低压电刺激对牦牛肉宰后成熟过程中嫩度及肌纤维超微结构的影响

目的：研究电刺激对宰后牦牛肉剪切力、肌原纤维小片化指数（myofibrillar fragmentation index,MFI）及肌纤维超微结构的影响。方法：选取20 头甘南黑牦牛,每5 头一组按实验设计进行电刺激（electrical stimulationand chilling,ESC）电压21 V、额定功率50 W、时间72、90、108 s和常规冷却排酸（normal chilling,NC）,作为对照（0～4 ℃、风速0.5 m/s）处理,在成熟过程中的0、1、3、5、7、9 d测定牦牛肉的剪切力、MFI和肌纤维超微结构。结果：电刺激处理可以加速剪切力的降低,宰后0 d,ESC108 s处理组的牦牛背最长肌的平均剪切力值最高;宰后第9天,电刺激72、90、108 s的平均剪切力分别比NC低12.9、17.9%和5.9%。提高了肌原纤维小片化指数,宰后0 d,电刺激90 s处理的牦牛肉MFI平均值较其他处理组最高;第9天,ESC72 s和ESC90 s处理组分别比NC高7.71%和9.86%。牦牛肉的MFI和剪切力呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）,说明牦牛肉的嫩度与肌原纤维的降解密切相关;电刺激使肌节长度明显收缩,ESC处理组的肌纤维直径分别是NC组的57.47、68.97%和80.46%,肌纤维被大面积溶解,溶解度高达47%。结论：电刺激处理能显著改善牦牛肉嫩度,缩短其成熟时间,破坏肌纤维结构。     

包装方式对冷藏过程中牦牛肉蛋白质生化特性的影响

为研究不同包装方式对冷藏过程中牦牛肉蛋白质生化特性的影响。取牦牛背最长肌,采用真空和非真空2种包装方式,在0~4℃下分别冷藏0、2、4、6、8、10、12 d,分析其在冷藏过程中蛋白质生化特性变化。结果显示,随着冷藏时间的延长,真空和非真空包装的牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白和肌浆蛋白均表现出不同程度的降解,但2种包装方式间差异不显著。真空组和非真空组肌原纤维蛋白小片化指数和表面疏水性均呈显著(P0.05)上升趋势,肌动球蛋白盐溶性、巯基含量、Ca~(2+)-ATPase酶活性则均呈显著(P0.05)下降趋势。2种包装方式下的肌动球蛋白盐溶性、Ca~(2+)-ATPase酶活性和肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性、肌原纤维蛋白小片化指数在0~8 d存在显著(P0.05)差异,10 d以后差异不显著。研究表明,牦牛肉在冷藏期间蛋白质发生了显著降解和变性,含氧包装促进了肌原纤维蛋白小片化和表面疏水性的增加,加重了肌动球蛋白盐溶性、巯基含量、Ca~(2+)-ATPase酶活性的降低。     

不同冻融次数下牦牛肉蛋白质氧化与保水性的关系

探讨不同冻融次数下牦牛肉中的蛋白质氧化对其保水性的影响。选取3?岁左右的甘南牦牛背最长肌,经过7?次冻融循环,分别测定样品的pH值、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、加压失水率、羰基含量、巯基含量以及蛋白质溶解度。结果表明,随着冻融次数的增加,pH值显著降低（P＜0.05）,解冻损失率、加压失水率和蒸煮损失率反映的保水性也显著降低（P＜0.05）,羰基、巯基含量反映的蛋白质氧化程度显著增加（P＜0.05）,蛋白质溶解度中全蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白以及肌浆蛋白均呈现显著下降（P＜0.05）。pH值、保水性和蛋白质氧化之间相关性显著（P＜0.05）,在7?次冻融过程中,pH值下降速率趋势与保水性下降速率趋势一致,并且后期保水性下降速率减缓的同时蛋白质氧化速率上升。表明多次冻融循环会引起牦牛肉蛋白质氧化程度显著升高,造成保水性显著下降,贮运体系中通过有效地控制蛋白质氧化可以更好地提高牦牛肉品质。     

电刺激对牦牛肉成熟过程中肌原纤维蛋白氧化特性的影响

为探究电刺激处理对宰后牦牛肉成熟过程中肌原纤维蛋白氧化特性的影响,该研究以经电刺激处理的牦牛肉为研究对象,以未经处理的牦牛肉为空白对照,测定了电刺激组和未电刺激组肉样肌原纤维蛋白的羰基、总巯基、二硫键含量,K-ATPase酶活性、表面疏水性以及蛋白二级结构的变化规律。结果表明,宰后牦牛肉成熟过程中,电刺激组和未电刺激组牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白均表现出不同程度的氧化水平,且2组间评判指标的变化规律基本一致;其中羰基含量和二硫键含量均呈显著增加趋势(p 0. 05),表面疏水性则呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,巯基含量和K-ATPase活性则显著降低(p 0. 05);成熟后期(14 d),电刺激组羰基含量较未电刺激组低34. 65%;电刺激组巯基含量较未电刺激组高18. 01%。以上结果进一步说明,宰后牦牛肉成熟过程中肌原纤维蛋白发生了显著氧化,同时,电刺激有效抑制了羰基含量和二硫键的增加,延缓了肌原纤维蛋白的氧化,降低了蛋白的氧化程度。     

高铁肌红蛋白氧化对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响

为探究高铁肌红蛋白(metmyoglobin,MetMb)氧化处理对宰后牦牛肉成熟24 h肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响,以不同浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.5 mmol/L)MetMb氧化体系氧化孵育24 h的牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,以未加氧化剂的肌原纤维蛋白为空白对照,测定不同氧化浓度下肌原纤维蛋白的羰基浓度、巯基浓度、二硫键浓度、表面疏水性、Ca/K-ATPase活性、二聚酪氨酸等指标的变化规律。结果表明,随着MetMb浓度的增加,不同处理组间牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白均表现出不同程度的氧化水平,其中羰基浓度、二硫键浓度、表面疏水性、二聚酪氨酸含量和Ca-ATPase活性均呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),巯基浓度和K-ATPase活性则显著降低(P0.05)。当氧化液浓度增加至0.5 mmol/L时,羰基浓度较空白对照组升高了近4倍,而巯基浓度较空白对照组下降31.5%。综上,MetMb氧化促使肌原纤维蛋白发生了不同程度的氧化,增加了蛋白的氧化程度。本研究结果为牦牛肉生产加工过程中蛋白氧化控制提供了一定的参考。     

宰后成熟过程中羊肉食用品质及蛋白稳定性的变化研究

研究陕北横山羊肉宰后48 h内,不同部位肉块嫩度、持水性等相关指标的变化规律。分别在宰后4、8、12、24、48 h取背最长肌(HQ)和腹部肌肉(LQ),测定了剪切力、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率、肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、肌原纤维蛋白降解聚合情况。随着宰后时间延长,两类肉样剪切力在4~8 h显著增大(p0.05),12 h之后显著减小(p0.05);肉样汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率和肌浆蛋白溶解度均显著增加(p0.05);肉样肌原纤维蛋白溶解度4~12 h显著减小(p0.05)而12 h之后逐渐增加(p0.05)。在宰后过程中,HQ肉样剪切力、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率显著小于LQ肉样(p0.05),肌浆蛋白溶解度显著高于LQ组(p0.05);在宰后12 h内,HQ肉样肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著低于LQ组(p0.05),但20 h之后反超且显著高于LQ组(p0.05)。两类肉样肌原纤维蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳结果与溶解度变化趋势一致。宰后2 d内,横山羊肉的嫩度逐渐趋于嫩化,持水性减弱,稳定性减弱;背最长肌羊肉较低品质肉的嫩度和持水性较优、蛋白稳定性较差。     

苏尼特羊宰后成熟过程中肌原纤维蛋白特性与肉品质的变化分析

以6月龄苏尼特羊股二头肌为材料,测定其宰后成熟过程中(0～3 d)的肉品质、肌原纤维蛋白功能特性和蛋白降解相关指标,旨在探究肌原纤维蛋白对宰后肉品质的影响,并确定苏尼特羊合适的宰后成熟时间.结果表明,4项肉品质指标(pH值、色泽、剪切力和蒸煮损失率)中,pH值、蒸煮损失率和剪切力在成熟2 d时达到最优值,并与成熟3 d...     

大蒜粉对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白体外氧化保护作用的研究

该文研究了大蒜粉中清除DPPH自由基的活性成分,以及不同添加量大蒜粉对处于Fenton体系中牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的保护作用。采用HPLC-DPPH法测定大蒜粉的活性成分,并对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的羰基、巯基、二聚酪氨酸荧光值等理化指标进行测定。结果表明,大蒜粉中共具有8种可清除DPPH自由基的活性成分,其中3种已知成分及含量分别为大蒜素(93.5μg/g)、二烯丙基二硫醚(429.5μg/g)、二烯丙基三硫醚(10 687.5μg/g);在氧化处理组中,添加大蒜粉组的羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸荧光值及表面疏水性显著低于未加大蒜粉组(P<0.05),巯基含量、内源色氨酸荧光显著高于未加大蒜粉组(P<0.05);当大蒜粉的质量分数为0.5%时,牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸荧光值和表面疏水性较低,巯基含量和蛋白质的溶解性较高。研究结果说明大蒜粉对处于Fenton体系中的牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白具有保护作用,且当大蒜粉的质量分数为0.5%时,对肌原纤维蛋白的保护作用较强。     

草鱼冷藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白的变化

通过亚基组成、热力学性质、表面疏水性和Ca2+-ATPase活性的变化分析,评价了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肌原纤维蛋白在冷藏过程中的变化。结果表明:冷藏前期草鱼肌原纤维表面疏水性增加,说明蛋白逐渐变性导致更多的疏水性基团暴露出来,而第6 d后又大幅降低,可能与其部分降解为小分子并聚合有关;而Ca2+-ATPase活性在冷藏前6 d显著下降,进一步说明冷藏前期肌原纤维蛋白变性程度增加;SDS-PAGE分析表明草鱼肌原纤维蛋白的亚基组成变化不大,但其蛋白含量在冷藏过程中呈先增加后下降的趋势,同时部分蛋白条带信号时有时无,也说明冷藏过程中既存在大分子亚基一定程度的降解,也存在小分子亚基聚合的情况;冷藏过程中草鱼肌原纤维蛋白的热力学性质没有明显的变化,表明冷藏对其热稳定性影响不大。     

宰后成熟时间对不同年龄牦牛肉用品质的影响

研究宰后成熟时间对不同年龄牦牛肉用品质（pH值、肉色、肌红蛋白含量、剪切力、失水率、蒸煮损失率）的影响,并分析成熟时间、年龄与肉用品质之间的相关性。结果表明：宰后成熟过程中,不同年龄牦牛肉L*值和b*值随着成熟时间的延长先上升后下降,而a*值先下降后上升;肌红蛋白含量随着成熟时间的延长而降低;pH值在成熟的前3 d发生了显著的变化（P＜0.05）,成熟过程中不同年龄牦牛肉pH值没有显著差异（P＞0.05）;失水率和蒸煮损失率在宰后成熟的第3天时达到最大;成熟3 d后,剪切力值显著降低（P＜0.05）;年龄与牦牛肉用品质指标均呈正相关,而成熟时间与L*值、b*值、失水率、蒸煮损失率呈较强的正相关,与剪切力、肌红蛋白含量呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）;牦牛宰后经过7 d的成熟,可以降低因屠宰年龄不同而产生的差异,同时也可以改善肉的嫩度。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press