高吸水树脂的共聚组成与微球性能

采用反相悬浮聚合法,制备了部分中和的丙烯酸(AA)与丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚的球状高吸水树脂。研究了不同单体组成对微球的共聚组成、吸液性能和颗粒形态的影响。结果表明,在碱性水介质中,AM是竟聚率较小的单体,间歇共聚合的共聚物微球的组成是不均一的。微球的吸水能力随AM含量的增大而降低,当AM在共聚单体中质量分数为30%时,树脂对盐水的吸收能力具有协同效应,表明非离子型单体的耐盐性较好。显微镜观察表明,部分中和的聚丙烯酸微球为规整的球形,而共聚物微球则为不规整的球形。     

高吸水树脂的性能测定及在大蒜种植中的应用

以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,环己烷(CYH)为油相,Span 60为分散剂,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,氢氧化钾为中和剂,采用反相悬浮聚合法制备高吸水树脂~([1]),测定其吸水率、保水率,并在在大蒜生长中实际应用,观察其生长情况,测定高度变化。根据高度变化规律分析总结高吸水树脂在农业生产中的最佳使用方法。     

四元共聚高吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

采用反相悬浮聚合法,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,合成了丙烯酸钠/丙烯酰胺/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠/二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵四元共聚高吸水性树脂。探讨了单体组成配比、反应温度、交联剂用量、引发剂用量等共聚反应条件对吸水性能的影响。结果表明在聚丙烯酸系高吸水性树脂的分子链上同时引入适当配比的亲水阳离子基团(季铵阳离子)、磺酸基、酰胺基和羟基能产生良好的协同效应,有效提高了树脂的耐盐性能及吸水性能。所得产品的吸蒸馏水率和吸盐水率分别为810g/g和160g/g,热稳定性好。IR初步表明几种共聚物单体产生了交联,官能团之间产生了较好的协同效应。     

高岭土复合耐盐型高吸水性树脂的合成

以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为原料,通过反相悬浮法制得具有阳离子、阴离子、非离子单体和高岭土复合的耐盐型高吸水树脂。选用环己烷作为油相,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,Span 60为悬浮剂,研究了丙烯酸中和度、高岭土用量、DMC用量、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、反应温度对树脂吸液性能的影响。并用红外光谱和扫描电镜对其结构进行了表征。在最佳工艺条件下,耐盐型吸水树脂对蒸馏水和生理盐水的吸液率分别为1 827 g/g和146 g/g。     

有机蒙脱土/聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)高吸水性纳米复合材料的制备、性能及表征

首先通过阳离子交换反应,用烷基季铵盐十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对钠基蒙脱土进行插层改性,使其成为有机蒙脱土(OMMT);然后通过反相悬浮聚合法使之与丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚,利用单体溶液插层原位聚合的方式制备了高吸水性树脂P(AA-AM/OMMT)的纳米复合材料。通过傅立叶红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射实验(XRD)等手段对其结构进行表征。研究了有机蒙脱土的加入量对材料吸液率影响。结果表明:季铵盐成功插层进入蒙脱土片层,并且AA、AM可顺利进入蒙脱土片层中发生插层聚合,使蒙脱土片层剥离,达到纳米级分散。所制备树脂的吸水速率明显提高,吸液率也有所提高,最大吸水吸盐率分别达到890mL/g和72.5mL/g。     

GG-g-PAA/LOESS复合高吸水性树脂的制备与性能

以瓜尔胶(GG)、丙烯酸(AA)和黄土(LOESS)为原料,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备了瓜尔胶接枝聚丙烯酸/黄土(GG-g-PAA/LOESS)复合高吸水性树脂。采用FTIR和SEM对其结构进行了表征,研究了LOESS的添加量对复合高吸水性树脂的溶胀能力和溶胀动力学的影响,考察了复合高吸水性树脂的保水性能、反复溶胀性以及在不同pH溶液中的吸水性能。结果表明,瓜尔胶、丙烯酸和LOESS发生了接枝共聚,体系中引入LOESS能够显著提高复合高吸水性树脂的吸水性能。当LOESS的质量分数为2%时,该树脂最高吸水倍率可达602 g/g,室温下6 d后,其保水率仍达28%,5次反复溶胀,吸水倍率仍能保持初始时的49%。此外,该复合高吸水性树脂还表现出优异的pH稳定性。     

低成本复合高吸水性树脂的工业化研究

以丙烯酸为单体,凹凸棒黏土为复合组分,2,2-偶氮二异丁基脒二盐酸盐(V50)/过硫酸钾/抗坏血酸为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法,在10 t反应釜内合成了速吸复合高吸水性树脂。结果表明,在w(单体)=42%(即单体质量占加入反应釜中所有物质质量的百分数)、引发温度50℃、w(发泡剂)=0.002%(以单体质量计)和w(交联剂)=0.12%(以单体质量计)的最优反应条件下,复合高吸水性树脂的吸水速率为43 s,2 kPa下吸生理盐水倍率为14.7 g/g。该工艺利用酸碱中和反应热及聚合反应热,可使胶体有效成分质量分数从42%提高到52%,降低了后续工段的蒸气耗量,与传统工艺相比,每生产1 t丙烯酸高吸水树脂总计可降低能耗达164万kJ。     

反相悬浮法合成“核–壳”结构超吸水材料

以反相悬浮法合成聚(丙烯酸/2–丙烯酰胺基–2–甲基丙磺酸),在反应过程中加入油溶性交联剂二甲基丙烯酸甘油酯,利用两相界面设计合成具有"核–壳"结构的超吸水材料,并对产品进行了性能分析。考察了外交联剂加入时间、反应时间及交联剂浓度对产品性能的影响,并对工艺进行了优化。研究结果表明:在最优工艺条件下制备的产品吸湿率为76.4%,在1 600 Pa下可吸收纯水409.2 g/g,吸收3.5%Na Cl溶液36.7 g/g,具有良好的抗压性能。     

Preparation and characterization of water‐swellable natural rubbers

Water‐swellable rubbers were prepared by dispersing the superabsorbent polymer particles, sodium polyacrylate particles, in natural rubber, and their water absorption properties were investigated. Sodium polyacrylate particles were synthesized using the inverse suspension polymerization technique, and their thermal and water absorption properties were characterized. The equilibrium water uptake in sodium polyacrylate particles was strongly dependent on both the salt concentration of aqueous media and crosslinking density of polymer. The dynamic and equilibrium water‐swelling behavior of the prepared rubbers were significantly affected by addition of carbon black, hydrophilic polymer, and coupling agent. Those effects were well explained by microphotographic morphologies obtained using a scanning electron microscope. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 115–121, 2001     

反相悬浮聚合法制备XG-g-PAA高吸水性树脂

采用黄原胶(XG)为基体,丙烯酸(AA)为接枝聚合单体,环己烷为连续相,过硫酸钾为引发剂,利用反相悬浮聚合法合成了XG-g-PAA高吸水性树脂。研究了丙烯酸与黄原胶质量比、引发剂(KPS)用量、交联剂(NMBA)用量、丙烯酸中和度和聚合反应温度等因素对树脂吸水率的影响。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和热重分析仪(TGA)对产物进行了表征。结果表明,丙烯酸与黄原胶发生接枝共聚,在最佳工艺条件下制备的XG-g-PAA高吸水性树脂具有良好的吸水和抗盐性能,高温保水性能提高,对蒸馏水的吸水率为845 g.g-1,对质量分数0.9%的NaCl水溶液的吸水率为96.3 g.g-1,接枝率达126.5%,接枝效率达82.6%。     

反向悬浮聚合法合成腐植酸基复合高吸水性树脂的研究

以腐植酸与丙烯酰胺为原料,采用反向悬浮聚合法制备了一种腐植酸基复合高吸水性树脂聚丙烯酰胺-腐植酸钠(PAM-NaHA),分别研究了交联剂、引发剂用量及聚合温度对树脂吸水率的影响,以及树脂对沙土吸水保水性能的促进作用.结果表明:当n(MBAA)∶n(AM)=0.0005、n(APS)∶n(AM)=0.008、聚合温度为6...     

聚丙烯酸钠/高岭土复合高吸水性树脂的制备、结构与性能

以丙烯酸和高岭土为原料,用反相悬浮聚合法合成了聚丙烯酸钠/高岭土复合高吸水性树脂。研究了加入高岭土的聚丙烯酸钠复合高吸水性树脂合成中反应温度、中和度、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、高岭土添加量等影响树脂吸水性能的主要因素。结果表明,用反相悬浮聚合法合成的复合高吸水性树脂后处理容易,树脂的吸水率达到512g/g,吸盐水率达到81g/g,吸水速度比不加高岭土提高20%,保水能力提高15%,在250℃加热30min仍能保持原吸水率的95%。用IR和TEM研究了复合高吸水性树脂的表面和结构,TEM显示高岭土的加入对树脂颗粒大小和形状有较大的影响,IR初步表明聚丙烯酸与高岭土产生了交联。     

Preparation of superabsorbent based on the graft copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide onto konjac glucomannan and its application in the water retention in soils

A new konjac glucomannan (KGM)-based superabsorbent polymer, KGM-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), was prepared by the free radical grafting solution polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) monomers onto KGM in the presence of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker with potassium persulfate as an initiator. The effects of reaction parameters, including the amount of crosslinking agent and initiator, the weight ratio of both (AA + AM) to KGM and AM to (AA + AM), neutralization degree of AA, bath temperature, and reaction time, on the water absorbency of the superabsorbent were investigated. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the structures of the copolymer. The maximum water absorbency of the optimized product was 650 g/g for distilled water and 70 g/g for a 0.9 wt % aqueous NaCl solution. Furthermore, the water retention of the copolymer in soils was studied. The effect of the copolymers on the aggregate distribution of soils was also evaluated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent composite by using glow discharge electrolysis plasma

A convenient and effective technique for polymerization to produce the poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/montmorillonite superabsorbent composite in aqueous solution was developed, in which the reaction was initiated by the glow discharge electrolysis (GDE) plasma rather than chemical initiators. The resulted superabsorbent has higher water absorbency, for example, 1024 g g⁻¹ for distilled water and 56 g g⁻¹ for 0.9% NaCl solution. To optimize the synthesis conditions, the following parameters were examined in detail: the discharge voltage, discharge time, ratio of acrylic acid to acrylamide, neutralization of acrylic acid, amount of crosslinking agent and montmorillonite added. The superabsorbent composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results indicated that montmorillonite was effectively bonded with polymer. Moreover, the water absorbency, water retention and thermal stability of the superabsorbent composite prepared by GDE were higher than those of the superabsorbent composite by conventional chemical method under the same polymerization conditions.     

Synthesis and properties of acrylic‐based superabsorbent

Acrylic‐based superabsorbent polymers with partial‐neutralized acrylic acid were synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization. The effects of reaction parameters, including the concentration of crosslinking agent and initiator, the neutralization degree of monomer, the monomer concentration, and phase ratio of a system, on the water absorption have been investigated. Furthermore, to improve the properties of salt‐resistance and antielectrolyte for the polymer, acrylamide monomer containing nonionic and hydrophilic groups was introduced into the system, which can suppress the salt effect and homoion effect. The water absorption Q^5/3 is proportional to the reciprocal of ionic strength, 1/S, which follows Flory's elasticity gel theory. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 619–624, 2004     

Swelling equilibria of polymeric hydrogels containing poly(acrylamidesodiumallylsulfonate-acrylic acid)

The superabsorbent poly(AM-SAS-AA)s were synthesized to improve the water absorption capacities in comparison with the poly(AM-SAS) by an aqueous solution polymerization method from acrylamide (AM), sodium allylsulfonate (SAS), and acrylic acid (AA). The reaction conditions were controlled by varying the AA concentrations and fixing other agent concentrations to obtain the optimal superabsorbent poly(AM-SAS-AA). The poly(AM-SAS-AA) showed maximal absorption capacity at 0.3 mol/L among AA concentrations from 0.053mol/L to 0.4 mol/L. The water absorption capacities of poly(AM-SAS-AA)s prepared at the optimal reaction condition were measured within the temperature ranges from 298.15K to 318.15K. Those experimental data were used to describe the effect factors on absorption capacities and swelling equilibria data among those data were correlated with the swelling models to estimate the interchange energy parameters. Each swelling models combined with group contribution models (UNIFAC, ASOG) was introduced to calculate the swelling equilibria of water(1)/poly(AM-SAS-AA)(2) systems. The swelling behaviors could be described by the estimated parameters, and the calculated values agreed well with the experimental data.     

魔芋超强吸水剂的合成及吸液性能研究

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N＇-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法,合成了魔芋粉-丙烯酸（钠）-丙烯酰胺超强吸水剂。采用均匀试验设计法对该合成工艺进行优化,最佳工艺条件为单体总用量（单体/魔芋粉）8.79 g·g-1、引发剂量（引发剂/魔芋粉）4.50%、反应温度66.7℃、交联剂量（交联剂/魔芋粉）1.42%、反应时间2.55 h、丙烯酸中和度81.74%、单体比例51.7%。产物吸水率为751.3 g·g-1,吸盐水率为128.6 g·g-1。     

凹凸棒黏土纯度对复合高吸水性树脂吸水性能的影响

将凹凸棒黏土分级处理后,以不同纯度的凹凸棒黏土为无机组分,过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制备了羧甲基纤维素接枝丙烯酸/凹凸棒黏土复合高吸水性树脂,考察了复合高吸水性树脂的吸水倍率、吸水速率和在不同pH介质中的溶胀性能。红外光谱表明,丙烯酸已接枝到羧甲基纤维素的骨架上,凹凸棒黏土参与了聚合反应。扫描电镜观察表明,凹凸棒黏土在高吸水性树脂中有良好的分散性能,改善了基体表面的多孔结构。研究表明,在相同添加量下,凹凸棒黏土中含有更多的Ca2+和Mg2+离子,有助于改善复合高吸水性树脂的综合性能。     

Studies on Permeation,Rejection, and Transport of Aqueous Poly(ethylene Glycol) Solutions using Ultrafiltration Membranes

Abstract

The permeate flux and retention of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG) with different molecular weights ranging from 4000 to 35,000 Da have been investigated using various compositions such as 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 wt% of cellulose acetate (CA)/sulfonated poly(etheretherketone) (SPEEK) ultrafiltration blend membranes. The factors affecting the rejection rate and permeate flux such as molecular weight of PEGs, concentration of the solute, composition of the membranes, and transmembrane pressures have been studied. It is seen that the increase in the concentration of PEG results in the decreased permeate flux and increased rejection for increasing CA content in the membranes. A similar observation in the flux and rejection was made for increasing the molecular weight of PEGs. Further, the mass transfer, diffusion, and true retention coefficients of the solute have been studied with different operating variables like molecular weight and concentration of PEGs. An increase in the molecular weight of PEGs results in the decrease of mass transfer and diffusion coefficients and increase of the true retention coefficient. A reverse trend is observed with increasing concentrations of PEG.     

CMC-g-PAA/APT/HA复合高吸水性树脂的制备与溶胀性能

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为基质,丙烯酸(AA)为单体,凹凸棒黏土(APT)和腐植酸(HA)为复合组分,采用水溶液聚合法制备了羧甲基纤维素接枝聚丙烯酸/凹凸棒黏土/腐植酸(CMC-g-PAA/APT/HA)环境友好复合高吸水性树脂,用红外光谱(FTIR)进行了结构表征。考查了APT和HA含量对树脂吸水倍率和吸水速率的影响,研究了树脂在不同pH溶液中的溶胀行为以及反复吸水性能。试验结果表明,APT和HA通过其表面的活性基团参与了接枝共聚反应,在体系中引入HA和APT能够显著提高复合高吸水性树脂的吸水能力。在HA含量为5%(质量分数),APT含量为30%(质量分数)时,树脂可达到最优吸蒸馏水倍率为582g/g。该复合高吸水性树脂在pH值在4～11范围内时具有较高的吸水性能,表现出优异的pH稳定性。经过5次反复溶胀后,该复合吸水树脂仍能达到424g/g的吸水倍率,较不含APT和HA样品提高了近44%。