Detection of iron-oxide layer on the surface of iron nitride using high-resolution electron microscopy and Fourier filtering

High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) was used to detect the surface Fe3O4 iron-oxide layer formed on [011] Fe4N iron nitride due to electron irradiation in the transmission electron microscope. The existence of a surface oxide layer was confirmed by both image processing and through-focus observation. Images of the iron oxide were revealed using the process of fast Fourier transformation (FFT) of experimental HREM images, filtering of the FFT patterns and inverse FFT. By through-focus observation, HREM images of iron oxide were obtained based on the tuning of contrast transfer function. Fourier filtering is effective for examining the beginning of phase transformation, because at this stage the diffraction spots of iron oxide are too weak to be detected. At the time when the iron oxide layer has developed to some extent, through-focus observation is useful to obtain an image of oxide layers.     

运动目标检测与识别方法研究

为了解决低对比度红外序列图像中运动小目标的检测问题,提出了一种基于多级滤波的检测方法.首先,对具有一定空间分布范围(≤5×5)的小目标,可根据目标/噪声/背景的灰度分布模型具体分析其频谱特性范围.由Fourier变换定义可知,噪声能量主要集中在高频段,背景能量主要集中在低频段,而目标能量则主要分布在中频段,所以可以根据目标的大小,由门函数的Fourier变换估算出各种尺寸目标所处的频段,然后选择不同级数的滤波器将不同大小的候选目标从复杂背景中分离出来.经过多级滤波处理后,再对得到的包含候选目标的图像进行图像分割等适当的后续处理,就可以检测出真正的目标.     

Nano-area electron diffraction pattern reconstructed from three-dimensional Fourier spectrum.

A method to obtain a nano-area electron diffraction pattern in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was proposed, based on three-dimensional (3D)) image formation theory. This method allows us to reconstruct an electron diffraction pattern from a 3D Fourier spectrum of high-resolution through-focus images. As a test case, an electron diffraction pattern from a tilted Si single crystal was reconstructed using the proposed method and compared with the conventional selected-area electron diffraction pattern. The intensity distribution of the reconstructed electron diffraction pattern was confirmed to be qualitatively equal to that of the selected-area electron diffraction pattern, though the degree of the equivalency between these patterns reduces at the high frequency region and the reproducibility of the intensity degrades when the number of images used in the image processing was decreased. By selecting areas in a reconstructed exit wave field, some electron diffraction patterns were obtained from the nano-areas without the influence of spherical aberration.     

反射式离轴数字全息再现像中的噪声抑制

为了抑制反射式离轴数字全息再现像中的零级像和散斑噪声对再现像的影响,利用高斯核函数在空域对数字全息图进行低通滤波,再用原数字全息图减去滤波后的低频信息来抑制零级像,采用非局部均值滤波来抑制散斑噪声。实验结果表明空域高斯核函数处理法能有效地抑制零级像,非局部均值滤波可以抑制散斑噪声但对部分细节的保持能力不强,改进后的非局部均值滤波在抑制散斑噪声的同时能很好地保护细节信息,提高了离轴数字全息再现像的质量。     

量子彩色图像的频域滤波

为解决量子彩色图像滤波问题,该文提出一种基于量子傅里叶变换的频域滤波方法。首先采用新颖的增强量子描述(NEQR)方案将彩色图像描述为量子图像,然后对该量子图像实施傅里叶变换,采用基于滤波函数定义的量子Oracle将变换后的图像划分为不同频率的图像,最后通过逆量子傅里叶变换将这些不同频率的量子图像变换到空域,通过对空域量子图像实施测量即可得到不同频率的经典滤波图像。文中给出了具体的量子滤波线路,以彩色图像平滑、锐化、周期噪声消除为例,验证了提出方案的正确性。     

一种视频监控图像条纹噪声去除算法

针对视频图像中图像传感器故障引起的等间距横纹噪声去除问题,提出了基于陷波滤波器的去除条纹噪声算法;首先将视频条纹图进行傅里叶变换,通过频域累积分布函数映射法构造自适应滤波器,用该滤波器对变换后的条纹图像进行滤波,最后用Laplacian算子进行锐化处理得到最终去噪声图像。实验结果表明,本算法适合用于去除有图像传感器故障引起的等间距横纹噪声。     

Noniterative compensation for the distance-dependent detector response and photon attenuation in SPECT imaging

A filtering approach is described, which accurately compensates for the 2D distance-dependent detector response, as well as for photon attenuation in a uniform attenuating medium. The filtering method is based on the frequency distance principle (FDP) which states that points in the object at a specific source-to-detector distance provide the most significant contribution to specified frequency regions in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the sinogram. By modeling the detector point spread function as a 2D Gaussian function whose width is dependent on the source-to-detector distance, a spatially variant inverse filter can be computed and applied to the 3D DFT of the set of all sinogram slices. To minimize noise amplification the inverse filter is rolled off at high frequencies by using a previously published Wiener filter strategy. Attenuation compensation is performed with Bellini's method. It was observed that the tomographic point response, after distance-dependent filtering with the FDP, was approximately isotropic and varied substantially less with position than that obtained with other correction methods. Furthermore, it was shown that processing with this filtering technique provides reconstructions with minimal degradation in image fidelity.     

Correction of MR kappa-space data corrupted by spike noise

Magnetic resonance images are reconstructed from digitized raw data, which are collected in the spatial-frequency domain (also called kappa-space). Occasionally, single or multiple data points in the k-space data are corrupted by spike noise, causing striation artifacts in images. Thresholding methods for detecting corrupted data points can fail because of small alterations, especially for data points in the low spatial frequency area where the k-space variation is large. Restoration of corrupted data points using interpolations of neighboring pixels can give incorrect results. We propose a Fourier transform method for detecting and restoring corrupted data points using a window filter derived from the striation-artifact structure in an image or an intermediate domain. The method provides an analytical solution for the alteration at each corrupted data point. It can effectively restore corrupted kappa-space data, removing striation artifacts in images, provided that the following three conditions are satisfied. First, a region of known signal distribution (for example, air background) is visible in either the image or the intermediate domain so that it can be selected using a window filter. Second, multiple spikes are separated by the full-width at half-maximum of the point spread function for the window filter. Third, the magnitude of a spike is larger than the minimum detectable value determined by the window filter and the standard deviation of kappa-space random noise.     

Fourier images feature of lattice fringes formed by low-loss electrons as observed using spatially-resolved EELS technique.

The lattice fringes of inelastically scattered electrons were investigated using spatially-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) technique. The intensity profiles of lattice fringes formed by low-loss electrons were observed, and their position and contrast were elucidated with high spatial resolution. It was found that the conventional transmission electron microscope image includes low-loss images, which are the integrated image of through-focus images weighted by the intensity of the EEL spectrum. The modulation feature in the lattice fringes of inelastically scattered electrons is similar to the Fourier images. It means that the exit wave field of elastically scattered electrons is almost preserved in that of low-loss electrons.     

Separation of linear and non-linear imaging components in high-resolution transmission electron microscope images

Linear and non-linear image components in high-resolution transmission electron microscope images were successfully separated by applying a bandpass filter to the three-dimensional Fourier spectrum of its through-focus series of images. In the observed lattice image of a wedgeshaped Si [110] crystal, we determined the magnitude of the contribution of the non-linear imaging components to the total image intensity distribution. The contribution was proved to become sometimes larger than that of the linear imaging component, even at a thickness of 13 nm.     

非均匀傅里叶变换频率不变波束形成方法

频率不变波束形成是宽带阵列信号处理研究的重要内容之一。本文以麦克风阵列语音处理为研究对象,针对FIB低频处波束形成一致性不理想的问题,提出了一种基于非均匀傅里叶变换的频率不变波束形成方法。该方法采用非均匀采样来增加低频处的采样点数,构建符合非均匀傅里叶逆变换的范德蒙矩阵,再用优化对称窗函数对变换结果进行截取,得到空时滤波器。该方法不仅实现了低频段与期望波束响应近似的波束图,且降低了阵元数目。计算机仿真实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。      

A generalization of the two-dimensional prolate spheroidal wave function method for nonrectilinear MRI data acquisition methods.

The two-dimensional (2-D) prolate spheroidal wave function (2-D PSWF) method was previously introduced as an efficient method for trading off between spatial and temporal resolution in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with minimal penalty due to truncation and partial volume effects. In the 2-D PSWF method, the k-space sampling area and a matching 2-D PSWF filter, with optimal signal concentration and minimal truncation artifacts, are determined by the shape and size of a given convex region of interest (ROI). The spatial information in the reduced k-space data is used to calculate the total image intensity over a nonsquare ROI instead of producing a low-resolution image. This method can be used for tracking dynamic signals from non-square ROIs using a reduced k-space sampling area, while achieving minimal signal leakage. However, the previous theory is limited to the case of rectilinear sampling. In order to make the 2-D PSWF method more suitable for dynamic studies, this paper presents a generalized version of the 2-D PSWF theory that can be applied to nonrectilinear data acquisition methods. The method is applied to an fMRI study using a spiral trajectory, which illustrates the methods efficiency at tracking hemodynamic signals with high temporal resolution.     

New data processing method for improving the measurement accuracy in FTP

During the 3D shape measurement,there are noises in the images that are obtained by the capture system.The traditional method,Fourier transform profilometry(FTP) technique,improves the accuracy only by the filtering method in the frequency domain.In this paper,the curve fitting method is used for the light field distribution calculation before the filtering process applied in the frequency domain by choosing a suitable filter window,and then the higher quality of the basic frequency component signal is got.This method can avoid the frequency overlapping caused by the noise,so the improvement of the measuring accuracy of FTP is realized.     

一种虚条纹相移算法在结构光三维测量中的应用

相移法测量三维轮廓具有原理简单、计算速度快等优点。然而此法至少需要采集3幅以上干涉图像,且在实际操作中由于很难产生绝对的相移量而给测量带来误差。应用虚条纹相移算法只需要采集一幅图像便可恢复出物体的三维轮廓,其基本手段是先获得原始图像的基频值f0,根据此频率通过计算机生成具有π/2相位差的两虚条纹图像cos(2πf0x)和sin(2πf0x)。然后分别与原始图像进行混叠,将混叠后得到的图像进行低通滤波,再结合相移算法恢复出原始物体的三维轮廓。此法既保持了相移法本身的优点又解决了其需要采集多幅图像以及无法实现绝对相移的问题。另外低通滤波本身的去噪特性给在非陡变物体测量中高频噪声的去除带来方便。     

Spatial domain filtering for fast modification of the tradeoff between image sharpness and pixel noise in computed tomography

In computed tomography (CT), selection of a convolution kernel determines the tradeoff between image sharpness and pixel noise. For certain clinical applications it is desirable to have two or more sets of images with different settings. So far, this typically requires reconstruction of several sets of images. We present an alternative approach using default reconstruction of sharp images and online filtering in the spatial domain allowing modification of the sharpness-noise tradeoff in real time. A suitable smoothing filter function in the frequency domain is the ratio of smooth and original (sharp) kernel. Efficient implementation can be achieved by a Fourier transform of this ratio to the spatial domain. Separating the two-dimensional spatial filtering into two subsequent one-dimensional filtering stages in the x and y directions using a Gaussian approximation for the convolution kernel further reduces computational complexity. Due to efficient implementation, interactive modification of the filter settings becomes possible, which can completely replace the variety of different reconstruction kernels.     

一种空域滤波的频域估价方法

空域滤波是图像处理中常用的增强技术,但在空域中很难准确地分析一块模板的滤波特性。运用离散傅里叶变换,通过计算模板建立对应的转移函数,从频域对空域滤波器的滤波效果进行定量分析和有效的实验验证,为评价模板的功能、设计更理想的模板提供了理论依据和方法。     

差频Ronchi光栅的频谱特性与在图象处理中的应用

用两个不同空间频率的Ronchi光栅相迭置,可得到差频Ronchi光栅,文中讨论了这种光栅的频谱特性,并以此作为滤波器对图象进行一阶、二阶微分处理以及对由于匀速运动而造成的模糊图象进行还原处理.     

Improvement of Lesion Detection in Scintigraphic Images by SVD Techniques for Resolution Recovery

The properties of singular value decomposition (SVD) are used to implement an SVD spatial domain pseudoinverse restoration filter. This type of filter is attractive for poor imaging conditions (low spatial resolution, high image noise) and is thus appealing for nuclear medicine images. The method might offer some advantages over more traditional frequency domain filter techniques since the restoration is performed on a local rather than global basis. High-contrast thyroid phantom images collected at different count densities and low-contrast liver phantom images were processed with the SVD filter. Restored images yielded improved spatial resolution, lesion contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio. The SVD pseudoinverse restoration filter implemented as an interactive process permits the operator to terminate filtering at a stage where the visually "best" image is obtained compared to the original data. Processed images suggest that the technique may have potential for improving lesion detection in nuclear medicine.     

The Enriched Feature Enhancement Technique for Satellite Image Based on Transforms Using PCNN

The features of the satellite images can be improved by fusing or combining two images with complementary property. By fusing these two images the spatial property of the resultant image is improved. Satellite images are one of the agents that give the features of the earth’s surface. Processing these satellite images will provide more geographical information hidden in the images. This research paper have an detailed insight study of two types of the satellite images one is Panchromatic (PAN) and other Multispectral (MS). The PAN image with high spatial resolution and MS image with spectral resolution are fused to get better resultant output. For fusion process Nonsubsampled Contour let Transform is used to decompose the images into low and high frequency values. Pulse Coupled Neural Network is used to motivate the low frequency pixel and Morphological filter is applied to the edge detected image for finding the features in the images. This is an real time transformations which will give better results in SAR image processing, video processing, stereo based reconstruction of depth and width of the features present in the image.

     

基于空域相关的多聚焦图像融合

提出了一种基于空域相关滤波的多聚焦图像融合算法.利用小波多孔算法将原图像分解,得到与原图像同样大小的低频近似图像和高频细节图像.选择低频系数时基于绝对值最大原则,高频信息先计算相邻小波面对应点的相关性,取相关性大的小波系数作为融合图像的小波系数.实验表明,该方法能简单有效地将各图像的信息集成在一起,完好的保留各图像的边缘和纹理信息.