树突状细胞疫苗与宫颈癌细胞免疫治疗的新进展

宫颈癌是妇科最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率在女性恶性肿瘤中居第2位。树突状细胞(DC)是机体免疫应答的始动者,以DC为基础的抗肿瘤免疫治疗已成为热点。本文就树突状细胞的抗肿瘤机制及其在宫颈癌免疫治疗中的应用作一综述。     

树突状细胞疫苗的研究进展

树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）是一类强大的抗原提呈细胞,也是适应性免疫应答的关键步骤,对于诱导T、B细胞介导的细胞免疫和体液免疫是必需的。由于其特殊的免疫学功能,在DC疫苗的研究中备受关注。目前已有一种基于DC的疫苗Sipuleucel-T获批上市,还有多项DC疫苗正在临床试验阶段。本文对DC的生物学特征和功能、DC疫苗的类型以及DC疫苗面临的挑战和前景作一综述。     

6Ckine修饰的树突状细胞促进T淋巴细胞增殖和分化的作用

目的研究次级淋巴组织趋化因子(6Ckine)修饰的树突状细胞(DC)对T淋巴细胞增殖和分化的影响。方法用携带人6Ckine基因的重组复制缺陷型腺病毒(Ad-6Ckine)感染人外周血单个核细胞来源的DC,检测Ad-6Ckine-DC对6Ckine的表达及细胞因子分泌的影响,并观察其吞噬功能和表型的变化及对自身T淋巴细胞的趋化作用。用结肠癌LoVo细胞抗原致敏Ad-6Ckine-DC,将该DC与自身T淋巴细胞共同培养,分别用3H掺入法、RT-PCR和ELISA检测Ad-6Ckine-DC对T淋巴细胞增殖和分化的影响。结果在Ad-6Ckine转染后24h内,DC的吞噬功能几乎不受影响。转染的6Ckine基因能在DC中表达,表达的6Ckine能促进其表达CD83和CCR7,上调RANTES的表达。Ad-6Ckine-DC对自身T淋巴细胞有明显的趋化作用,抗原致敏的Ad-6Ckine-DC能显著促进T淋巴细胞的增殖,并增强其表达T-bet和IL-2的能力。结论6Ckine基因的修饰能在一定程度上促进DC的成熟,并募集T淋巴细胞于DC周围,有利于DC向T淋巴细胞传递抗原和第二信息,增强DC促进T淋巴细胞增殖的作用并使其向Th1分化,诱导细胞免疫,将成为制备肿瘤疫苗的一种良好选择。     

黄芪多糖对胃癌细胞上清液中培养的树突状细胞分化成熟及功能的影响

目的探讨黄芪多糖对胃癌细胞SCG-7901上清液中培养的树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DC)分化成熟及功能的影响,分析黄芪多糖抗癌的作用机制。方法将人外周血分离的单核细胞加入含重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGMCSF)和重组人白细胞介素的培养液中,随机分为空白组(以RPMI1640培养液培养)、干预组(以黄芪多糖干预后的胃癌细胞上清液培养)、对照组(以胃癌细胞上清液培养)。混合培养48h后,显微镜下观察DC成熟过程中的形态学变化,流式细胞术检测DC的表型(CD40、CD80),混合同种淋巴细胞增殖反应(Mixed lymphocyte reaction,MLR)检测DC的增殖效应。结果与对照组比较,空白组和干预组DC的CD40和CD80的表达均明显增加(P<0.05),刺激同种淋巴细胞增殖效应明显增强(P<0.05);干预组DC CD40和CD80的表达阳性率及刺激同种淋巴细胞增殖效应均明显低于空白组(P<0.05)。结论在体外,黄芪多糖可有效对抗胃癌细胞上清液引起的对DC分化成熟和功能的抑制。     

组织定居T细胞的免疫学特征研究进展

传统观点认为:淋巴细胞通过淋巴组织和非淋巴组织的循环实现机体免疫调节和防御功能.近年来发现了一群长期定居于外周组织的淋巴细胞群,它们不参与血液循环,无需抗原提成、细胞激活就可以发生快速的免疫应答.本文根据现有研究对组织定居T细胞作一综述,并讨论其生物学特征和免疫功能.     

重组Toll样受体7真核表达质粒的构建及其对髓样树突状细胞免疫功能的影响

目的构建重组Toll样受体7(Toll-ike receptor 7,TLR7)真核表达质粒,并分析其对髓样树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)免疫功能的影响。方法用C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞制备原代DC,提取DC总RNA,以其逆转录合成的c DNA为模板扩增TLR7基因,克隆至载体pc DNA3.1(+)中,构建真核表达质粒pc DNA3.1-TLR7。经脂质体Lipofectamine2000将真核表达质粒转染至小鼠DC,经G418筛选阳性克隆。分别采用Real-time PCR及Western blot法检测转染细胞中TLR7基因m RNA转录及蛋白的表达水平;同时采用流式细胞术及细胞因子试剂盒检测转染细胞表面共刺激分子CD80、CD86和MHCⅡ的表达及分泌白细胞介素-6(interleukins-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的水平。结果经PCR及双酶切鉴定证明重组真核表达质粒pc DNA3.1-TLR7构建正确。转染12、24、48及72 h的DC中均可见TLR7基因的转录及蛋白的表达,且48 h时的转录及表达水平最高。转染48 h后,DC表面共刺激因子CD80、CD86和MHCⅡ的表达水平及其分泌IL-6和TNF-α的水平均显著提高(P0.05)。结论成功建立了重组TLR7真核表达质粒,且其可明显提高DC的免疫功能。     

基质金属蛋白酶及其与恶性肿瘤的关系

基质金属蛋白酶(matrixmetal loproteinases,MMPs)是一组结构相近、功能复杂的蛋白水解酶,因其需要Zn2+等金属离子作为辅助因子而得名。MMPs通过参与细胞表面和细胞外基质蛋白的降解或激活过程来调控细胞与细胞之间、细胞与细胞外基质(extracel lular matrix,ECM)之间的相互作用,是正常细胞与肿瘤细胞微环境的重要调节因子。     

金黄色葡萄球菌在动物和人机体中的T细胞应答新进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)是造成医院和社区获得性细菌感染的主要原因。在过去的研究中,抗金葡菌的特异性抗体反应占主导地位。最新的研究正逐渐认识到T细胞不同亚群共同参与由金葡菌所引起的免疫应答,起到保护机体的作用。本文综述了金葡菌在动物和人机体中T细胞应答的最新研究进展。     

辅助性T细胞17与相关疾病发生的研究进展

辅助性T细胞17(T helper cells 17,Th17)是新近发现的一种辅助性T细胞,该类细胞在机体的抗微生物免疫中起非常重要的作用,也与很多自身免疫性疾病的发生有一定的关系,如过敏、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎等。Th17细胞是与Th1及Th2细胞不同的T细胞亚类,可分泌IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-21、IL-22等细胞因子。本文就Th17细胞的基本生物学功能、与感染性疾病及自身免疫性疾病发生的相关性作一综述。     

体外诱导微环境对骨髓间充质干细胞成神经分化的影响及分化后的自发逆转现象

目的体外定向诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)成神经分化,并探讨诱导微环境对其分化的影响及分化后的自发逆转现象。方法体外分离培养大鼠MSCs,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志。采用改良神经元诱导液[Modified neuronal induction media(MNM)]定向诱导MSCs,免疫荧光检测神经细胞表面标志。观察胎牛血清(FBS)浓度、细胞密度、MNM剂量、新鲜与使用过的MNM等不同诱导微环境对MSCs成神经分化的影响。结果 MSCs经MNM诱导后,6h即可见尼氏体,表达神经元特异性表面标志神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、巢蛋白(Nestin)和微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)。随着诱导微环境的改变,MSCs成神经分化率及神经元表面标志表达亦发生改变,且分化后的神经元样细胞可自发逆转。结论 MSCs能够在MNM微环境中定向成神经分化,但诱导微环境的改变可以从量和质两个层面影响MSCs定向分化。     

Review of Dendritic Cells,Their Role in Clinical Immunology,and Distribution in Various Animal Species

Dendritic cells (DCs) are cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of the bone marrow and form a widely distributed cellular system throughout the body. They are the most efficient, potent, and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, inducing and dispersing a primary immune response by the activation of naïve T-cells, and playing an important role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance under homeostatic conditions. Thus, this review has elucidated the general aspects of DCs as well as the current dynamic perspectives and distribution of DCs in humans and in various species of animals that includes mouse, rat, birds, dog, cat, horse, cattle, sheep, pig, and non-human primates. Besides the role that DCs play in immune response, they also play a pathogenic role in many diseases, thus becoming a target in disease prevention and treatment. In addition, its roles in clinical immunology have also been addressed, which include its involvement in transplantation, autoimmune disease, viral infections, cancer, and as a vaccine target. Therefore, based on the current knowledge and understanding of the important roles they play, DCs can be used in the future as a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.     

Different Roles of Dendritic Cells for Chronic Rhinosinusitis Treatment According to Phenotype

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells derived from the bone marrow that play an important role in the association between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The onset and development of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) involve a serious imbalance in immune regulation and mechanical dysfunction caused by an abnormal remodeling process. Recent studies have shown that an increase in DCs in CRS and their function of shaping the nasal mucosal immune response may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CRS. In this review, we discuss DC subsets in mice and humans, as well as the function of DCs in the nasal sinus mucosa. In addition, the mechanism by which DCs can be used as targets for therapeutic intervention for CRS and potential future research directions are also discussed.     

Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell-Based Approaches in Autoimmunity

Dendritic cells (DCs) dictate the outcomes of tissue-specific immune responses. In the context of autoimmune diseases, DCs instruct T cells to respond to antigens (Ags), including self-Ags, leading to organ damage, or to becoming regulatory T cells (Tregs) promoting and perpetuating immune tolerance. DCs can acquire tolerogenic properties in vitro and in vivo in response to several stimuli, a feature that opens the possibility to generate or to target DCs to restore tolerance in autoimmune settings. We present an overview of the different subsets of human DCs and of the regulatory mechanisms associated with tolerogenic (tol)DC functions. We review the role of DCs in the induction of tissue-specific autoimmunity and the current approaches exploiting tolDC-based therapies or targeting DCs in vivo for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Finally, we discuss limitations and propose future investigations for improving the knowledge on tolDCs for future clinical assessment to revert and prevent autoimmunity. The continuous expansion of tolDC research areas will lead to improving the understanding of the role that DCs play in the development and treatment of autoimmunity.     

Significant Roles of Regulatory T Cells and Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Hepatitis B Virus Persistent Infection and Hepatitis B Virus-Related HCCs

The adaptive immune system, including type1 helper T cells (Th1 cells), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and dendritic cells (DCs), plays an important role in the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV). On the other hand, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress the immune reaction in HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Excessive activation of immune suppressive cells could contribute to the persistent infection of HBV and the progression of HCC. The frequency and/or function of Tregs could affect the natural course in chronic hepatitis B patients and the treatment response. In addition to the suppressive function of MDSCs, MDSCs could affect the induction and function of Tregs. Therefore, we should understand in detail the mechanism by which Tregs and MDSCs are induced to control HBV persistent infection and HBV-related HCC. Immune suppressive cells, including Tregs and MDSCs, contribute to the difficulty in inducing an effective immune response for HBV persistent infection and HBV-related HCC. In this review, we focus on the Tregs and MDSCs that could be potential targets for immune therapy of chronic hepatitis B and HBV-related HCC.     

The Kynurenine Pathway—New Linkage between Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmune Endocrinopathies

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is highly regulated in the immune system, where it promotes immunosuppression in response to infection or inflammation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the main enzyme of KP, has a broad spectrum of activity on immune cells regulation, controlling the balance between stimulation and suppression of the immune system at sites of local inflammation, relevant to a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Various autoimmune diseases, among them endocrinopathies, have been identified to date, but despite significant progress in their diagnosis and treatment, they are still associated with significant complications, morbidity, and mortality. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the onset and development of autoimmune disease remain poorly clarified so far. In breaking of tolerance, the cells of the innate immunity provide a decisive microenvironment that regulates immune cells’ differentiation, leading to activation of adaptive immunity. The current review provided a comprehensive presentation of the known role of IDO1 and KP activation in the regulation of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Significant attention has been paid to the immunoregulatory role of IDO1 in the most prevalent, organ-specific autoimmune endocrinopathies—type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune thyroiditis.     

Reduced Dendritic Cells Expressing CD200R1 in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Correlation with Th17 and Regulatory T Cells

Loss of tolerance of the adaptive immune system towards indigenous flora contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Defects in dendritic cell (DC)-mediated innate and adoptive immune responses are conceivable. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the inhibitory molecules CD200R1 and their ligand CD200 on DCs, to clarify the role of the DCs in the pathogenesis of IBD. Thirty-seven pediatric IBD patients (23 with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 14 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) with mean age 13.25 ± 2.9 years were included. Fourteen age-matched healthy pediatric volunteers (five males and nine females) served as a control group (HC). The percentage of CD11c⁺ myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and CD123⁺ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) expressing CD200R1 and CD200 were evaluated in peripheral blood using flow cytometry and were correlated with routine biochemical, serological markers, serum levels of cytokines and with the percentages of circulating regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD4⁺ producing IL-17 (Th17). IBD patients showed a significant decrease in the percentage of pDCs and mDCs expressing CD200R1 compared to that of HC. Patients with UC showed increased expressions of the CD200 molecule on pDCs as compared to HC. DCs expressing CD200R1 were found to be correlated positively with Treg and negatively with TH17 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Our findings suggest that IBD is associated with dysregulation in the CD200R1/CD200 axis and that the decrease in DCs expressing CD200R1 may contribute to the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells and in the pathogenesis of IBD.     

神经干细胞的三维培养及其在神经疾病中应用的研究进展

作为从二维(two-dimensional,2D)培养衍生出的新技术,神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)的三维(threedimensional,3D)培养不仅能够模拟脑内微环境,更好地维持NSCs增殖及分化能力,还能进一步形成脑类器官。3D培养NSCs及脑类器官均可作为有效的体外细胞模型,不仅能模拟神经疾病的发病过程,还可应用于高通量药物筛选;另外,利用NSCs移植及定向分化等特征修复和替代死亡的神经细胞,可延缓或抑制阿尔茨海默症(alzheimer disease,AD)等神经系统疾病。NSCs的3D培养将有助于研究者更好地理解大脑发育过程,以及神经系统疾病特别是神经退行性疾病的发病机制,同时有助于寻找药物靶点和药物开发。由此可见NSCs的3D培养展现出巨大的优势,具有良好的应用前景。本文对NSCs的特性和3D培养方式,及其在神经疾病中应用的最新研究进展作一综述。     

Functional Ambivalence of Dendritic Cells: Tolerogenicity and Immunogenicity

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and inducers of T cell-mediated immunity. Although DCs play a central role in promoting adaptive immune responses against growing tumors, they also establish and maintain peripheral tolerance. DC activity depends on the method of induction and/or the presence of immunosuppressive agents. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) induce immune tolerance by activating CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells and/or by producing cytokines that inhibit T cell activation. These findings suggest that tDCs may be an effective treatment for autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and infertility.     

Immunological Effects of Oenothein B,an Ellagitannin Dimer,on Dendritic Cells

Oenothein B is a unique macrocyclic ellagitannin dimer that has been found in various medicinal plants belonging to Onagraceae, Lythraceae, and Myrtaceae, with diverse biological activities. The immunological effects of tannins in terms of cytokine-release from macrophages and monocytes have been discussed, while the effects on other immunocompetent cells have been the subject of minimal investigation. We evaluated the immunomodulatory effects induced by tannin treatment in human dendritic cells (DCs), which play a critical role in the initial immune response, by measuring the changes in cytokine production, cell differentiation, and cell viability. Oenothein B showed significant down-regulation of the expression of cell surface molecules, CD1a and CD83, suggesting the inhibition of DC differentiation and/or maturation. The suppressive effect on DCs was associated with the induction of apoptosis without the activation of caspase-3/7, 8, and 9, and this was supported by the morphological features indicating significant nuclear condensation. Oenothein B also markedly suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, in a dose-dependent manner. These data may, in part, be able to explain the traditional use of tannin-containing medicinal plants for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.