biodegradable product as well as the reduction in health risks to workers associated with toxic cleaning products, this new product can have a considerable impact on the market as an environmentally friendly solution.     

透视天然油脂和油脂基表面活性剂的市场

论述了表面活性剂用于衣物洗涤，餐具洗涤，工业清洗和化妆品中的重要性。除了这些产品的清洗性能外，消费者往往还会不断地提出其他性能的要求，因而这些表面活性剂配方要不断地最佳化，出于安全考虑，指出基于脂肪醇系的表面活性剂配方越来越受到人们的青睐。     

Synthesis and Properties of Dodecyldiethoxylamine Oxide

Dodecyldiethoxylamine oxide (DDEAO) was synthesized by the reaction of dodecyldiethoxylamine with hydrogen peroxide in water as the solvent. Surface activity, wetting ability and emulsifying capacity were investigated and compared with that of dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDMAO). Results indicate that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DDEAO is lower than that of DDMAO, while its surface tension at CMC (γ_CMC) is slightly higher. The wetting ability of DDEAO is similar to that of DDMAO. For its capacity of emulsifying liquid paraffin, DDEAO is found to be better than DDMAO, but it is the opposite for emulsifying soybean oil. The foaming properties and thickening function of DDEAO in mixtures with alcohol ether sulfate and alkylbenzene sulfonate were also studied. As expected, complex surfactant systems exhibit good foaming ability and DDEAO exhibits a good thickening function.     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(Ⅷ)——在分析中的应用

离子液体表面活性剂同时具有有机溶剂的属性和优良的表面活性,在分析中得到了广泛应用。在微波/超声波辅助下,利用离子液体表面活性剂水溶液的胶束增溶作用,可对各种固体中的有机物进行萃取,同时也可以在萃取结束后加入化学试剂使水溶性表面活性剂变成水不溶性表面活性剂,实现原位预浓缩提高分析的灵敏度。离子液体表面活性剂可以作为HPLC的固定相、胶束动电毛细管色谱的准固定相等实现有机物的分离和手性拆分。离子液体表面活性剂通过与金属离子形成络合物实现增敏光谱测定金属离子。离子液体表面活性剂修饰电极后能够促进电子传递和提高电分析灵敏度。     

表面活性剂增容PVC／SBR共混体系相容性研究

本文通过ＤＳＣ、振簧仪研究了聚氧化乙烯类表面活性剂作为增容剂对ＰＶＣ／ＳＢＲ共混物相容性的影响，并用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）观察了ＰＶＣ／ＳＢＲ共混物中橡胶分散相的形态结构和尺寸变化。结果表明，在ＰＶＣ／ＳＢＲ共混物中加入适量的表面活性剂可明显改善两相的相容性，橡胶分散相尺寸随表面活性剂用量、液体石蜡用量的变化而变化。