空对地雷达精确定位的电波折射误差修正方法

要利用空中飞行器上武器来攻击地面目标,首先必须对地面目标进行精确定位,然后才能实施精确打击.大气介质的不均匀性使得雷达测量定位产生折射误差,从而影响雷达的定位精度.因此对高精度的雷达系统,必须进行电波折射误差修正.这里采用空中雷达处的大气折射率来预测空中雷达电波传播的大气剖面,再经过电波射线描迹方法推出了一种实用于空中雷达对地面目标精确定位的电波折射误差修正方法.仿真计算表明:俯视雷达与同一传播路径上地基雷达的计算结果很吻合.随着俯视角度的增大,电波折射引起的误差逐渐减小,反之,俯视角度愈小,电波折射误差愈大.当雷达在10 km高度时,5°以下俯角的电波折射误差达10 m以上.     

单脉冲雷达速度量折射误差高精度修正方法

单脉冲雷达是高精度外弹道测量系统中的一种主要测量设备之一,为了提高其测量精度,对所有测量参数都需要进行电波折射误差修正.针对目前单脉冲雷达测速参数折射误差修正精度较低的现状,在距离和角度折射误差修正基础上,提出了基于方向余弦的速度量折射误差高精度修正方法.首先根据经折射修正后的目标精确位置,利用二阶中心平滑微分方法求出目标的真实速度向量;然后再利用测站、地心的位置得到目标到雷达站、地心的方向余弦,进而求出目标与雷达站间电波射线在目标处切矢方向余弦;最后进行距离变化率的折射误差修正.实验证明,该方法比常用的直接微分方法的精度高出20％,且具有较好的实用性和有效性.     

雷达方位角折射误差修正方法研究

要进一步提高雷达系统的测量定位精度,除了尽力提高硬件精度和优化数据处理方法外,大气环境对雷达测量精度的影响必须考虑。目前进行的雷达电波折射误差修正,几乎都是建立在假设大气在水平方向均匀的条件下,认为雷达测量的方位角无折射误差,其对于下垫面均匀的平坦地区是可行的,但下垫面复杂地区方位角的折射误差必须修正。文中通过利用差分方法求解任意大气层中的射线方程,得到了实用的单脉冲雷达方位角的折射误差修正方法。     

基于蒸发波导传播的雷达定位误差研究

大气参数满足一定条件(修正折射率梯度小于0)时会形成大气波导,利用大气波导可实现雷达的超视距探测。由于近海面易形成蒸发波导,利用蒸发波导实现雷达的超视距探测已成为目前舰船雷达最实用的方法之一。雷达电波射线在不均匀大气中传播时会产生折射误差,为提高舰船雷达的定位精度,必须研究雷达在蒸发波导中超视距探测时的大气折射误差。根据电波传播理论,利用电波射线描迹技术,建立了舰船雷达在蒸发波导中实现超视距探测时的大气折射误差模型。仿真实验表明,蒸发波导条件下雷达超视距探测目标时的大气折射误差较大,且计算时不能采用常规的折射误差计算方法。     

俯视电波折射修正及其在俯视雷达信号接收中的应用

针对海洋上空大气折射环境影响下岸基俯视雷达信号的舰载机动接收有效方法进行了系统研究.根据实际需求,建立俯视雷达信号在海洋上空传播的物理模型,通过射线追踪法结合Hopfield折射率剖面模型,仿真计算获得了大气折射影响下的电波实际传播路径,并与Ray-VT射线追踪软件的计算结果进行比对,四种发射参数下的水平距离相对偏差分别为-0.002%、-0.041%、-0.029%、-0.007%,初步说明了电波传播路径仿真的准确性.经过仿真,发现海洋上空大气折射环境对岸基俯视雷达信号的舰载接收有很大影响,必须对接收位置和接收仰角加以修正.     

大气折射引起的雷达定位误差模型

大气折射引起的雷达定位误差是限制雷达精度进一步提高的关键因素之一.针对目前只给出雷达测量参数的折射误差,不能明显给出实际应用中所需要的目标位置偏移误差现状.通过采用我国大气折射率的统计模型和目前公认的高精度的电波折射误差修正方法一射线描迹法,对大气折射引起的雷达定位误差进行了目标位置偏离的计算和拟合,建立了大气折射引起雷达测量目标的位置偏移误差模型,从而为雷达实际使用和精度评估奠定基础.     

传输介质引起的多基地雷达的系统误差修正

对多基地雷达由于信号传输介质折射指数的变化引起的系统误差进行研究,考察了光纤介质的温度特性及其对测距的影响,提出相应的解决方案;对大气折射引起的距离和测距误差进行讨论,并针对只有距离和测量信息的多站系统的电波折射误差提出了实时修正算法.     

用辐射计进行低角电波折射修正的补偿方法

用微波辐射计进行电波折射修正是一种快速、精确的好方法。但由于它没有考虑电波射线弯曲所引起的折射误差,因此只适用在雷达天线仰角较高的条件,如在低仰角下使用该方法就会产生较大的误差。为了扩大其应用范围,本文提出了用微波辐射计进行低角电波折射修正的补偿方法,并且给出了精度检验结果。     

大气折射引起的中近程雷达测角测距误差分析

本文回顾了大气折射引起的电波传播射线弯曲特性,通过采用我国大气折射率的统计模型和高精度的电波折射误差修正方法—射线描迹法,进行目标定位误差分析,针对中近程雷达的应用背景,计算了一些可为高精度中近程雷达的俯仰测角修正提供参考的数据。     

多基地雷达的大气折射误差快速修正

为对高机动目标进行大气误差实时修正,给出了一种折射误差的快速修正方法.针对只利用距离和信息进行定位的多基地雷达,结合联合定位和误差修正,得到了一种快速迭代算法.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks