亲水基团对有机和炭气凝胶孔结构的影响

热固型酚醛树脂、三聚氰胺、间甲酚和甲醛水溶液在碳酸钠催化下,通过溶液-溶胶-凝胶过程合成有机水凝胶,有机水凝胶经溶剂置换、超临界干燥和裂解形成了有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶.在固定酚醛树脂浓度、间甲酚/酚醛树脂、甲醛/三聚氰胺、碳酸钠/酚醛树脂比值,改变三聚氰胺/酚醛树脂比值的条件下,研究了亲水基团对有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶孔结构的影响.结果表明:亲水性的三聚氰胺可增加分子间作用力,有利于凝胶的稳定;但增加三聚氰胺会加大有机气凝胶裂解过程中的质量损失,不利于凝胶的稳定.二种因素协同作用决定着炭气凝胶的孔结构、孔容和比表面.     

蜜胺-酚醛树脂-甲醛基有机气凝胶纳米孔在裂解过程中的稳定性研究

热固型酚醛树脂、蜜胺、间甲酚和甲醛水溶液在碳酸钠催化下,经溶液-溶胶-凝胶过程合成了有机水凝胶,有机水凝胶经溶剂置换和超临界干燥形成了有机气凝胶.研究了裂解条件、固形物浓度、蜜胺/酚醛树脂比和间甲酚/酚醛树脂比对有机气凝胶纳米孔在裂解过程中稳定性的影响.结果表明:在相同的反应物配比下,随裂解温度的升高和时间的延长,气凝胶纳米骨架烧结程度增加,炭气凝胶的中孔分布向小孔方向移动.在酚醛树脂浓度为7.5g/100mL时,有机气凝胶的纳米骨架稳定性好,耐烧结性能好.在蜜胺/酚醛树脂比大或间甲酚/酚醛树脂比小时,有机气凝胶的纳米骨架的稳定性和耐烧结性好.这是由于构成有机气凝胶中孔的纳米骨架稳定性与其连续性及分子间作用力有关.     

氧化前处理对炭气凝胶孔结构的影响

在110℃～170℃范围内对糠醛-酚醛基有机气凝胶进行氧化处理1h～7h,考察了氧化对有机气凝胶热裂解产生的炭气凝胶孔结构的影响.结果表明:氧化可避免有机气凝胶纳米骨架在裂解过程中的塑性阶段发生,有机气凝胶的适度氧化有利于纳米结构的稳定化;由于空气在大、中、微孑L中扩散的差别,氧化前处理对炭气凝胶的大、中、微孔有不同的影响,尤其对接近中孔的大孔影响最大.在所考察的氧化温度和时间内,130℃/7h时或150℃/3h时的适度氧化条件下,可显著提高中孔孔容、中孔比表面和BET比表面.     

超临界石油醚干燥和超临界二氧化碳干燥在制备有机和炭气凝胶中的比较研究

热固性酚醛树脂—羟甲基三聚氰胺经历聚合反应、溶胶—凝胶、超临界干燥和裂解过程生成了有机和炭气凝胶。比较了超临界石油醚干燥(240℃、6．0MPa下1h)和超临界二氧化碳干燥(60℃、10．0MPa下7d)在制备有机和炭气凝胶过程中的作用。结果发现：超临界石油醚干燥时间比超临界二氧化碳的显著短，虽然前者制备的有机气凝胶的BET比表面和中孔孔容比后者小，但前者制备的有机气凝胶在热裂解过程中的热稳定性比后者好，因此，超临界石油醚干燥制备的炭气凝胶的BET比表面和中孔孔容均比超临界二氧化碳的大。超临界石油醚干燥可以替代超临界二氧化碳干燥来制备炭气凝胶。     

有机/无机杂化制备低密度高中孔率炭气凝胶

通过溶胶-凝胶途径,将间苯二酚-甲醛预聚物和二氧化硅溶胶混合,在碱性溶液中制备出有机/无机杂化水凝胶.水凝胶经溶剂置换、超临界干燥、裂解和氢氟酸刻蚀制备得到炭气凝胶.采用氮气吸附法研究了水凝胶向炭气凝胶转化的结构演变规律.固定间苯二酚/甲醛摩尔比为0.5,二氧化硅溶胶浓度为15g/100mL,考察了二氧化硅胶体颗粒的尺寸及间苯二酚和甲醛浓度对炭气凝胶孔隙结构的影响.结果表明:无机二氧化硅溶胶骨架有效减少了有机物在超临界干燥和裂解过程中的体积收缩.中孔率随间苯二酚和甲醛浓度的升高而增加,孔隙率随二氧化硅溶胶粒子的增大而减小.当间苯二酚和甲醛质量分数之和的达到20%时,7nm二氧化硅溶胶体系的密度低达0.22g/cm3,中孔率达到96%,12nm二氧化硅溶胶体系的密度低达0.26g/cm3,中孔率达到98%.     

炭气凝胶及其研究进展

经溶胶－凝胶、超临界干燥和炭化过程制备的炭气凝胶是一种新型轻质纳米级多孔无定形炭素材料，具有许多优异性能和广阔应用前景。本文综述了气凝胶的发展概况，总结了炭气凝胶的制备方法、性能及用途，分析了目前存在的问题和发展前景。     

炭气凝胶结构的形成和控制

炭气凝胶是一种新型的多孔炭材料,具有可调控的独特的孔结构和良好的导电性,可应用于超级电容器、高效吸附材料、催化剂载体等.本文研究了酚醛基炭气凝胶纳米结构的形成过程和控制方法.炭气凝胶的孔结构主要取决于其前驱体--有机气凝胶.有机气凝胶结构源于溶胶-凝胶聚合中的微相分离过程,相分离经历了从成核--生长--亚稳分解的过渡,在成核--生长区停留时间的长短决定了气凝胶的骨架结构和孔结构.微相分离过程受到酚醛团簇的化学结构和溶剂环境的影响,通过调控酚醛团簇的化学结构和溶胶-凝胶聚合的溶剂环境,可以实现有机气凝胶的纳米结构调控,结合干燥和炭化控制,可以实现炭气凝胶结构的有效调控.     

苯酚-间甲酚-糠醛基炭气凝胶的制备及微结构控制

以苯酚、间甲酚和糠醛为原料,在正丙醇溶剂中以盐酸为催化剂经溶胶-凝胶过程合成了醇凝胶,直接超临界正丙醇干燥得到有机气凝胶,在氮气保护下裂解制备出富含中孔的炭气凝胶.用IR、N2吸附、SEM、TEM等表征气凝胶的结构特征,考察了问甲酚苯酚摩尔比对凝胶结构的影响.结果发现:提高间甲酚的含量能够增强聚合物的交联密度,减小聚合物与溶剂的相溶性,缩短相分离时间,有利于得到较小的纳米颗粒和孔径的炭气凝胶.所制得的炭气凝胶平均中孔孔径随间甲酚含量的增加从47 nm逐渐减小至13 nm,BET比表面积和中孔孔容在m-C/P=0.33时达到最大值.     

常压干燥法制备炭气凝胶

炭气凝胶是一种具有交联状结构的新型纳米多孔材料,它是用溶胶－凝胶法和超临界干燥工艺制成的有机气凝胶（RF）经炭化得到的。它具有比表面积大和电导率高等特性,可用作超级电容器和可充电电池理想的电极材料。通过优化传统制备炭气凝胶的工艺,成功地在常压条件下制备出了高RC比（间苯二酚为催化剂的摩尔比）的RF气凝胶和炭气凝胶。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积测试与孔径分布（BET）等方面对其微结构进行了研究。结果表明,常压干燥法制备的炭气凝胶具有纳米网络结构和大比表面积。用常压干燥代替了超临界干燥,大大降低了制备成本,扩展了其应用前景。     

炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的吸附性能

间苯二酚和糠醛的醇溶液在六次甲基四胺催化下经溶胶-凝胶过程合成醇凝胶,常压干燥后得到有机气凝胶,经炭化获得炭气凝胶.利用TEM和N2吸附表征了炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的结构,并通过有机蒸汽吸附实验研究了气凝胶的结构-吸附性能关系.实验结果表明：有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶对极性有机蒸汽的静态饱和吸附量高于对非极性有机蒸汽的静态饱和吸附量;提高热处理温度,有利于气凝胶对低浓度极性有机蒸汽和各种浓度非极性有机蒸汽的吸附,但不利于对高浓度极性有机蒸汽的吸附;随着有机蒸汽浓度的提高,气凝胶对极性有机蒸汽的吸附量明显增大,但对非极性有机蒸汽的吸附量影响不大,仅略微上升.此外,气凝胶的室温脱附率高达60 %～85 %.     

炭二氧化硅复合气凝胶的合成及结构分析

将二氧化硅溶胶和间苯二酚-甲醛溶液混合,经溶胶凝胶反应得到复合湿凝胶. 再经超临界干燥和炭化得到炭-二氧化硅复合气凝胶. 分别用氢氟酸刻蚀和空气烧蚀复合气凝胶中的二氧化硅和炭,得到结构完整的炭气凝胶和二氧化硅气凝胶. 复合湿凝胶经常压干燥、炭化和氢氟酸刻蚀能得到炭干凝胶. 利用透射电镜和低温氮气吸附对上述凝胶的微结构进行了表征. 结果表明：复合气凝胶中,炭和二氧化硅纳米网络各自连续并相互嵌套. 由于二氧化硅纳米网络的支撑作用,复合凝胶在超临界干燥和高温炭化过程中体积收缩减小,网络塌陷降低. 所得炭气凝胶具有高比表面（934m²/g）和高孔容（3.9cm³/g）的特点.     

Porosity of resorcinol-formaldehyde organic and carbon aerogels exchanged and dried with supercritical organic solvents

Organic and carbon aerogels have been prepared from resorcinol-formaldehyde resin diluted with various amounts of water. Water was exchanged by acetone or ethanol, and the gels were subsequently dried with supercritical acetone or with supercritical ethanol. We showed that the nature of the solvent with which water was exchanged only had a minor impact on the porosity of the resultant aerogels. In contrast, the same solvents used as drying fluids in the supercritical state led to significant differences, but only in the case of diluted gels. When the initial dilution was low, similar results were indeed obtained with both solvents. Ethanol was shown to lead to higher shrinkages and higher bulk densities than acetone. A higher chemical degradation of the resin during the drying process was also observed when ethanol was used.     

常压制备玻璃基疏水SiO2气凝胶

以水玻璃为原料,通过三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)和六甲基二硅氧烷(HMDSO)的混合改性剂对制备的水凝胶直接进行表面疏水改性,经乙醇洗涤后可在常压条件下干燥得到疏水SiO2气凝胶,避免了超临界干燥和大量的溶剂交换,大幅度降低了成本,并研究了溶胶pH值对凝胶过程和改性剂组成对气凝胶性质的影响。常压干燥制备的气凝胶密度和比表面积分别在100~160Kg/m3和500~720m2/g范围内。     

二氧化硅气凝胶的小角X光散射研究

以正硅酸乙酯（ＴＥＯＳ）为源，用溶胶－凝胶法经不同的制备条件能得到不同密度，不同结构特性的二氧化硅气凝胶，小角Ｘ光散射实验表明，用一步法，在酸性、中性或碱性条件下制备的气凝胶，均具有分形结构，而用两步法制备的气凝胶不具备分形特性，对样品加热氧化处理能组成气凝胶的胶体颗粒表面光滑化，但不改变其分形结构．     

Drying of silica gels with supercritical carbon dioxide

Results of drying experiments of aerogels with supercritical carbon dioxide are reported. In addition to the results of experiments with a pilot extracting apparatus, a preliminary design is also given of a large-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction plant to be used for drying of aerogels. From the experiments it was found that crack-free aerogels could be obtained when drying with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. The lowest temperature and pressure at which crack-free aerogel samples were obtained was at 35 °C and 85 bar, respectively. The temperature had a minor influence on the drying time. It was also found that the diffusion of ethanol into the aerogel pores limits the drying time. This limitation implies that the thickness of the aerogel tiles will have a large influence on the cost of drying of an aerogel.     

SAXS investigation of silica aerogels derived from teos

Silica aerogels were obtained through a sol-gel process with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) followed by supercritical drying with respect to CO₂. Samples of different densities, different catalyst conditions, and different preparation processes including the common one-step and the special two-step sol-gel processes were investigated via small-angle x-ray scattering. The power-law dependence of the scattered intensity, a characteristic of fractal structures, was observed for all the one-step aerogels. A crossover from the power-law characteristic of fractal structures to surface scattering was also observed. For the aerogels derived from the two-step sol-gel process, no power-law dependence of the scattered intensity was observed, signifying a lack of fractal structure. Oxidation of the samples smoothed the particle surfaces but did not influence the aerogel structures. The monolithic xerogel was found to consist of spherical particles with size of about 10 nm.     

Structure and thermal evolution of mullite aerogels

Gels with mullite composition have been prepared from pseudo-boehmite sol and tetramethoxysilane. They are then converted to aerogels using methanol or CO₂ supercritical drying. The structure of the aerogels depends on the nature of the solvent used to perform the hypercritical solvent evacuation. Infrared spectroscopy shows that an esterification reaction occurs during the methanol supercritical drying. The samples prepared by CO₂ supercritical drying retain some isoamylacetate, which is used to exchange solvent. Small angle neutron scattering experiments lead to the conclusion that aerogels prepared with either supercritical drying technique are constituted by primary particles of equal size, and are characterized by the same volume fractal dimension. The thermal evolution of a monolithic methanol evacuated sample leads to cracks free ceramic having an apparent density of 1.1 and which does not evolve when heat treated below 1200 C.     

超临界CO2流体干燥合成ZrO2气凝胶及其表征

以无机盐为原料,采用沉淀法结合超临界CO2流体干燥技术成功地制备了ZrO2气凝胶.借助TG/DSC、XRD、TEM、DLS以及N2物理吸附等手段对其性能进行表征.结果显示,超临界CO2流体干燥可以有效地防止干燥过程中胶体粒子之间的硬团聚作用,在基本保持湿凝胶网络结构的情况下实现液相的脱除,从而使合成的ZrO2具有高比表面积和大孔体积等特点.此外,样品的TEM和DLS分析显示,纳米ZrO2颗粒首先形成具有空间网络结构的簇团,尺寸为数百个纳米的簇团堆积形成ZrO2气凝胶;气凝胶的空间网络结构特征在中等温度的热处理过程中不会遭到完全破坏.