The experimental results and simulation of temperature dependence of brittle‐ductile transition in PVC/CPE blends and PVC/CPE/nano‐CaCO3 composites

The effect of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) content and test temperature on the notched Izod impact strength and brittle‐ductile transition behaviors for polyvinylchloride (PVC)/CPE blends and PVC/CPE/nano‐CaCO₃ ternary composites is studied. The CPE content and the test temperature regions are from 0–50 phr and 243–363 K, respectively. It is found that the optimum nano‐CaCO₃ content is 15 phr for PVC/CPE/nano‐CaCO₃ ternary composites. For both PVC/CPE blends and PVC/CPE/nano‐CaCO₃ ternary composites, the impact strength is improved remarkably when the CPE content or test temperature is higher than the critical value, that is, brittle‐ductile transition content (C_BD) or brittle‐ductile transition temperature (T_BD). The T_BD is closely related to the CPE content, the higher the CPE content, the lower the T_BD. The temperature dependence of impact strength for PVC/CPE blends and PVC/CPE/nano‐CaCO₃ ternary composites can be well simulated with a logistic fitting model, and the simulation results can be illustrated with the percolation model proposed by Wu and Jiang. DMA results reveal that both PVC and CPE can affect the T_BD of PVC/CPE blends and PVC/CPE/nano‐CaCO₃ composites. When the CPE content is enough (20 phr), the CPE is more important than PVC for determining the T_BD of PVC/CPE blends and PVC/CPE/nano‐CaCO₃ composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations reveal that the impact fractured mechanism can change from brittle to ductile with increasing test temperature for these PVC systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Compatibilizers for recycling of the plastic mixture wastes. II. The effect of a compatibilizer for binary blends on the properties of ternary blends

In this article, we discuss the effect of a compatibilizer for binary blends on the properties of ternary blends composed of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), or polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) virgin polymers with a simulated waste plastics fraction. Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR), and their 1/1 (w/w) mixture were tested as compatibilizers for the HDPE/PP/PVC ternary blend. CPE, styrene‐ethylene‐propylene block copolymer (SEP), or their 1/1 (w/w) mixture were tested as compatibilizers for the HDPE/PS/PVC ternary blend. The composition of the ternary blends were fixed at 8/1/1 by weight ratio. The amount of the compatibilizer was 3 phr. Rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties were measured. For the 8/1/1 HDPE/PP/PVC ternary blends, the tensile strength was slightly decreased, but the impact strength was significantly increased by adding EPR, CPE, or their mixture. EPR exhibited the most significant impact modification effect for the ternary blends. In a similar way, for 8/1/1 HDPE/PS/PVC ternary blends, on adding SEP, CPE, or their mixture, the tensile strength was slightly decreased, but the impact strength was noticeably increased. It was found that the SEP worked much better as an impact modifier for the ternary blends than CPE or the SEP/CPE mixture did. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1048–1053, 2000     

Relation between the microstructure and the dynamical mechanical properties of rigid PVC modified by chlorinated polyethylene

Dynamic mechanical properties of biphasic PVC/CPE polymer blends of different micromorphology were studied. It was revealed that a considerable interaction existed between the polymers involved in the high-impact polymer blends. It was established that the most favorable cold impact strength of the high-impact PVC/CPE alloy was obtained when a structure of mixed morphology had been formed in the course of processing. As indicated by the DMA spectra, more marked plasticizing effect of CPE appeared at a lower thickness of CPE layer among the primary globules, i.e., at a higher extent of wetting the PVC globules by CPE molecules. This phenomenon is manifested by splitting the β-relaxation transition of PVC.     

Toughening modification of poly(vinyl chloride)/ α‐methylstyrene‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer blends via adding chlorinated polyethylene

In this study, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/α‐methylstyrene‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (AMS‐ABS) (70/30)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) ternary blends was prepared. With the addition of CPE, it did not exert a negative influence in both the glass transition temperature and heat distortion temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that addition of CPE did not play a negative role in the thermal stability. With regard to mechanical properties, high toughness was observed combined with the decrease in tensile strength and flexural strength. With the addition of 15 phr CPE, the impact strength increased by about 21.0 times and 8.5 times in comparison with pure PVC and PVC/AMS‐ABS (70/30) blends, respectively. The morphology correlated well with the impact strength. It was also suggested from the morphology that shear yielding was the major toughening mechanisms for the ternary blends. And there existed a change in the fibril structures that are observed in scanning electron microphotographs. Our present study shows that combination of AMS‐ABS and CPE improves the toughness without sacrificing the heat resistance, and the value of notched impact strength can be enhanced to the same level of super‐tough nylon. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:378–385, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

PVC/MPOE/无机填料体系性能的研究

采用两步法制备了“核（刚性无机填料）-壳（热塑性弹性体）”结构的粒子，初步研究了PVC／MPOE（改性POE）／无机填料复合体系的力学性能。结果表明，当填充母料中滑石粉或碳酸钙的质量分数为70％时，PVC／MPOE／无机填料体系综合性能最好；CPE增加了PVC和MPOE的相容性，当其用量为11phr时．复合体系的冲击强度增加4．2倍，拉伸强度比PVC／POE体系增加2倍；流动改性剂改善了填充母料的加工性能，当其质量分数为2％时．填充母料的扭矩比不加流动改性剂的降低了25％，PVC／MPOE／无机填料复合体系的力学性能最佳。两步法比一步法改性的复合体系的冲击强度增加60％左右，而拉伸强度降低了10％。     

Styrene-co-acrylonitrile resin modifications of PVC/CPE blends

The effects of styrene-co-acrylonitrile resin (AS) on the mechanical properties, morphology, and plasticizing and rheological behaviors of poly(vinyl chloride)/chlorinated polyethylene(PVC/CPE) blends are studied. The results show that the impact strength and the tensile strength are all increased and the plasticizing and rheological behaviors are also improved when a certain amount of AS is added into PVC/CPE blends, which are different in characteristics and regularity from plastics toughened with elastomers. It is blends of brittle—ductile transition regions (i.e., PVC/CPE = 100/10, 100/15) that can obviously be toughened by AS. The analysis of the morphological structure shows that AS promotes the formation of a CPE network that embeds the primary particles of PVC. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1455–1460, 1997     

Properties and morphology of poly(vinyl chloride) blends with solid‐state‐chlorinated polyethylene

Correlations of the stress‐strain behavior and impact strength of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends with different amounts and chlorine contents of solid‐state‐chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) were studied. The relationships between the morphology and properties of the PVC/CPE blends also were investigated. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis and transmission electron microscopy showed that PVC/CPE blends are partially compatible systems and that a certain interaction exists between the two phases. When the amount of CPE (chlorine content, 36–42%) was 7–15 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of resin), an essentially perfect CPE network was formed, and the blends showed better impact resistance. A Brabender Plasticorder study revealed that CPE can promote the plasticity of PVC and improve its processability. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

不同原料制备的CPE性能及对PVC/CPE体系的影响

采用不同原料制备了性能各异的增韧改性剂CPE,研究了它们对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,不同牌号的HDPE对制得的CPE的性能、PVC/CaCO3/CPE混料的塑化时间以及PVC/CaCO3/CPE复合材料的冲击强度都具有明显的影响。     

CPE与ACR或MBS协同增韧硬质PVC研究

本文研究了ＰＶＣ／ＣＰＥ／ＡＣＲ或ＭＢＳ共混物的力学性能与增韧剂组成比、加工条件和相形态之间的关系。实验结果表明,适宜组成比和加工条件下,ＣＰＥ与ＡＣＲ或ＭＢＳ对硬质ＰＶＣ有协同增韧作用,共混物形态结构以增韧剂呈精细网－岛相分散为特征。     

Studies on mechanical and rheological properties of poly(vinyl chloride) modified with elastomers and rigid organic particles

Chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) as rigid organic particles and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) as elastomer were used to modify the properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by melt blending. Both mechanical and rheological properties of the PVC blends were investigated. The submicroscopic morphology of the blends was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results demonstrate that when the weight ratio of CPE to CPP is about 6 : 1, a sample with the best impact strength and without obvious decline in tensile strength can be obtained. The impact strength correlates well with SEM morphologies, and TEM micrographs in the necking of the tensile specimen indicate that a cold‐drawing deformation of rigid particles happens as reported by T. Kurauchi and T. Ohta (J Mater Sci 1984, 19, 1699). Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that CPP particles acting similar to elastic particles can toughen PVC, and the cold‐drawing deformation is the primary reason for toughening the PVC blends. In addition, the addition of CPP can promote the processibility of PVC ternary blends. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2478–2483, 2003     

Effects of core‐shell acrylate particles on impact properties of chlorinated polyethylene/polyvinyl chloride blends

The impact properties of core‐shell acrylate (CS‐ACR)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends under different temperatures were investigated. The fracture surface morphologies of the blends were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that there exists significant synergistic effect between CS‐ACR particles and CPE in toughening PVC, and the impact properties of the blends generally correlate well with SEM morphologies. Besides, with increasing CS‐ACR content, ductile–brittle transition point of the ternary blends remarkably shifts to a lower temperature. Dynamic mechanical analysis exhibited that intensity and area of low‐temperature tan δ peaks of the CPE/PVC blends increase obviously after the addition of CS‐ACR particles, which to some extent are just in line with the changes in impact strength and ductile–brittle transition point of the blends. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

A study on poly(vinyl chloride) blends with chlorinated polyethylene and polyethylene

By means of a twin-roll masticator and Brabender rheometer, the effect of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and polyethylene (PE) on the impact strength and processability of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was studied. The experimental results show that CPE can promote the plasticity of PVC and the effect increases with the amount of CPE. Addition of a small amount of PE in PVC/CPE (100/12) makes an impressive improvement in the impact strength of the mixture. The impact strength of PVC/CPE/PE (100/ 12/2.5) at 20°C is 30.0 kJ/m² higher than that of PVC/CPE (100/12). The dynamic viscoelastic spectra, tensile strength, and elongation test reveal that CPE is incompatible with PVC but may act as a compatibilizer for PVC/PE. The disperse state of the polyblend was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); it was found that the mixing sequence has an influence on the impact strength of the blend.     

CPE对纳米CaCO3增韧PVC复合材料界面和性能的影响

研究了CaCO3/CPE(氯化聚乙烯)/PVC(聚氯乙烯)纳米复合材料的结构和性能,探讨了CPE对纳米CaCO3/PVC复合材料界面作用和力学性能的影响. SEM结果显示,引入CPE可明显改善纳米CaCO3颗粒在PVC基体中的分散性和相容性,提高其界面作用. 引入界面作用参数定量表征纳米CaCO3颗粒与基体之间的界面结合作用,证实随着CPE加入量的增大,基体和颗粒之间的界面作用逐渐增大. 力学性能研究表明,相对于仅用纳米CaCO3增韧PVC,在CPE加入量为PVC的0~8%(w)范围内,用CPE和纳米CaCO3协同增韧可以更好地提高复合材料的冲击强度. 复合材料的冲击强度在CaCO3/CPE/PVC质量比为25/8/100时达到纯PVC的5.6倍,是纳米CaCO3/PVC(25/100)体系的2倍.     

Properties of PVC/CPE/EPDM polyblends

A series of tricomponent blends of poly(vinyl chloride)/chlorinated polyethylene/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (PVC/CPE/EPDM) were prepared and studied. CPE was used not only to improve the room temperature impact resistance of PVC but also as a polymer compatibilizer; while EPDM was used to enhance the impact resistance of PVC especially in low temperature range. Our data showed that the improvements of PVCs impact strength were significant either at room temperature or at low temperature (-12°C), however, a loss of the yield tensile strength was observed. On the basis of morphology, an impact-toughening mechanism of the tricomponent blend was proposed.     

固相法氯化聚乙烯与聚氯乙烯共混物的形态与性能

研究了聚氯乙烯(PVC)与固相法氯化聚乙烯(CPE)共混物的应力-应变行为和冲击强度对CPE用量和氯含量的依赖关系,考察了共混物形态与性能的关系。动态力学性能和透射电子显微镜的研究结果表明,PVC/CPE为部分相容体系,两相间存在着一定的相互作用,当CPE氯含量为36％～42％,用量为7～15份时,CPE在PVC/CPE共混物中形成比较完整的网络结构、共混物具有更好的抗冲击性能。Brabender流变仪研究表明,CPE能促进PVC的塑化,共混物的加工性优于纯PVC。     

聚醚钛酸酯合成及其对聚烯烃/CaCO_3力学性能影响

将一定比例聚醚和异辛醇相混合,采用传统的Moor等反应方法制得了具有不同相对分子质量的聚醚基异辛基焦磷酸酯,再与钛酸异丙酯反应,获得异丙基三(聚醚基异辛基焦磷酰氧基)钛酸酯。经此偶联剂处理的CaCO3对于HDPE/CaCO3和PP/POE/CaCO3材料具有明显增韧、增强作用。对PVC/CPE/DOP/CaCO3材料也具有明显改善韧性的作用。经SEM测定表明,经此偶联剂处理的CaCO3与聚合物基体间的界面较模糊。偶联剂中聚醚取代基的相对分子质量和合成原料中聚醚与异辛醇的比例对材料增韧效果具有重要影响。     

Thermally stimulated discharge current (TSD) study on PVC-CPE blends

Summary Chlorinated polyethylene is a commonly used impact modifier for PVC. Because the PVC and CPE are not compatible, the structure, and therefore the properties of their blends strongly depend on processing conditions.It has been found that the TSD spectra show the structural changes in the PVC-CPE blend well and allow the processes at the phase boundaries to be ascertained. The impact strength values of tested samples can be related to TSD results.     

核壳结构PMMA纳米微球增韧R-PVC/CPE

研究了核壳结构聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）纳米微球对硬质聚氯乙烯/氯化聚乙烯（R-PVC/CPE）体系的增韧和增强作用及其对加工流变性的影响。研究发现，核壳结构PMMA纳米微球与R-PVC/CPE基体在适当配比下共混，在显著提高基体的冲击强度的同时，拉伸强度、伸长率和加工流变性也有改善。     

Effect of poly(vinyl chloride)/chlorinated polyethylene blend composition on thermal stability

Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with different ratios of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) were degradated by the thermogravimetric method under dynamic conditions (50–600°C) in an inert atmosphere. The effect of the miscibility and composition of the PVC/CPE blends on the thermal stability were investigated. DSC curves of the blends show neither a shift of the PVC glass transition temperature nor a shift of the CPE melting temperature, which means that these blends are heterogeneous. The characteristics of the TG curves were determined, some of which (T_1%,T_5%, Δm₁) can be used as indicators of the thermal stability of the blend. The apparent activation energy of PVC dehydrochlorination in the blends was also calculated. Comparison of the experimental TG curves and TG curves predicted by the additivity rule indicates the existence of the components' interaction in the PVC/CPE blends. The addition of CPE improves the thermal stability of PVC for all the investigated blends in the temperature range where α_calc is greater than α_exp. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 166–172, 2000     

A study on poly(vinyl chloride) blends with chlorinated polyethylene and acrylic resin

The compatibility, morphology, fusion behavior, and mechanical properties of blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), acrylic resin (ACR), and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) (100/0–30/0–20) were studied. The experimental results show that the compatibility of the polyblend increases with the amount of ACR added. The blends composed of PVC/ACR/CPE (100/3–25/10–15) are fairly compatible. So far as impact strength is concerned, partially compatible blends are preferred.