A decentralized control system for stabilizing a longitudinal powersystem using tieline power flow measurements

A decentralized control system for stabilizing a longitudinal power system is studied. The system is designed by a design methodology proposed earlier for decentralized control. In the process of the design, it is found that only the control information of phase angles from other areas is indispensable for maintaining the system stability. New measurements of the tieline power flow are substituted for the indispensable information. Simulation studies demonstrate that the resulting decentralized control system using tieline power flow measurements has as excellent performance in enhancing the stability of a longitudinal power system as a centralized control system     

多机电力系统分散鲁棒励磁控制器的研究

提出了一种能够有效提高多机电力系统稳定性的分散鲁棒控制策略。采用发电机机端电压的相角和幅值表示发电机与系统其他部分的相互联系,并且针对由调速器的不稳定调节造成的发电机输入机械功率的波动,以及由电网中无功功率和有功功率的突然变化引起的发电机机端电压幅值与相角的扰动,应用鲁棒控制原理设计励磁控制器,从而实现多机电力系统的分散协调控制。仿真研究的结果表明了这种控制策略的有效性。     

基于广义哈密顿系统理论的汽轮调速器分散无源控制

提出了一种预置功角反馈的方法，推导出多机系统汽轮机调速系统的广义受控哈密顿系统模型，进而在哈密顿结构的基础上进行无源化控制器的设计。控制策略的所有变量都是本地可量测的，只与本机组的状态量有关，与其他机组的状态量和输电网络的参数无关，因而具有分散性。4机系统仿真结果表明，该控制规律可以提高电力系统的暂态稳定性和动态性能。     

电力系统非线性鲁棒自适应分散励磁控制设计

利用反步法设计了多机电力系统中的非线性鲁棒自适应励磁控制方案,控制目标是调节发电机功角和频率至稳态运行点的极小领域,并使闭环系统对发电机阻尼系数和电抗参数的不确定性具有自适应能力,且对模型误差和外部有界干扰具备鲁棒性,同时保证各控制器是分散化和本地化的。采用4机系统进行的数字仿真结果表明,实施此方案能有效地提高发电机的功角稳定性。     

多机电力系统励磁控制的人工神经网络逆系统方法

基于各发电机的完整的实用三阶模型，通过将发电机内部的不可测变量转化为发电机端的可测变量，在未做任何近似或简化的情况下，实现了仅采用本地可测量的多机系统中各发电机励磁控制的精确线性化。在具体的励磁控制器设计中，选取机端电压作为被控量再附加电力系统稳定器(PSS)环节进行辅助控制，使得同时满足系统对电压稳定性和功角稳定性的控制要求；采用人工神经网络(ANN)逆系统方法实现精确线性化，避免了对系统精确数学模型的依赖，使文中方法更实用。针对一个2区域4机系统的仿真结果表明，安装ANN逆励磁控制器可以极大地提高被控机组的稳定性能，同时，全系统的稳定性也可以得到明显的提高。     

Fixed-order controller for reduced-order model for damping of power oscillation in wide area network

The interconnected power systems are complex and stabilizing control design still remains challenging task. The use of wide area monitoring system (WAMS) offers an integrated measurement-based and model-based control, which suits to the operation of large electric power system (EPS), along with online analysis. This paper presents a study on fixed-order controller design for equivalent network of coherent generator in order to stabilize inter-area electromechanical oscillations in the system. Firstly, the coherent generators in each area of large EPS are determined by mutual information theory, which represents the dynamic equivalence. Then network of each area with input–output variables of the selected generator that participates dominantly is reduced to lower size by square-root variant of balanced truncation algorithm. The dynamics and important oscillation modes are verified in equivalent representation of each area. Finally a local controller (decentralized) in each coherent area and a centralized controller between two coherent areas for selected generator are designed by reducing the H^∞ norm of its closed loop transfer function as much as possible. These controllers feed supplementary control signal in addition to one fed by local conventionally tuned PSS. The decentralized controller for selected generator is fed by local bus power or generator’s speed signal. On other hand, the centralized controller uses difference of power flow/speed of generators as input signal to dampen the oscillations between equivalent networks of two areas. The simulation results reveal effective damping of power/speed oscillations achieved by designed controller with respect to conventional PSS implemented. The robustness of controller is verified for heavy and light load operating conditions.     

Robust hierarchized controllers using wide area measurements in power systems

In this paper, we present a new method for robust centralized controller design using LMI’s with applications to power systems. This method makes possible to increase the damping rate of the decentralized system (that is, power system with PSS’s). It considers delays added to the signals that travel from the generators to the central controller. The robust hierarchized controller is composed by two control layers: the first one consists on decentralized controllers, that are applied independently to each machine of the system, what guarantees the stability and a minimum damping rate; the second one is composed by a centralized controller, that receives delayed information from all machines of the system, and it sends control signals to all generators. The centralized controller algorithm is robust, once it considers various operative conditions for the power system, and it also permits the choice of the communication delays.     

汽轮发电机组的非线性分散干扰抑制控制

将非线性鲁棒控制理论应用于多机电力系统的汽轮调速控制系统。在耗散系统理论框架下,用递推设计的方法,构造汽轮发电机组的能量存储函数,以避免求解HJI不等式,从而得到多机系统汽轮调速的非线性L₂增益干扰抑制控制规律。控制策略的所有变量都是可量测的,而且控制量只与本机组的状态量有关,与其他机组的状态量和输电网络的参数无关,因而具有分散性。4机系统仿真结果表明,该控制规律可以提高电力系统的暂态稳定性。     

Decentralized two-level excitation control of multimachine power systems

A two-level decentralized scheme for the excitation control of multimachine power systems is presented. The control strategy is based on decomposing the control signal for each machine into two components generated by controllers at two different levels. At the first level, controllers are designed to optimize the performance of each generating unit, totally ignoring the couplings among the machines. The second control components are chosen to reduce the machine performance degradations due to the presence of interactions. With the developed two-level control scheme each machine is controlled entirely from its own state. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by a numerical example involving a four-generator system.     

关于多特征自变量调节的含UPFC电力系统的潮流变化率特性

含统一潮流控制器(UPFC)的电力系统潮流变化率或调节效率主要由UPFC输出的串联侧嵌入电压(OSIV)的幅值和相角以及系统相角差所决定。选择这3个变量作为系统潮流调节的特征自变量(CIV),以含UPFC双端电力系统的实际电路为背景,推导了系统不同关键节点处关于每个CIV的有功与无功潮流变化率数学模型。以系统潮流调节自由度和调节效率为依据,对系统潮流变化率的调节特性进行了理论分析。设置了多种典型系统运行工况,基于OSIV幅值和相角的2种递增变化组合方式设计了2种潮流变化率调节模式,并设计了关于系统相角差的多种典型调节场景。最后,对系统每个关键节点处的关于每个CIV的潮流变化率特性进行了案例测试与分析,所得结论有利于综合协调潮流调节效率与系统保护及稳定性的要求,使电网既高效又稳定地运行。     

A robust decentralized approach to the multiarea frequency control of power systems

It is an important problem in multiarea power systems to attenuate the frequency deviation due to load change. Since power systems are spatially dispersive, decentralized control is more practical than lumped control. In this paper, we propose two robust decentralized control schemes for this problem. The difficulty with this problem is that the linearized model of a multiarea power system with frequency deviations as outputs is a MIMO system that has a transmission zero at s = 0. They key idea is to change the output of one subsystem so that the resulting new plant does not have any zero at s = 0. The new outputs are chosen carefully so that the regulation of the new outputs can guarantee the regulation of all frequency deviations and tieline power. Further, parameter uncertainty is taken into account in the controller design to achieve robustness. Simulation shows that the proposed methods are effective. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 68–76, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10004     

考虑控制量限幅的发电机非线性分散鲁棒汽门控制

提出了一种冗余控制量情况下考虑控制量限幅的非线性反馈控制方法,这种方法通过在动态过程的任一时间点上求解一个具有不等式约束的最优化问题得到该时刻各控制量值,使实际能够给出的虚拟控制量尽量达到保证系统渐近稳定所需要的虚拟控制量要求。将该方法与引入量测变量的建模方法相结合,设计了可同时考虑高压、中低压缸汽门控制的多机系统非线性分散鲁棒汽门控制器。对一个多机交直流系统的数字仿真表明,所设计的控制器是有效的。     

湖北电网首套智能稳定控制装置

介绍了湖北电网内首套投入运行的智能化稳定控制装置-汉川电厂B厂稳定控制装置的原理与实现,该装置的应用标示了湖北电网稳定控制的执行环节由人工对装置进行投退发展到智能化自动执行的突变,是以后湖北电网实现集中分散、分层分区稳定控制的基础。     

Decentralized load frequency controller for a multi-area interconnected power system

This paper proposes a control scheme for the load frequency control (LFC) problem of multi-area power systems. These systems are treated as interconnected dynamical systems. In the design of the proposed controller, each local area network is overlapped with states representing the interconnections with the other local area networks in the global system. Then, a decentralized control scheme is developed as function of the local area state variables and those resulting from the overlapped states which represent an approximation of the interconnection variables. The proposed controller guarantees the asymptotic stability of the overall closed loop system.The simulation results indicate that the proposed control scheme works well. In addition, they show that the controlled system is robust to changes in the parameters of the power system and to bounded input disturbances acting on the system. Moreover, the simulation results show that the controlled system behaves well even when there is a maximum limit on the rate of change in power generation.     

Autonomous decentralized system for torque control of high‐power permanent magnet synchronous motor

An autonomous decentralized system (ADS) for the control of a high‐power permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) presented in this paper. The system decentralizes a centralized control system into several autonomous subsystems. Thus the power supply and power electronic devices of the control system can be replaced by smaller ones, thereby obtaining better fault tolerance of the system. The subsystems are connected only through the data field, which, in this paper consists of feedback elements and communication modules. This structure enables the autonomous controllability and autonomous coordinability of the system. The mathematical model of the PMSM with decentralized stator coils is proposed. This model takes into account the self‐ and mutual inductance of the coil, as well as the effect of the stator slot‐pitch angle. In addition, an autonomous algorithm for the torque control of the PMSM with decentralized stator coils is proposed, and the fault‐tolerance design is developed. Experimental results of the torque control and fault‐tolerance control confirm the validity of the proposed system. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

同步发电机励磁非线性预测控制

介绍了一种新的非线性控制器设计方法,使用预测控制理论对非线性系统工将这种方法应用于单机－无穷大系统励磁控制,得到了一了以有功功率,角速率和机端电压作为变量的非线性系统的控制规律,仿真结果表明：该方法既能改善功能稳定性,又能改善发电机端电压的动态特比目前认为较好的微分几何等方法更有效,更实用。     

Power system damping enhancement using unified power flow controller (UPFC)

The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) can inject voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with a transmission line. It can also generate or absorb controllable reactive power. UPFC is expected to be able to damp power system oscillations more effectively than power electronics devices such as SVG and TCSC. In this paper, a control system design of a UPFC for power system damping enhancement based on the eigenvalue control method is proposed. It is made clear that the best design method for the power system damping enhancement is to determine steady‐state values of the UPFC control variables and the control parameters of the UPFC such as gains and time constants simultaneously, because the controllability of UPFC depends on the steady‐state values of UPFC and the power flow condition. The effectiveness of the proposed control system taking into account UPFC inverter ratings is verified by digital time simulation. Furthermore the effects of the input signals to the UPFC controller on small‐signal stability and transient stability enhancement are studied, and it is made clear that UPFC controllers using global information are more effective for power system damping enhancement than those using local information because global information has stronger observability for power system oscillations than local information. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 35–47, 2000     

Enhancement of interconnected power system stability using a control strategy involving static phase shifters

The static phase shifting transformer is one of the potential options of the recently proposed FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems). Promising results have been obtained for enhancing the small-disturbance and the transient stability of interconnected power systems.

In this paper, the important concept of involving in the same control strategy both generating units and static phase shifters has been considered. A systematic procedure for designing co-ordinated and decentralized controllers of these components is provided to assure a satisfactory dynamic performance of an interconnected power system under both small and large perturbations. The approach uses optimal control theory as a basis for the co-ordination of static phase shifter and governor controllers. A suboptimal decentralized control scheme is derived from the designed optimal controller by using a ‘minimum norm’ nearness criterion. The resulting feedback control signals for each generating unit and for each phase shifter is expressed in terms of measurable and local variables only.

Test results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and the usefulness of control actions on static phase shifters.     

基于事件触发的电力系统H∞优化控制

针对大规模集中用电导致电力系统负荷端激增从而影响电力系统稳定性的问题,提出一种基于事件触发的H_∞优化控制方式。本文采用扇区法对单机无穷大电力系统进行线性化处理,之后通过模糊逻辑建立电力系统的T-S模糊模型。通过事件触发理论和模糊逻辑利用并行分布补偿(parallel distribution compensation,PDC)的方法设计系统控制器。H∞优化控制相比于传统的控制方法提高了系统的稳定性及抗干扰能力,因此本文根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论和H∞优化控制理论,基于线性矩阵不等式(linear Matrix Inequality,LMI),给出了保证单机无穷大电力系统闭环渐进稳定的充分条件,并采用MATLAB仿真软件对系统进行仿真,从而证明稳定条件的存在。     

Robust multimachine power systems control via high order sliding modes

This article presents a formal study of the transient stabilization problem, including a stability proof. A decentralized nonlinear robust control scheme for multimachine electrical power systems is presented. The mathematical model takes into account the interconnections between electrical elements of the power system such as generators, electric networks, loads and exciters. Each generator is considered as a seventh order system that includes the mechanical and rotor electrical dynamics with static exciter dynamics. The proposed control scheme is based on the Block Control methodology and Second Order Sliding Modes technique using the Super Twisting algorithm. A nonlinear observer is designed to estimate the rotor fluxes of the synchronous machines. The designed decentralized control scheme requires the only local information for each local controller. This control scheme was tested through simulation on the well known reduced 9 buses equivalent model of the WSCC system.