Einsatz von Biocompounds zum Abbau chlorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe in der Grund- und Abwasserreinigung

Use of Biocompounds for Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Treatment of Ground Water and Waste Water . Process engineering approaches to waste water treatment using immobilised microorganisms (MO) permit greater biomass concentrations in the bioreactor and hence higher conversions per unit time. Moreover, the biofilms formed assure favourable conditions for degradation specialists. Immobilisation of microorganisms is feasible on both static and freely mobile supports. Use of the latter permits modification of the flow conditions in the reactor.     

Auskleiden und Beschichten von Apparaten mit Kunststoffen

Lining and coating of chemical apparatus with plastics . The object of this report is to provide a concise survey of applications for plastics in the lining and coating of steel constructions to avoid corrosion, erosion, and caking. Special attention is paid to the field of chemical apparatus and pipeline construction where, due to the requirements in question, the layer thicknesses amount to several millimetres.     

Synthese und Konformationsanalyse von Pyranophanonen und Pyrylophanium-Verbindungen mit intraannularen Substituenten

Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Pyranophanones and Pyrylophanium Compounds with Intraannular Substituents The synthesis of [3.3]dithiapyranophanone 6 and 11 is accomplished by use of the two-components-dilution-principle. Pyrolysis of their bis(sulfones) 7 and 12 gives the [2.2]pyranophanones 8 , 9 and 13 . Under preservation of conformation the intraannular carbonyl-function is used for the synthesis of methylpyranophanoles 14 , 16 and 17 . The synthesis of pyrylophanium compounds 15 and 18 is possible by elimination in trifluoroacetic acid. 6 exhibits anti-conformation within its crystal-structure and like 7 reveals temperature-dependent behavior in solution. Using 6 as an example, a combination of ¹³C-NMR-spectroscopy, forcefield-calculation and computer-simulation is applied for the first time to give evidence for molecular-dynamic processes of cyclophanes. 8 and 9 are the syn- and anti-conformers of the desired product, as shown by X-ray structural analysis. 13 reveals anti-conformation within its crystal structure as well as in solution. The conformational analysis of other new phanes described here is based on the ¹H-NMR-spectra of these pyrolysis products. As expected the intraannular substituents of Pyrylophanium-lons 15 and 18 show the characteristic upfield-shift within their ¹H-NMR-spectra.     

Umsetzung von 2,3-Dichlormaleinimiden mit Ethoxycarbonylmethylentriphenylphosphoran und Folgereaktionen

Reaction of 2,3-Dichloromaleimides with Ethoxycarbonylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane and Secondary Reactions 2, 3-Dichloromaleimide 1a reacts with ethoxycarbonylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane under alkenylation to give 3, 4-dichlor-5-ethoxycarbonylmethylidene-3-pyrrolin-2-one 2 . With N-substituted 2, 3-Dichloromaleimides 1b–1f one chloroatom is substituted to give 2-(ethoxycarbonyltriphenylphosphoranyl)-methylene-3-chloro-maleinimides 3 . The reactions of 2 and 3a with various nucleophiles are investigated.