芹菜叶绿素铁钠与其他补血药物功效的比较研究

目的：探讨芹菜叶绿素铁钠与其他补血剂对大鼠缺铁性贫血的效果。方法：采用低铁饲料建立大鼠缺铁性贫血(IDA)模型,给予叶绿素铁钠、血红素铁、NaFeEDTA和FeSO4,通过测定大鼠血液指标血红蛋白(Hb)含量、红细胞(RBC)数和红细胞压积(HCT),观察补血疗效。结果：在实验30d时,与模型组和FeSO4组相比,叶绿素铁钠组的Hb、RBC、HCT显著增加(P＜0.05);与血红素铁组和NaFeEDTA组相比,差异不显著。结论：芹菜叶绿素铁钠对治疗实验贫血鼠有明显的效果。     

饮食干预护理在婴幼儿缺铁性贫血中的应用

目的：探究婴幼儿缺铁性贫血中应用饮食干预护理的临床价值。方法：于2020年3月—2021年3月山东省青岛市即墨区第二人民医院收治的缺铁性贫血婴幼儿中抽取86例进行本次研究,随机数字表法将患者分组,对照组43例采取常规护理,研究组43例在常规护理基础上应用饮食干预护理,对比两组患儿临床总有效率、血常规水平变化、血清铁含量、总铁结合力及护理满意度。结果：临床总有效率比较,研究组95.35%>对照组79.07%(P<0.05);两组患儿血红蛋白水平、红细胞计数护理前数据对比无统计学差异性(P>0.05),研究组护理后血红蛋白水平(125.83±4.16)g·L^-1、红细胞计数水平(4.22±0.21)×10¹²·L^-1均较对照组(116.49±4.23)g·L^-1、(3.62±0.18)×10¹²·L^-1高(P<0.05);血清铁含量、总铁结合力护理前两组数据对比无统计学差异性(P>0.05),研究组干预后血清铁含量(21.39±2...     

宰前急性淋浴对黄羽肉鸡应激生理生化指标及肉品质的影响

针对华南地区肉鸡屠宰场普遍存在对肉鸡进行宰前急性淋浴处理的现状,研究了宰前急性淋浴对黄羽肉鸡生理生化指标及肉品质的影响。结果表明,急性淋浴组黄羽肉鸡宰后沥血量(45.58±7.96)g,显著小于对照组沥血量(52.64±8.02)g(p0.05);血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)含量(42.84±1.28)ng/L,极显著大于对照组(30.99±0.06)ng/L,血浆皮质酮激素(CORT)含量(35.95±3.31)ng/m L,极显著大于对照组(16.42±1.50)ng/m L(p0.01);宰后45 min鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉中糖原含量、L*值均显著小于对照组(p0.05);宰后24 h鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉乳酸含量均显著小于对照组,且p H、滴水损失率、剪切力值均显著大于对照组(p0.05)。宰前急性淋浴增加了黄羽肉鸡的应激反应,使宰后肉品质降低。     

牛磺酸对大鼠铁利用和抗氧化能力的影响

研究了牛磺酸对缺铁性贫血大鼠和正常大鼠铁利用和抗氧化能力的影响。通过对SD大鼠喂养缺铁饲料,建立缺铁性贫血大鼠模型,再给缺铁性贫血大鼠和正常大鼠灌胃0.5 g/kg牛磺酸共21 d,比较牛磺酸对正常大鼠和缺铁性贫血大鼠铁利用和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,牛磺酸可显著提高缺铁性贫血大鼠血红蛋白含量,提高血清铁和铁蛋白含量,提高肝脏铁含量,降低血清总铁结合力(P<0.05);可提高缺铁性贫血大鼠抗氧化能力,在补铁的同时添加牛磺酸效果更佳。添加牛磺酸对正常大鼠铁利用和抗氧化能力的提高效果不显著(P>0.05)。因此,牛磺酸对缺铁性贫血大鼠铁的利用和抗氧化能力的提高效果优于正常大鼠。     

花生红衣补血口服液改善大鼠缺铁性贫血作用的研究

目的验证花生红衣补血口服液对改善缺铁性贫血的作用效果。方法用低铁饲料饲喂大鼠5周后,建立缺铁性贫血大鼠模型,随机分成低铁对照组和花生红衣补血口服液的低、中、高剂量实验组,观察每组大鼠体重、血红蛋白(Hb)和红细胞游离原卟啉(FEP)含量的变化。结果经花生红衣补血口服液低、中、高剂量灌胃后,实验组大鼠的体重和Hb含量均显著高于低铁对照组(P0.05),FEP含量显著低于低铁对照组(P0.05)。结论花生红衣补血口服液具有改善缺铁性贫血的功能。     

“儿童补血饼”防治缺铁性贫血效果的观察

本研究试以饼干为载体,使饼干中每日为学龄前儿童增加铁元素2mg和6mg,分别在幼儿园观察45~50天,结果是:每日强化铁元素2mg饼干的试验组与对照组在服用前后各项检测指标无统计学意义(P＞0.05):每日强化铁元素6mg饼干试验组在服用前后血红蛋白及红细胞较对照组显著升高,有统计学意义(P＞0.01),本研究认为,对饼干进行铁强化是防治缺铁性贫血的一种实际方法．     

铁强化饼干疗效观察

水灾对119名新入学的大学生进行了缺铁性贫血调查,发现男性贫血检出率(Hb＜12g/dl)为35.56%,女性贫血检出率(Hb＜Hg/dl)为62.12%。对部分贫血患者给予铁强化饼干食用,结果表明Hb较实验前有显著增加(P<0.01)。红细胞游离原卟啉,血清铁蛋白变化不明显(P>0.05)。实验表明铁强化饼干治疗缺铁性贫血疗效较好。缺铁性贫血是体内可利用的铁量不能满足共生理需要而引起的一种营养缺乏病。其发病原因较多,主要是膳食中供给的铁量不足或吸收不良所致;此外铁需要量增加或钩虫病、溃疡病等慢性失血也是缺铁的主要原因。该病发病率高,无论是发展中国家或发达国家均有发生、特别是婴幼儿、儿童、青少年多见。近年来,国内对儿童缺铁性贫血研究报导较多,但对大学生中缺铁性贫血状况研究较少。本文主要是对部分刚进校的大学生进行缺铁性贫血调查,并对贫血者给予。铁强化夹心饼干治疗。     

花生红衣补血口服液改善大鼠缺铁性贫血 作用的研究

随着我国功能性食品行业的进步与发展,改善营养性贫血的产品也日益增多,但是以花生红衣作为原料的补血口服液保健品还尚未见报。本研究的目的是为了验证花生红衣补血口服液对改善缺铁性贫血的作用效果。用低铁饲料饲喂大鼠5周后,建立缺铁性贫血大鼠模型,随机分成低铁对照组和花生红衣补血口服液的低、中、高剂量实验组,观察每组大鼠体重、血红蛋白（Hb）和红细胞游离原卟啉（FEP）含量的变化。实验结果表明：灌胃花生红衣补血口服液低、中、高剂量实验组大鼠的体重和Hb含量均显著高于低铁对照组（P＜0.05）,FEP含量显著低于低铁对照组（P＜0.05）。本实验的结论是：花生红衣补血口服液具有改善缺铁性贫血的功能。     

三种铁营养素添加剂的生物利用率研究

本文叙的目的研究氯化血红素以及乳化铁的抗贫血作用及铁的生物利用率。方法：首先用低铁基础饲料复制大鼠贫血模型，然后用血红素、乳化铁进行血红蛋白恢复试验。随机分成四组：纯净水阴性对照组(A)、氯化血红素组(B)、乳化铁组(C)、硫酸亚铁阳性对照组(D)。各组均喂饲低铁饲料。结果：经过18d的恢复试验，氯化血红素的相对生物利用率较高为136％，乳化铁为123％。结论：氯化血红素、乳化铁可作为防治婴幼儿缺铁性贫血的补充铁源。     

铁强化酱油对学生认知能力的干预效果研究

将受试学生分为正常（NA）组、铁缺乏不贫血（IDNA）组和缺铁性贫血（IDA）组,测定铁强化酱油干预前后学生的铁营养指标和认知能力水平。结果表明,干预后,IDA组血红蛋白Hb、血清铁蛋白SF水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）,IDNA组的SF水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,而NA组的Hb、SF水平无明显变化（P＞0.05）。干预后,IDNA组记忆再认量表分显著增加（P＜0.05）,IDA组的基本认知能力、知觉速度、心算效率和记忆再认能力均显著增加（P＜0.05）,而NA组的各项基本认知能力在干预前后均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。干预后IDA组学生的托尼测试得分增加,但与NA组比较仍有显著差异（P＜0.05）。铁强化酱油干预可以有效改善铁缺乏学生的铁营养状况,对铁缺乏不贫血和缺铁性贫血学生的认知能力也有明显的改善作用。     

School-based iron and folic acid supplementation for adolescent girls: findings from Manica Province, Mozambique

BACKGROUND: The 1997 Demographic and Health Survey in Mozambique shows that 47% of girls 15 to 19 years old living in Manica province (west-central Mozambique) are pregnant or have already had a child. A recent survey also shows that 45% of girls 10 to 18 years old attending school are anemic. Strategies are needed to build iron stores before pregnancy and to control seasonal and chronic iron deficiency and anemia in school-aged girls. OBJECTIVE: To assess the program effectiveness of two school-based weekly iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation regimes (5-month supplementation vs. 8-month supplementation) in girls 10 to 18 years old attending school in Manica province. METHODS: Twelve schools were included in the study. Schools were ordered by descending mean hemoglobin concentration, and assigned alternately to study group 5 (six schools; 5-month supplementation) or study group 8 (six schools; 8-month supplementation). In both study groups, the weekly supplement contained 60 mg of elemental iron and 400 microg of folic acid. All girls received a single dose of mebendazol (500 mg) twice--once at the beginning of the study (T0) and once six months later (T6). Supplementation was implemented and supervised by the teachers of the schools included in the study. Between T0 and T3, girls in study group 8 received IFA supplements weekly whereas girls in study group 5 did not. Between T3 and T8, all girls in both groups received weekly IFA supplements. RESULTS: At T0, mean hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence were comparable in study groups 8 and 5 (125.3 +/- 12.6 g/L vs. 123.8 +/- 12.8 g/L; 28% vs. 29%, respectively). At T3, the mean hemoglobin concentration in study group 8 was significantly higher (126.3 +/- 14.3 g/L vs. 121.5 g/dL +/- 11.9 g/L, p < .001) and the prevalence of anemia was lower (28% vs. 35%, p = .076) than in study group 5. At T8, after an additional 5-month supplementation period in both study groups, mean hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence in study groups 8 and 5 were not significantly different (126.5 +/- 12.6 g/L vs. 124.9 +/- 12.3 g/L; 23% vs. 27%, respectively). CONCLUSION: In Manica Province, school-based weekly IFA supplementation is a feasible and effective intervention to prevent seasonal drops in hemoglobin concentration and increases in anemia prevalence. Short supplementation periods can have an important impact on girls' hematological status. However, the size of girls' hematological response in this study was significantly lower that that observed in studies with similar population groups, initial anemia prevalence, supplement dosing, and/or supplementation regime.     

香菇、黑木耳提取液改善大鼠营养性贫血的 效果评价

目的 考察香菇、黑木耳提取液改善营养性贫血的效果。方法 将SD大鼠以缺铁饲料造成营养性贫血模型, 把大鼠随机分为低铁模型组、香菇提取液灌胃组、黑木耳提取液灌胃组、乳酸亚铁对照组及正常对照组, 比较分析了各组大鼠的体重、摄食量、血红蛋白(Hb)含量、红细胞游离原卟啉(FEP)含量、红细胞压积的变化。结果 实验4周后, 香菇、黑木耳提取液灌胃组大鼠与低铁模型组比较, 体重、摄食量、血红蛋白含量与红细胞压积均显著升高(P<0.05), FEP含量则显著降低(P<0.01); 与乳酸亚铁组比较, 中、高剂量组大鼠血红蛋白含量、红细胞压积明显提高(P<0.05), FEP含量显著降低(P<0.01), 体重、摄食量略有升高; 各提取液灌胃组各项指标均接近正常组。结论 香菇、黑木耳提取液均可明显改善营养性贫血大鼠症状。     

Milk fortified with iron or iron supplementation to improve nutritional status of pregnant women: an intervention trial from rural Vietnam

Anemia is still the major nutritional problem among pregnant women in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to measure hemoglobin status and reduction of underweight in a group of pregnant women who received iron-fortified or nonfortified milk, and another group who received iron supplements (tablets) or placebo. The 44 women in the iron-fortified milk group received 15 mg of iron per day per 400 ml of milk, and 41 women received placebo. The 40 women in the iron supplement group received 60 mg of iron per day, and 43 women received nonfortified milk. During this intervention trial, all women were supervised from the 14th to the 18th week of gestation until delivery. Blood was sampled at 0, 5, 10, and 16 weeks of intervention. After the 16th week of intervention, the changes in hemoglobin (deltaHb) concentrations in both treatment groups (the iron-fortified milk and the iron tablet groups) were not significantly different (deltaHb: -0.5+/-0.9 and -0.3+/-0.9 g/L, respectively), but the changes were significantly greater in the nonfortified milk and placebo groups (deltaHb: -1.2+/-0.9 and -1.1+/-0.8 g/L, respectively; p < .01). The change in transferrin saturation (deltaTS) in the iron-fortified milk group (deltaTS: 3.4+/-12.9%) was greater than that in the placebo and nonfortified milk groups (deltaTS: -10.1+/-9.8% and -11.6+/-10.7 %, respectively) (p < .01). The weight gain of the subjects during intervention did not differ significantly in the fortified and nonfortified milk groups (delta weight: 5.0+/-2.0 and 5.8+/-2.1 kg, respectively), but was higher than in the iron tablet group (delta weight: 4.6+/-3.1 kg; p < .05) and the placebo group (delta weight: 3.8+/-2.5 kg; p < .001). Iron supplementation and fortification were seen to be effective in promoting weight gain in pregnant Vietnamese women. For women who are underweight, the administration of iron-fortified milk has additional benefits to those of supplementation, most likely due to additional energy and nutrient inputs.     

Bioavailability of a Heme-Iron Concentrate Product Added to Chocolate Biscuit Filling in Adolescent Girls Living in a Rural Area of Mexico

ABSTRACT: A heme-iron concentrate product derived from swine hemoglobin was used to enrich the chocolate-flavored filling of biscuits and the bioavailability of this source of heme-iron was assessed in adolescent girls. The placebo control (PC) group consisted of 35 teenagers with the highest baseline hemoglobin concentrations. The supplemented groups were randomized to receive biscuits fortified with iron sulfate (IS, n = 37) or heme-iron concentrate (HIC, n = 40). Both groups were supplemented with 10.3 mg Fe/d for 7 wk. Blood chemistry and hematology analyses were performed at baseline and at the end of the study. The baseline prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <12g/dl) in the entire group was 3.9% and by the end of the study it had fallen to 2.3%. The hemoglobin levels in both supplemented groups increased (P < 0.05) during the study period from 13.6 and 13.5 g/dl for HIC and IS, respectively, at baseline to 14 g/dl at the end of the study. Serum ferritin concentrations decreased by the end of the study in both the PC and IS groups (P < 0.05), but not in the heme group. In conclusion, iron bioavailability from HIC-fortified biscuits was calculated to be 23.7% higher than that observed for IS, as shown by the differences observed in serum ferritin levels during the study. The iron contained in the heme-iron concentrate was well absorbed and tolerated by the adolescents included in the study.     

鸡蛋卵转铁蛋白螯合铁及其对大鼠贫血模型的影响

将从鸡蛋中分离纯化的卵转铁蛋白与FeCl3结合,研究其在不同铁离子浓度、pH值、NaHCO3和温度条件下与铁离子的结合能力。通过色度仪、红外光谱仪、粒径分析仪、扫描电镜等仪器研究冷冻和喷雾干燥对螯合铁卵转铁蛋白理化性质的影响。在0.4 mmol/L FeCl3,120 mmol/L NaHCO3,pH 8.0,温度低于60℃时,卵转铁蛋白铁结合能力为91.5%,结合的铁含量为1.28μg/g。冷冻和喷雾干燥对螯合铁卵转铁蛋白的色度、粒径分布、完全溶解时间存在极显著的差异,而在水分活度和化学键结构方面无明显差异。建立缺铁大鼠模型,考察30 d内卵转铁蛋白对大鼠贫血的改善作用,结果表明:冷冻和喷雾干燥处理的螯合铁卵转铁蛋白对贫血大鼠体重和脏器指数升高有显著作用;对血常规中的红细胞计数、血红蛋白浓度、血细胞压积、红细胞平均体积均有正向促进作用(P<0.01),能够显著增加大鼠血液中血清铁含量,提高血清铁蛋白含量,降低血清总铁结合力(P<0.05),部分指标优于对照组硫酸亚铁。卵转铁蛋白可作为一种生物补铁剂显著改善大鼠的缺铁性贫血状况。     

淫羊藿骨碎补联合骨营养补剂对骨质疏松大鼠的影响

目的:研究淫羊藿骨碎补鹿骨粉联合骨营养补剂对去卵巢所致骨质疏松大鼠的影响。方法:制备去卵巢大鼠,随机分为模型组、阳性药组（1.0 mg/kg·bw戊酸雌二醇片）、中药组（0.17 g/kg·bw淫羊藿骨碎补提取物,0.08 g/kg·bw鹿骨粉）、营养剂组（0.17 g/kg·bw氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐,0.08 g/kg·bw硫酸软骨素,0.17 g/kg·bw碳酸钙）、复方组（0.17 g/kg·bw淫羊藿骨碎补提取物,0.08 g/kg·bw鹿骨粉,0.17 g/kg·bw氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐,0.08 g/kg·bw硫酸软骨素,0.17 g/kg·bw碳酸钙）,另设假手术组。以上各组灌胃体积均为10 mL/kg·bw,1次/d,连续灌胃12周,每周称量体重并按体重调整灌胃量。12周之后测定各组大鼠股骨密度和骨钙含量并进行骨组织病理学检查。结果:淫羊藿骨碎补提取物中的主要功效成分为淫羊藿苷和黄酮类物质,含量分别为0.78%和4.38%。12周之后,与模型组相比,中药组、营养剂组的骨密度和骨钙含量均无显著性差异（P>0.05）,复方组骨密度和骨钙含量均显著高于模型组（P<0.05）。中药组、营养剂组具有减轻骨质疏松的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）,复方组可以增加骨小梁成分,减轻骨小梁稀疏,变细、断裂的程度（P<0.01）。结论:复方组具有增加大鼠骨密度和骨钙含量的作用,可以减轻骨质疏松的程度,增加骨小梁成分,且复方组比单用中药或营养剂效果明显。     

Iron deficiency anemia following prenatal nutrition interventions.

PURPOSE: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy and infancy is still common in developed countries, especially in low-income groups. We examined the prevalence of anemia and IDA in healthy low-income pregnant women participating in the Early Childhood Initiatives (ECI) program, and in their infants when they reached six months of age. METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited by nutritionists. In mothers, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume, and serum ferritin (SF) were measured at 36 +/- 2 weeks of gestation. In infants, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, SF, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured at six months of age. Thirty-one mother-infant pairs participated. RESULTS: Among the 31 pregnant women participating in the ECI program, six (19.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five (16.1%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L and SF <10 microg/L). Among infants, seven of 23 (30.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five of 23 (21.7%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L plus two of the following: TIBC >60 micromol/L, SF <10 microg/L, serum iron <5.3 micromol/L, TS < or = 15%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anemia in this group of low-income pregnant women is comparable to that in privileged women. The prevalence of IDA in infants is comparable to that observed in other high-risk groups. Effective strategies are needed to prevent IDA in vulnerable groups.     

The Role of Diet in Predicting Iron Deficiency Anemia in HIV-Positive Women

Purpose: The association between medical, social, and nutritional factors and iron deficiency anemia was examined in adult women who had tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and were living in the Greater Vancouver Area. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 102 HIV-positive women, aged 19 or older, who were patients of one of three chosen community health clinics in Vancouver, British Columbia. Information on usual dietary intake and other nutrition-related factors was collected with a short diet survey, while medical information and laboratory data were obtained from each participant's medical chart. Results: Of the predictors studied, a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/μL, a regular menstrual pattern, and African ethnicity were associated with an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia. Dietary intake was not independently associated with iron status. Conclusions: Iron deficiency anemia in HIV-positive women has multifactorial and complicated causation, but is strongly associated with poorer immune status and greater menstrual losses. Health disparities in Aboriginal and African women may lead to a higher risk for iron deficiency anemia. Routine screening and ongoing nutrition education are necessary for the prevention and management of iron deficiency anemia. Further research into factors associated with iron deficiency anemia is essential to improve prevention and management efforts.     

天然补铁剂-血红素铁的研究进展

缺铁性贫血是我国人群普遍存在的营养性疾病之一，虽然传统的补铁剂在日常生活中起到一定的治疗效果，但其副作用大、吸收率低，而血红素铁是一种生物态铁，可以直接被肠粘膜细胞吸收，生物利用率高，在国外已作为食品营养强化剂广为使用，本文就血红素铁的特性及研究进展作以综述。     

Effectiveness of intermittent iron treatment of two- to six-year-old Jordanian children with iron-deficiency anemia

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency is a common nutritional problem in young children among vulnerable populations in Jordan. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of intermittent iron supplementation in improving iron status. Such a study has not been carried out in 2- to-6-year-old Jordanian children diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of intermittent versus daily iron treatment in a clinical setting in 2- to 6-year-old Jordanian children with iron-deficiency anemia. METHODS: About 4400 children aged 2 to 6 years who visited Prince Hashim Military Hospital in Zarqa, Jordan, from August 2000 to June 2001 were screened for age, general health, and birthweight. About 10% of these children were screened for anemia, using complete blood count (defined as a hemoglobin level < or = 10.5 g/dL, and a mean corpuscular volume < or =75 ft). Anemic children underwent further screening for iron deficiency, defined as serum ferritin level < or =12 microg/L. Children with iron-deficiency anemia, as indicated by hemoglobin < or = 10.5 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume < or =75 fL, and serum ferritin < or =12 microg/L, or as indicated by mean corpuscular volume < or =75 fL and hemoglobin < or = 10.5 g/dL, were enrolled in the study after informed oral consent by their parents. Study children (n=134) were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Subjects in group 1 (n=45), group 2 (n=45), and group 3 (n=44) received iron treatment daily, weekly, and twice weekly, respectively. Out of 134 children recruited for the study, only 63 (39 boys and 24 girls) completed the 3-month treatment period. All of the children received medicinal iron drops at a dosage of 5 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate per kilogram of body weight. The parents also received nutritional counseling. RESULTS: At the end of treatment, hemoglobin, serum ferritin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased significantly in all groups with no significant differences between groups. The increases in hemoglobin in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 2.47 +/- 0.17, 2.12 +/- 0.18, and 2.18 +/- 0.18 g/dL, respectively. Measurements of final serum ferritin concentration were available for only 12, 12, and 10 children in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In all children who completed the study, except for one in group 1, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and serum ferritin reached normal values in response to iron treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly and twice-weekly iron therapy with 5 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate per kilogram of body weight accompanied by nutritional counseling was as effective as daily iron therapy in correcting iron-deficiency anemia in 2- to 6-year-old children under the clinical conditions of this study.