Sub-critical water treatment of rice bran to produce valuable materials

The target of this study is application of sub-critical water as a green solvent for hydrolysis of rice bran and extraction of its oil in order to obtain value-added materials. Experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 100 to 360 °C with 5 min residence time in a batch reactor. Four phases were isolated after reaction: hexane-soluble, acetone-soluble, water-soluble, and solid residue phases. Rice bran oil was successfully and efficiently obtained by sub-critical water extraction. Significant increases of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the water phase were also observed, because polysaccharides and proteins (generally bio-macro polymers) in rice bran were hydrolysed by sub-critical water. The highest yields of TOC and TN were 140 and 13 mg/g dry matter, respectively. As a result, varieties of compounds, such as amino acids, organic acids, and water-soluble saccharides, were identified in the water phase. In particular, significant amounts of water-soluble sugars (maximum yield of total sugars was nearly 190 mg/g dry matter) proved that sub-critical water was a promising medium for dissolution of biomass in water. Acetone-soluble contents were attributed to tar, carbonized biomass, and in general, water- and hexane-insoluble compounds. Solid residue consisted of mainly un-reacted rice bran and insoluble inorganic compounds.     

Salmon by-product storage and oil extraction

Oils extracted from wild salmon by-products are excellent sources of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, quality loss is expected if time delays are encountered before oil extraction. The free fatty acid levels (FFA), fatty acid profile and total fat soluble antioxidant activity in extracted oil from aging pink salmon heads and viscera stored at two temperatures (6 and 15 °C) for four days were determined. The FFA values in raw salmon heads and viscera increased with storage time and temperature. A significant difference (p < 0.05) from the starting material was noted at day 1 at both temperatures for FFA. Fatty acid composition data indicated no changes in the levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids with the respective temperature. The concentration of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA ranged from 9.3 to 11.3 g/100 g of crude oil and DHA ranged from 12.3 to 13.1 g/100 g of crude oil. The antioxidant activity of the pink salmon oils at day 0 was 0.89 ± 0.15 μmole Trolox equivalent/g of crude oil. Significant decreases (p < 0.05) from the starting material were noted on day 2 for 15 °C samples and day 3 for 6 °C samples. After four days of storage antioxidant levels (Trolox equivalent/g of crude oil) were approximately 25% of initial values. Oil extracted from raw salmon heads and viscera remained a good source of long chain omega-3 fatty acids even after 4 days of raw material storage at 15 °C; however, fat soluble antioxidant activity was reduced and free fatty acid levels increased with increased raw material storage temperature and time.     

米糠油几种脱酸工艺的比较

采用分光光度法评价米糠毛油和脱酸油的色泽变化,对比研究了碱炼、醇萃取、吸附剂吸附3种脱酸方法的精炼效果.结果表明:高酸值米糠毛油的色泽主要呈现在黄色和红色范围内,色泽与酸值不相关;采用醇萃取能有效脱除米糠毛油中的游离脂肪酸,且能够脱除米糠毛油中部分有色物质;高酸值米糠毛油适宜采用醇萃取脱酸,低酸值米糠毛油可以采用吸附剂吸附脱酸.     

Response surface methodology applied to the analysis of rice bran oil extraction process with ethanol

Vegetable oils can be extracted using ethanol as solvent. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the ethanol performance on the extraction process of rice bran oil. The influence of process variables, solvent hydration and temperature was evaluated using the response surface methodology, aiming to maximise the soluble substances and γ‐oryzanol transfer and minimise the free fatty acids extraction and the liquid content in the underflow solid. It can be noted that oil solubility in ethanol was highly affected by the water content. The free fatty acids extraction is improved by increasing the moisture content in the solvent. Regarding the γ‐oryzanol, it can be observed that its extraction is affected by temperature when low level of water is added to ethanol. On the other hand, the influence of temperature is minimised with high levels of water in the ethanol.     

超临界CO2流体萃取米糠油研究

通过超临界CO2流体萃取米糠油研究,总结萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间和物料水分含量对米糠出油率影响。结果表明,最适宜萃取条件为:萃取压力30 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间80 min、物料水分含量为5％～6％,出油率达14．32％;同时测定超临界CO2流体萃取米糠油中脂肪酸甘油酯组成,得出油酸甘油酯、亚油酸甘油酯和棕榈酸甘油酯占总脂肪酸甘油酯90％以上,其中,油酸甘油酯和亚油酸甘油酯占总脂肪酸甘油酯70％以上;通过超临界CO2法与压榨法比较,超临界CO2流体法萃取米糠油不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,理化指标也优于压榨法,因萃取温度低,防止提取过程中油脂氧化,因此超临界CO2流体萃取是一种较好提取米糠油方法。     

Three phase partitioning for simultaneous extraction of oil,protein and polysaccharide from rice bran

Three phase partitioning (TPP) technique was used to extract oil, protein and polysaccharides simultaneously from rice bran. The fatty acid composition of rice bran oil (RBO) and structure of rice bran protein (RBP) and rice bran polysaccharides (RBPS) were analyzed. Under the optimal conditions of (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentration 28% (w/v), slurry to t-butanol ratio 1:1.1 (v/v), pH 5.10, extraction temperature 40 °C and extraction time 1 h, the highest extraction yields of RBO, RBP and RBPS were 17.28%, 6.81% and 2.09%, respectively. The fatty acid composition of RBO was analyzed by GC, the structure of RBP was analyzed by FTIR and SDS-PAGE, and the structure of RBPS was analyzed by FTIR. The results were similar to those obtained by other methods. Therefore, TPP can be used as an effective technology for simultaneous extraction of oil, protein and polysaccharide from rice bran.     

滴定法滴定稻米油酸值的影响分析

研究了谷维素含量、指示剂种类、游离脂肪酸含量、油脂色泽对稻米油滴定酸值的影响规律。结果表明,当以酚酞为指示剂时,随着谷维素含量的增加,新鲜精炼稻米油和一级精炼大豆油的滴定酸值升高;但是当采用溴百里酚蓝为指示剂时,谷维素含量对两种油脂的滴定酸值无明显影响。游离脂肪酸含量以及油脂色泽对滴定酸值无显著影响。     

功能性米糠油超临界流体萃取工艺的研究

采用超临界流体选择性萃取技术提取功能性米糠油,对影响功能性成分亚油酸提取率的主要因素：萃取压力、温度、时间、物料粒度及夹带剂用量进行研究和分析,利用气相色谱法对萃取物中亚油酸进行定性定量分析。通过正交试验优化萃取工艺条件,当萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度40℃、萃取时间100min、物料粒度0.450mm、乙醇用量8% 时,米糠油提取量为17.53g/100g 米糠,亚油酸提取率为87.24%。米糠油中主要脂肪酸油酸41.52%、亚油酸40.81%。产品风味纯正、色泽橙黄、组织均匀不分层、富含亚油酸,可作为功能性油脂应用。     

Soybean and rice bran oil extraction in a continuous microwave system: From laboratory- to pilot-scale

The performance of a custom-designed, multimode 2450 MHz laboratory-scale, batch type-converted to continuous microwave-assisted extraction (CMAE) system was investigated and the optimization results obtained were used to develop and test a pilot-scale 5 kW, 915 MHz focused cavity CMAE system. Oil was extracted from soy flour and rice bran at various time-temperature combinations with an ethanol: feedstock ratio of 3:1. Both processes were optimized to minimize extraction time while maximizing the quantity of oil extracted. Extraction yields were compared to conventional (CE) and Soxhlet extraction. Yields in the laboratory-scale system for soybean oil were highest at the highest temperature (73 °C) and longest exposure time (21 min), while for rice bran oil, the highest yields were obtained at 73 °C and 17 min. Using the pilot-scale extraction system, greater than 93.0% of total recoverable oil was extracted from both feedstock at all tested flow rates and extraction times, more than the oil recovered by the laboratory-scale unit. Time of extraction and flow rate did not have a significant influence on extraction yield at tested temperatures for the pilot-scale process for soybeans. For rice bran, extraction yield decreased slightly with increasing flow rate (from 0.6 to 1.0 l/min) and extraction time also influenced oil yields. Analysis of oil quality indices (IV, AV, FFA content, wax and phospholipids) extracted by both CMAE processes indicate that the oil meets prescribed biodiesel feedstock quality standards, further justifying use of microwaves as a rapid tool for oil extraction.     

挤压稳定化对不同贮藏时间米糠制备米糠毛油品质的影响

以不同贮藏时间的米糠为原料,研究米糠挤压稳定化处理对米糠毛油品质的影响。结果表明:相比米糠未稳定化制备的米糠毛油,米糠挤压稳定化处理增加米糠毛油的酸值和过氧化值;随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠挤压稳定化处理与未稳定化处理制备米糠毛油酸值和过氧化值相差幅度增加;米糠挤压稳定化处理对米糠毛油的脂肪酸组成影响较小,仅亚麻酸含量显著下降,米糠挤压稳定化处理对米糠毛油碘值和皂化值没有显著影响;米糠挤压稳定化处理显著降低米糠毛油磷脂、水分及挥发物含量,随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠挤压稳定化处理与未稳定化处理制备米糠毛油磷脂含量相差幅度增大;此外,米糠挤压稳定化处理可显著提高米糠毛油谷维素含量。     

超临界CO2流体提取薏仁米糠油及其脂肪酸成分分析

目的确定超临界CO2提取薏仁米糠油的最佳工艺条件,分析其脂肪酸组成成分。方法用超临界CO2提取技术,提取薏仁米加工副产物糠中的油溶性成分;以提取压力、温度、时间和CO2流量4个因素,进行单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳工艺条件。GC/MS分析最佳工艺条件下薏仁米糠油脂肪酸成分。结果超临界CO2技术提取薏仁米糠油的最佳工艺条件为:压力35 MPa、温度50℃、时间4.5 h和CO2流量11 mL/min,最佳工艺条件下薏仁米糠油得率17.29%。薏仁米糠油鉴定19种组分,其中油酸甲酯含量最高为50.70%,亚油酸甲酯及其同分异构体超过35%,总不饱和脂肪酸含量为87.40%。结论利用超临界CO2技术提取薏仁米糠油油溶性成分,实验效果良好,油溶性成分含量较高,具有很强的实用性。     

超声辅助提取小米谷糠油工艺优化

本研究探讨了小米谷糠前处理方式和新鲜程度对小米谷糠油提取率的影响，采用超声波辅助技术，选取最适提取溶剂，通过单因素实验和响应面分析优化小米谷糠油提取工艺，并分析了小米谷糠油脂主要理化性质及其脂肪酸组成。结果表明:选用新鲜小米谷糠，经过温度为121 ℃红外加热15 min处理；选择无水乙醇作为最佳提取溶剂，浸提时间为2 h、料液比为1:6.5 g/mL、浸提温度为56 ℃，在此条件下小米谷糠油提取率为78.57%；各因素对小米谷糠油提取率的影响程度的顺序依次为:料液比>浸提温度>浸提时间；该条件下提取的小米谷糠油酸值、过氧化值均符合《食品安全国家标准 植物油》（GB2716-2018）米糠油的指标；小米谷糠油的脂肪酸主要成分为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸，不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸含量的90.58%，其中亚油酸含量高达72.31%。本研究提出的超声辅助无水乙醇提取小米谷糠油工艺路线是可行的，可为小米谷糠进一步开发利用提供重要的理论支撑。     

米糠油不饱和脂肪酸对HepG2细胞增殖的影响

采用MTT比色法研究米糠油不饱和脂肪酸对HepG2细胞生长的抑制作用。结果表明:米糠油不饱和脂肪酸在一定浓度范围内对肝癌细胞有明显抑制作用,当米糠油和亚麻酸浓度达到0.15 mmol/L、油酸0.2 mmol/L、亚油酸0.08 mmol/L以上时,抑制作用明显。细胞周期检测结果显示米糠油不饱和脂肪酸处理肝癌细胞后G2期细胞含量下降,发生了明显的S期阻滞。光镜观察结果显示,肝癌细胞呈多边形,轮廓清晰,核仁2~5个,细胞增殖旺盛,贴壁牢固,胞间连接紧密;而经米糠油不饱和脂肪酸处理后的肝癌细胞明显收缩变圆,胞体变小,细胞间隙增大,胞核模糊不清,部分细胞出现脱落,核仁外溢,说明米糠油不饱和脂肪酸体外对HepG2有显著的增殖抑制作用。     

超临界CO2流体提取薏仁米糠油及其脂肪酸成分分析

目的确定超临界CO2提取薏仁米糠油的最佳工艺条件,分析其脂肪酸组成成分。方法用超临界CO2提取技术,提取薏仁米加工副产物糠中的油溶性成分;以提取压力、温度、时间和CO2流量4个因素,进行单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳工艺条件。GC／MS分析最佳工艺条件下薏仁米糠油脂肪酸成分。结果超临界CO2技术提取薏仁米糠油的最佳工艺条件为：压力35MPa、温度50℃、时间4．5h和CO2流量11mL／min,最佳工艺条件下薏仁米糠油得率17．29％。薏仁米糠油鉴定19种组分,其中油酸甲酯含量最高为50．70％,亚油酸甲酯及其同分异构体超过35％,总不饱和脂肪酸含量为87．40％。结论利用超临界CO2技术提取薏仁米糠油油溶性成分,实验效果良好,油溶性成分含量较高,具有很强的实用性。     

Effects of parameters on yield for sub-critical R134a extraction of palm oil

Extraction of palm oil from its palm mesocarp using sub-critical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) as an alternative solvent to supercritical CO₂ was studied. The effects of pressure, temperature, flowrate and sample pre-treatment method on extraction yield were examined. Dynamic method was used to determine palm oil solubility at flowrate between 0.5 and 5.0 ml/min. Extraction was performed at pressures between 45 and 100 bar which was lower than those required by CO₂ solvent, and at temperatures between 40° and 80 °C. The results show that extraction yields using R134a increased with pressure and temperature, and that temperature effect (p-value = 0.0000) on palm oil solubility prevailed over that of pressure (p-value = 0.0087). The maximum yield of 66.06 w/w% was obtained at 100 bar and 80 °C which was the best pressure and temperature. Substantial oil yields at relatively lower pressure proved that sub-critical R134a is a viable alternative to CO₂ for extraction of palm oil.     

A continuous countercurrent supercritical fluid deacidification process for phytosterol ester fortification in rice bran oil

This study examines the potential of a continuous countercurrent supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation technique for deacidification of crude rice bran oil. A pilot scale packed column was utilized for the experiments. It was shown that fractionation at low pressure, 138 Bar, and high temperature, 80 °C, effectively removed free fatty acids from crude rice bran oil without any oryzanol loss in the extract fraction. Oryzanol content of the raffinate fraction was three times higher than that of the feed material. Phytosterol fatty acid ester content of the raffinate fraction was also increased during the deacidification process, however the enrichment of these moieties was not as high as that found for oryzanol.     

高酸价米糠油液晶态脱酸工艺的研究

根据粗米糠油精炼和工艺方面的要求,确定温度、循环水量、油脂残留酸价、油脂中谷维素含量变化、液晶层高度、液晶层形成时间为工艺的主要影响因素。根据脂肪酸在一定pH值范围内转化为脂肪酸钠可以形成液晶相的原理,提出高酸价米糠油液晶态脱酸的新型工艺方法。     

稻米油的营养成分、制取工艺及应用研究进展

稻米油不仅富含不饱和脂肪酸,还富含谷维素、植物甾醇等多种脂质伴随物,对人体健康十分有益。随着大健康产业的快速发展,稻米油的提质制取及高值化利用已成为大型油脂加工企业及科研者研究的热点。综述了稻米油中不饱和脂肪酸、谷维素、植物甾醇、角鲨烯、维生素E等营养成分的含量及功能,并对米糠稳定化处理、稻米油制取工艺及稻米油在煎炸食品、乳液递送、生物能源等方面的应用进行了梳理,旨在为稻米油的加工利用提供一定的理论基础及技术指导。     

稻米油在快餐煎炸中的性能研究

本文通过模拟西式快餐门店的煎炸实验,考察了稻米油在快餐煎炸中应用的可行性。通过油脂理化指标、肪酸组成分析及微量成分分析来比较稻米油与棕榈油和大豆油的差异,通过模拟西式快餐门店168℃下煎炸薯条过程中极性物质和酸价的变化,并对薯条进行感官评价,对比稻米油、大豆油与棕榈油的煎炸性能。结果显示:稻米油所含的饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸均介于棕榈油和大豆油之间,并且其含有的维生素E与大豆油接近且明显高于棕榈油;另外稻米油还含有12035.74 mg/kg植物甾醇和4359.17 mg/kg谷维素。在煎炸过程中,稻米油的酸价上升速度远远低于大豆油,接近于棕榈油;尽管其初始极性组分较高,但其极性组分在煎炸后期上升比较平稳,至煎炸终点时其极性组分低于棕榈油和大豆油;同时在煎炸过程中,棕榈油、稻米油、大豆油中的维生素E随煎炸时间的延长明显降低,至第6 d对应的含量分别10.01、8.49与2.11 mg/kg;而稻米油中谷维素和植物甾醇含量也随煎炸时间的延长而减少,但至煎炸终点时,仍有较多的保留,含量分别为1531.98和6618.45 mg/kg。另外,感官评价发现,稻米油炸制的薯条比大豆油、棕榈油更酥脆、风味更好,整体喜好度更高。总之,但稻米油具有良好煎炸性能,其煎炸性能明显优于大豆油,可用作西式快餐煎炸油。     

Ultrasonic acoustic-cavitation as a novel and emerging energy efficient technique for oil extraction from kapok seeds

Ultrasound is one of the emerging and novel techniques in oil extraction process. In this study, the oil was extracted from kapok seed using ultrasonic acoustic cavitation and conventional extraction techniques. The present study results found that Ultrasonic Cavitation-Assisted Extraction (UCAE) produced 92.29% of oil recovery with a shorter extraction time of 10 min compared to solvent extraction (5.7 h) and Soxhlet (8 h). The fatty acid composition of oils revealed that the linoleic acid (33.86%–37.64%), palmitic acid (21.79%–25.42%), and oleic acid (23.39%–25.01%) are predominantly present in oils. The oil obtained from UCAE, contains slightly higher composition of oleic, linoleic, malvalic and sterculic acids compared to other methods. The total energy consumption taking into account all possible utilisation was measured and found that the energy consumption of CUAE method is 80 folds lower than soxhlet and 50 folds lesser than SE.Industrial RelevanceThis research paper provides KSO production with the high quality, shorter time as well as the energy utilised by ultrasound process seems to be better. This research helps to develop a new and economical method of kapok seed oil production.