JZ9-3油田聚驱采出液破乳剂的研制

针对渤海JZ9-3油田聚合物驱原油,研制了高效改性对叔丁基酚醛树脂聚醚破乳剂,该破乳剂由支化聚醚BEC-156与具有芳香核的对叔丁基酚醛树脂聚醚经甲苯二异氰酸酯交联而成。结果表明,针对含聚合物原油乳状液,优选后的改性对叔丁基酚醛树脂聚醚在温度为60℃,用量为200mg/L的条件下,静置60min时的脱水率便可达95.4%,与JZ9-3油田正在使用的破乳剂相比,优势明显。     

Agricultural Waste Conversion to Activated Carbon by Chemical Activation with Phosphoric Acid

Activated carbon is widely used in various processes as an inexpensive and effective adsorbent. The adsorption properties of activated carbon vary with the feed materials used and the method of activation. The use of an inexpensive material and performing a suitable production method may help to generate a low cost product. Agricultural wastes could be considered as suitable raw materials for the production of activated carbon. In this work, activated carbon was produced by chemical activation with phosphoric acid of agricultural wastes such as bagasse, hard shells of apricot stones, almond, walnut and hazelnut shells. The effects of various preparation variables on both yield and quality of the prepared carbon were studied. The results showed that the selection of final activation temperature, heating rate, activation time and impregnation rate of the chemical agent was important in determining the quality of activated carbon obtained. The surface area and ash content of the activated carbon produced were compared to those of imported commercial samples. According to the results obtained, activated carbon from the hard shells of apricot stones have the best adsorption properties and the highest surface area. This activated carbon could be used in the separation of metal ions from wastewaters.     

石油酸催化转化过程的研究

随着原油供应劣质化的日趋严重,加工高酸原油对于改善当前的能源形势具有重要意义。采用自制催化剂、以固定床微型反应器为评价装置,考察了反应温度、空速和催化剂种类对脱酸效果的影响以及不同酸种类的脱酸效果。在各反应温度下,浸镁的ML-16B催化剂的脱酸效果均优于石英砂,且脱酸率随温度的升高而增加,但增加的趋势变弱,而石英砂只有在较高温度时才具有一定的脱酸率,这表明浸镁的催化剂具有较好的催化脱酸效果。随重时空速降低,脱酸率先是快速增加,当空速低于18h-1时,空速对脱酸率的影响很少;比较不同种类催化剂的脱酸效果可以发现,浸镁的催化剂和碱性基质的催化剂具有较好的脱酸效果;比较不同酸种类的脱酸效果,由于催化剂具有一定的孔道结构,且部分活性中心位于催化剂孔道内,而碳链越长,扩散阻力越大,使得脱酸率随碳链的增加而降低。     

含聚合物原油乳化液破乳剂的研究

选用10种破乳剂对大庆油田含聚原油乳化液进行破乳脱水实验,对效果好的3种破乳剂进行复配。结果表明,TA-1031/TEF-16按照1∶1(质量比)进行复配,在温度50℃、加量150 mg/L时,120 min脱水率可达到97.4%,污水含油92 mg/L。     

两亲高分子的乳化与降粘性质研究

以丙烯酰胺与自制的两亲功能单体进行无规共聚,合成了两亲高分子稠油降粘剂(APVR)。通过扫描电镜、光学显微镜和测定接触角等手段对APVR在溶液中的聚集形态及其对原油的乳化性能和降粘性能进行表征和分析。结果表明,APVR乳化稠油的能力优于模拟二元复合驱、普通水解聚丙烯酰胺、模拟注入水3种体系;在浓度为600 mg/L、温度为50℃时,APVR对胜利稠油的降粘率高达96%以上。     

曙光油田超稠油分层化学助排技术研究与应用

针对曙光油田超稠油原油粘度高,采注比低,油层纵向渗透率差异大的矛盾,以措施到层为技术思路,开展分层助排技术研究与应用。将笼统助排改为分层助排,实现油层的精细分层处理,使助排技术更具有针对性、合理性、科学性。通过现场应用表明,该技术有效改善了曙光油田超稠油油藏的开发效果,具有广阔的推广前景。     

中国原油进口影响因素的探讨

为更好地了解我国原油进口形势,促进石油行业稳健发展,我们对影响我国原油进口的主要因素进行探讨。通过举例分析我国进口原油现状,总结得到我国原油进口的主要影响因素如下:国内原油供需关系从根本上影响原油进口数量的变化,我国国家政策是指引原油进口的重要因素,而原油运输与原油进口数量和安全性直接相关,同时,国际原油价格对原油进口的来源,种类和数量有一定影响。     

Characteristics of a NaOH-Activated Blast Furnace Slag Blended with a Fine Particle Silica Waste

Mortars of blast furnace slag blended with a geothermal silica waste at various replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were cured for up to 90 days. The binder was activated by 6 wt% Na₂O equivalent of sodium hydroxide. Lime was added as an activating agent and also to promote pozzolanic reaction with the silica. It was found that the presence of the silica waste increased the reactivity of the cementitious materials, as measured by means of nonevaporable water. The compressive strength was increased in the presence of the silica, except at the highest replacement level of 20%, the optimum silica replacement was that of 5%–10%. The microstructures of blended slag showed less porosity than those of neat slag mortars. The lime was completely consumed after 90 days of hydration.     

四氯化钛在天然生漆膜表面的化学修饰

通过四氯化钛和生漆膜的化学反应,在天然生漆膜表面形成一层修饰层。用红外光谱、X-射线能量色散光谱和扫描电子显微镜等,对该修饰层进行测试表征。结果表明漆膜易与四氯化钛发生化学反应并生成漆酚钛聚合物,反应后金属氧化物含量达10.76%,X-射线能量色散光谱(EDS)分析证明,反应主要在漆膜表面进行。     

模拟乳化体的制备和研究

随着三元复合驱采油技术的大面积推广,三元复合驱采出液的化学破乳作为重要的配套技术也开始成为人们必须关注的问题。在对三元复合驱采出液化学破乳的室内研究中,受工作时间和条件的限制,不可能以不同的采出阶段的油田的实际采出液作为研究客体进行实验。因此,本文考虑以杏1- 4-23和杏2-2-试采出液上层乳化油和下层游离水按一定比例混合后均质制得模拟乳化体。考察了影响模拟乳化体性状的因素,并与实际采出液的性质作对比。     

盘40断块Ng37油藏开发方式的优选

为改善盘40断块N g37的开发效果,针对该块原油粘度大的特点和开发中存在的问题,采用了室内实验的方法进行了开发方式的优选。通过实验、分析,搞清了热水驱和聚合物驱对于该油藏开发效果的影响。     

Improvement of oil flowability by assembly of comb‐type copolymers with paraffin and asphaltene

Comb‐type (maleic acid alkylamides‐co‐α‐octadecene) copolymers (MACs) assemble with long‐chain n‐paraffins and asphaltenes by the hydrophobic alkyl branches and polar groups, respectively, and improve flowability of crude oils upon cooling. Their effects on the crystallization of paraffins from model oils were studied by rheology, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. Upon cooling, MACs change the size and shape of paraffin crystals and reduce the yield stresses of gels generated by precipitated solids. Deposition of wax was significantly suppressed by MAC as observed using a laboratory‐scale deposition apparatus. MACs are more effective than poly(ethylene‐butene) copolymers in improving the flowability of crude oils containing asphaltenes. The interactions between the carboxyl and amide groups of MAC with the polar aromatic asphaltenes appear to stabilize crudes through the steric effects of the long alkyl groups of MAC polymers, thereby reducing the strength of paraffin/asphaltene gels formed on cooling. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

新型聚合物降粘剂稠油降粘效果的研究

以丙烯酰胺与自制的表面活性单体进行无规共聚,合成了5种聚合物降粘剂(ICA),考察了5种ICA对渤海SZ36-1油田稠油的降粘效果。结果表明,具有良好降粘能力的ICA-2降粘剂在混合体系浓度为800 mg/L,接近地层温度60℃时,降粘率高达90%以上,对20~30℃的渤海稠油具有更为明显的降粘效果。     

玉米废弃油脂热裂解制备液体燃油的研究

以玉米废弃油脂为原料,进行热裂解反应并对其产物进行分析,结果表明：液体燃油产率随着裂解温度的升高而升高,当裂解温度为520℃时收率可达81.3%;裂解后含水量和黏度显著降低,含水量由1.8%降至0.5%,运动黏度由88.16 mm²/s降至7.46 mm²/s,热值有所提高,由38.6 MJ/kg升至40.6 MJ/kg,产物酸值由原料的65 mg/g升高到 144 mg/g;通过气质和红外分析表明,裂解后的液体燃油主要含羧酸和烷烃,其中羧酸含量为74%,烃类含量为21%;气相色谱分析表明,裂解产生的气体主要为碳氢化合物、CO₂和CO,可燃气体的总含量为80.78%。同时,结合分析结果,讨论了该热化学转化过程的机理。     

桐油及其衍生物的改性在高分子材料中的应用进展

综述了4种桐油改性方法并且介绍了桐油及其改性衍生物在高分子材料应用中的主要进展.讨论了桐油的Diels-Alder反应、Friedel-Crafts反应、氧化聚合和烯烃自由基聚合改性反应及聚合机理,在此基础上,对桐油的改性方法及其在高分子材料中的应用前景进行了展望.     

Surface modification of superabsorbing hydrogels through a feasible esterification reaction: Toward tunable superabsorbent for hygienic applications

Improved superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were prepared by feasible esterification reactions to prohibit gel blockage and develop swollen gel strength leading to enhanced saline absorbency under load (AUL). Thus, water–dimethylsulfoxide solutions containing benzyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane were used to modify SAP particle surface through tetramethylguanidine-promoted reactions. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to verify the modification. Influence of the modification reaction variables on free swelling (in water and saline), AUL, absorption rate, contact angle, water retention capability, gel blockage prohibition, gel content, and rheological properties were investigated. This modification approach was considered as a good candidate to scale up the production of SAPs for hygienic applications.     

一种耐盐型高吸水性树脂的制备及其性能研究

以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合法,制备了黄原胶(XG)接枝丙烯酰胺(AM)耐盐型高吸水性树脂,采用单因素和正交分析法考察了丙烯酰胺用量、碱用量、聚合温度、交联剂和引发剂用量等因素对树脂性能的影响。实验表明,当m(AM)∶m(XG)=6∶1,m(NaOH)∶m(AM)=1∶1,聚合温度为60℃,m(MBAA)∶m(AM)=0.04∶1,m(APS)∶m(AM)=0.07∶1时,所得树脂对去离子水的吸收倍率可达1 457 g/g,对0.9%NaC l溶液的吸收倍率可达623 g/g,且吸收速率适中,保水性能良好,是一种耐盐型高吸水性树脂。     

针对原油性质变化的常减压先进控制研究与应用

针对原油性质变化对常减压装置操作造成的巨大困难,提出了一种稳定原油性质和引入原油性质参数到软测量和控制模型的先进控制综合解决方案。一方面,对待混炼的多种原油进行调度和掺炼比优化,使实际进入常减压装置进行炼制的调合原油性质相对稳定,装置操作参数变化较小,减少工作点大幅变化过程中所产生的波动。另一方面,针对仍然存在的原油性质小幅度变化,在软测量和预测控制建模中引入反映原油性质的馏程参数,克服原油性质变化所引起的扰动。现场实际装置的应用结果说明了此综合方案的有效性。     

Acid Value,Polar Compounds and Polymers as Determinants of the Efficient Conversion of Waste Frying Oils to Biodiesel

The cost of starting materials for the production of biodiesel is typically 75 % of the final retail price. Oils previously used for frying, waste frying oils (WFO), are a very suitable resource. Repetitive use of oil for frying foods involves high temperature, moisture and aeration for extended periods. The most important deterioration processes triggered by these conditions are hydrolysis and oxidation. In this study, 24 WFO samples of different origins were analyzed and classified as potential starting materials for biodiesel production using three quality parameters representing the main factors that affect the conversion of WFO. These parameters were: acid value, content of polar compounds and content of polymers, which varied in the ranges from 0.2 to 7.6, 14.9 to 43.2 and 0.9 to 15.2 %, respectively. Ester content obtained using conventional transesterification (TE) for WFO conversion decreased with increased levels of WFO deterioration determined by any of the three parameters noted above. TE products obtained had ester content between 81.4 and 95.7 %. Total ester content of a WFO sample with relatively low %AV could be increased to 96.5 % using a two-stage base catalysis TE. Finally, conversion of WFO samples resulted in ester contents of 89.0 and 91.3 %, respectively, when transesterified by conventional TE. After blending up to 10 % with refined oil, the ester content achieved was near 96.5 %. Thus, the blending represents an alternative for obtaining a product with suitable ester content.     

Efficient Conversion of Glycerol into High Value-Added Chemicals by Partial Oxidation

Glycerol can be effectively converted to glyceric acid, a high value-added pharmaceutical raw material, through its partial oxidation over an Au/Al₂O₃ catalyst under strongly basic conditions. The factors important for the highly selective production of glyceric acid were investigated experimentally. It was clarified that NaOH was involved in the glycerol activation step to a glycerol alkoxide intermediate (2, 3-dihydroxypropoxide) in the liquid phase, then glyceric acid was formed by OOH species derived from O₂ on an Au catalyst in the partial oxidation step. We have newly discovered the concerted effect of NaOH and O₂ in different reaction steps.