多晶硅生产中氢气的来源与净化

简述了多晶硅生产过程中氢气的几个来源,并比较了采用电解、裂解或工业尾气净化回收氢气作为多晶硅生产补充氢气来源的技术、经济性。提出了采用特定吸附剂,变压吸附净化回收可重复利用氢气的新方法。对比了几种氢气的净化回收技术的优势,认为采用变压吸附（PSA）氢气净化工艺过程最优,能耗最低,经济效益最好。     

Evaluating the environmental friendliness, economics and energy efficiency of chemical processes: heat integration

The design and improvement of chemical processes can be very challenging. The earlier energy conservation, process economics and environmental aspects are incorporated into the process development, the easier and less expensive it is to alter the process design. In this work different process design alternatives with increasing levels of energy integration are considered in combination with evaluations of the process economics and potential environmental impacts. The example studied is the hydrodealkylation (HDA) of toluene to produce benzene. This study examines the possible fugitive and open emissions from the HDA process, evaluates the potential environmental impacts and the process economics considering different process design alternatives. Results of this work show that there are tradeoffs in the evaluation of potential environmental impacts. As the level of energy integration increases process fugitive emissions increase while energy generation impacts decrease. Similar tradeoffs occur for economic evaluations, where the capital and operating costs associated with heat integration could be optimised. From the example designs considered here, an intermediate amount of energy integration produces the most economically beneficial and environmentally friendly process.     

Pollution prevention in the semiconductor industry through recovery and recycling of gallium and arsenic from GaAs polishing wastes

 A process was developed for the recovery of both arsenic and gallium from gallium arsenide polishing wastes. The economics associated with the current disposal techniques utilizing ferric hydroxide precipitation dictate that sequential recovery of toxic arsenic and valuable gallium, with subsequent purification and in-house reuse of both, is to the benefit of the gallium arsenide crystal grower. The developed process involves first the removal of the majority of the arsenic and suspended polish as a mixed precipitate of calcium arsenate and polish. This first process step is performed at ambient temperatures and at a pH>11 using NaOH. At these pH regimes, gallium is retained in solution as a sodium gallate species. Precipitation of virtually pure gallium hydroxide is then accomplished in the next process step through pH adjustment to between 6 and 8 with waste acids. The commonly used ferric hydroxide coprecipitation step is retained as a final treatment step, but because of the removal of the majority of the arsenic, gallium, and polish in the two prior steps, far less waste is land disposed. A patent application has been filed with the United States Patent Office. Received: 11 June 1999 / Accepted: 29 July 1999     

丽山温泉酒店空调系统设计

分析了酒店空调系统的设计特点;指出了原空调设计存在的不足,并介绍了改进后的空调设计方案;重点阐述了冷凝热回收和全热交换器的应用,并分析了空调系统的经济性。     

Cathodic corrosion as a facile and universal method for the preparation of supported metal single atoms

Top-down strategy has been generally adopted for preparation of metal single atom catalysts(SACs)due to the simplified synthetic process,metal economics,and sca...     

台湾工业工程学科的历史,现状与发展趋势

台湾最早的工业工程（ＩＥ）专业成立于１９６３年。文中介绍了台湾ＩＥ专业与经济发展同步成长的过程，台湾ＩＥ学术界对ＩＥ的诸多认识，大学中ＩＥ专业教育的现状及ＩＥ的发展趋势与研究方向。     

环境意识材料──功能纤维材料及其在分离、纯化、环保的应用

本文扼要论述近年来国际上强化地球资源和环境保护，确保人类社会经济持续发展，要求发展环境意识材料，建立绿色材料科学技术。同时，简单地介绍新型功能纤维材料及其在环保和资源回收方面的应用。     

珠三角区域经济综合评价模型的构建与应用

在分析当前区域经济评价体系弊端的基础上,结合“钻石模型”和GEM模型的研究成果,设计一套区域经济评价体系模型,运用层次分析法（AHP）确定评价指标体系模型中各指标权重,并以珠江三角洲区域经济为实例,得出珠三角经济综合评价并提出珠三角区域经济发展建议。     

Recovery process of optical stopping effect in tin or phosphorus-doped amorphous As2S8 thin-film waveguide

In this research, the recovery process of the optical stopping effect on an amorphous arsenic sulfide thin-film waveguide is studied, both on the net As(2)S(8) and doping As(2)S(8) waveguide. Based on the experimental results, we analyzed the chemical bond structure of the samples. The hybrid orbital theory and electron energy bandgap theory are applied in order to establish the model of optical stopping and the recovery process. The numerical analysis results are well matched with the experiment data, which indicates that the model properly explains the optical stopping effect phenomenon. The model also can be applied to predict the recovery process of the optical stopping effect.     

A Study of Computerized Process Planning with Continuous and Discrete Data Base

This paper discusses methods for the computerized selection of machining variables to increase productivity and optimize economics of machining. An attempt has been made to use the computer for process planning in situations for which the relationships between the machining variables and the performance measures are complex and nonlinear functions with discrete values. An algorithm is presented which deals directly with the problem of a discrete data base. A comparison of continuous and discrete data base methods for process planning was made using the Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) process.     

Fuzzy geometric programming approach to a fuzzy machining economics model

Machining economics is an important function of the process planning activity for manufacturing products with high quality and low cost. The machining economics model usually contains a highly non-linear objective function and equations that could be formulated as a geometric programming problem. The paper develops a solution method for deriving the fuzzy objective value of the fuzzy machining economics problem when some of the parameters in the problem are fuzzy numbers. A pair of geometric programs is formulated to calculate the lower and upper bounds of the unit production cost at possibility level α. With the ability to calculate the fuzzy objective value developed, it might help lead to a more realistic modelling effort. The developed methodology can also be applied to other engineering design problems with fuzzy numbers.     

Mass recovery adsorption refrigeration cycle—improving cooling capacity

The study investigates the performance of two-bed, silica gel-water adsorption refrigeration cycle with mass recovery process. The cycle with mass recovery can be driven by the relatively low temperature heat source. In an adsorption refrigeration cycle, the pressures in adsorber and desorber are different. The chiller with mass recovery process utilizes the pressure difference to enhance the refrigerant mass circulation. Cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) were calculated by cycle simulation computer program to analyze the influences of operating conditions. The mass recovery cycle was compared with conventional cycle such as the single stage adsorption cycle in terms of cooling capacity and COP. The results show that the cooling capacity of mass recovery cycle is superior to that of conventional cycle and the mass recovery process is more effective for low regenerating temperature.     

Electrokinetic recovery of Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Zn and Mn from waste printed circuit boards: Effect of assisting agents

The printed circuit boards (PCBs) contains large number of heavy metal such as Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Zn and Mn. In this study, the use of electrokinetic (EK) treatment with different assisting agents has been investigated to recover the heavy metals from waste PCBs, and the effectiveness of different assisting agents (HNO₃, HCl, citric acid) was evaluated. The PCBs were first pre-treated by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process, then subjected to EK process. The heavy metal speciation, migration and recovery efficiency in the presence of different assisting agents during EK process were discussed. The mass loss of Cd, Cr, As and Zn during the SCWO process was negligible, but approximately 52% of Ni and 56% of Mn were lost in such a process. Experimental results showed that different assisting agents have significant effect on the behavior and recovery efficiency of different heavy metals. HCl was highly efficient for the recovery of Cd in waste PCBs due to the low pH and the stable complexation of Cl⁻. Citric acid was highly efficient for the recovery of Cr, Zn and Mn. HNO₃ was low efficient for recovery of most heavy metals except for Ni.     

Revisiting Legal Realism: The Law, Economics, and Organization Perspective

Although American Legal Realism fell on hard times, the objectionsof the Realists with legal formalism had substance earlier inthe century and have substance today. As developed in this paper,there are many parallels between Legal Realism and older styleinstitutional economics. Both failed for lack of operationalization. The New Institutional Economics works out of a law, economics,and organizations perspective and takes operationalization muchmore seriously. This same approach could be applied to the concernsof Legal Realism, bringing added value in the process.     

An overall performance index for characterizing the economic impact of faults in direct expansion cooling equipment

Air conditioning is a non-critical application for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) where decisions about servicing faults should involve the use of economics. Existing methods for evaluating impacts of faults on equipment performance only consider some individual factors such as the equipment coefficient of performance (COP) or cooling capacity. This paper develops an overall economic performance degradation index (EPDI) for air conditioning equipment that includes the combined effects of degradations in COP, cooling capacity, and sensible heat ratio (SHR). EPDI quantifies the performance degradation caused by faults based on economics so it can be used as part of the decision making process in an overall FDD system. Furthermore, EPDI can be used along with estimates of typical field performance degradations to assess the economic benefits associated with the application of automated FDD. A case study is presented where EPDI was applied to measurements for an existing unit where faults were artificially introduced.     

Formalizing Arrow’s theorem

A small project in which I encoded a proof of Arrow’s theorem—probably the most famous results in the economics field of social choice theory—in the computer using the Mizar system is presented here. The details of this specific project, as well as the process of formalization (encoding proofs in the computer) in general are discussed.     

Recent developments in water treatment by ion exchange

Although the ion-exchange process was developed eighty years ago, improvements in products, techniques, economics and new applications are still continuing. The drive for these improvements is special needs, such as the need for ultrapure water, reduction of wastes and elimination of problems associated with the process. Extension of the process is taking place through the availability of computers, sensors and microprocessors.     

第二类吸收式热泵的热经济学分析

对以溴化锂/水为工质对的第二类吸收式热泵即吸收式热变换器(absorption heattransformer)的热力循环过程进行了热经济学分析,并建立了热经济学数学模型。从热力学和经济学方面对第二类吸收式热泵进行了研究,建立了第二类吸收式热泵系统的成本方程以及各部分的成本方程。     

Comparing domestic water heating technologies

Solar water heaters (SWH) and drain water heat recovery (DWHR) systems are two household technologies currently available in the marketplace that can lower usage of utility-supplied energy. While there is considerable interest in utilizing these technologies to reduce energy costs and environmental impact, actual implementation of these systems in houses remains low. This study examines possible reasons for this low adoption rate using Guelph (Ontario) as a case study representative of medium-sized Canadian cities. A model was created to determine the implementation rate required for each technology to meet the goals of Guelph's Community Energy Plan and the level of financial incentive required to achieve the desired implementation rate. Water conservation and the need to address both new development and the existing housing stock emerge as critical factors. Solar water heating was found to require significantly higher subsidies than drain pipe heat recovery, corresponding to a higher cost per unit of energy saved. Non-economic factors that reduce the adoption rate of new technology are discussed, and it is observed that a need for community education related to the new technologies and inertia associated with current water heating technology are the primary factors for adoption rates below levels predicted based on economics alone.     

Integrating reverse logistics into the strategic planning of a supply chain

This paper proposes a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model for the strategic production and distribution planning of a supply chain (SC) integrating reverse logistics system. Such reverse logistics planning addresses the collection, recovery and marketing of recovered products, in addition to returned components and packing/wrapping materials. The model includes an approach that uses retail outlets as a two-way channel for marketing new products, collecting used/returned products and remarketing recovered products as a way of promoting an effective product recovery system in SC operation and optimising costs. The recovery of products/components is planned through a pool of recovery service providers (RSPs), so that maximum recovery can be ensured through combining the expertise of RSPs within optimum costs. The model follows a two-step process that addresses strategic decisions about product recovery in the first step, and the integration of the recovery process into overall SC decisions in the final step. A numerical example illustrates the applicability of the model. A sensitivity analysis has been conducted to show the effects that changes in the recovered product quantity have on the overall SC performance.