The composition and properties of ragweed seed oil

Conclusions Ragweed seed contains approximately 19 per cent fat and 23 per cent protein. Large quantities of these seed can be readily obtained both from direct harvesting of the ragweed and from the cleaning of some commercial seeds. The fatty acid distribution in ragweed seed oil is as follows: palmitic acid—5.5 per cent; stearic acid—4.8 per cent; oleic acid—19.9 per cent; linoleic acid—69.8 per cent; linolenic acid—possibly traces. The composition of this oil indicates that it would have slightly better drying properties than soybean oil. The results of preliminary drying and heat-bodying experiments suggest the limited use of ragweed seed oil in paints and varnishes. No investigation has been made of the edible properties of ragweed seed oil but its relative freedom from linolenic acid indicates its use in the edible field. Ragweed seed oil contains about 1.2 per cent of a wax mixture which is made up of 55 per cent hydrocarbons, 23 per cent high molecular weight acids, and 22 per cent high molecular weight alcohols. Sterols occur in ragweed seed oil to the extent of 0.48 per cent of the weight of the oil. The unsaponifiable matter also contains high molecular weight hydrocarbons and alcohols. Pure mixed sterols were separated from the accompanying materials by the use of an adsorption process. Bromination of the acetates of the mixed sterols gave evidence for the presence of stigmasterol.     

The fruit and kernel oil of the plumy coconut(Arecastrum Romanzoffianum)

Summary The nuts and oil fromArecastrum Romanzoffianum have been examined. Full-grown dried nuts from a mature tree average 23 per cent of fibrous husk, 69 per cent of shell and 8 per cent of oily kernel. The dried kernel contains about 52 per cent of oil of a non-drying character, and somewhat similar to palm kernel oil in physical properties. The chemical and physical characteristics of the kernel oil are: Sp. G. 25°/25°—0.9194; Refrac. Index N_D 20° C.—1.4580; Free Fatty Acids (as oleic)—0.19 per cent; Saponification Value—239.5; Iodine No. (Hanus) 28.4; Unsaponifiable Matter—0.41 per cent; Pol. Value—0.85; Acetyl Value—3.5; Hehner Value—88.4; Thiocyanogen No.—24.5; R-M. Value—0.72. Agricultural Chemical Research Division Contribution No. 44.     

The composition and properties of ragweed seed oil

Conclusions Ragweed seed contains approximately 19 per cent fat and 23 per cent protein. Large quantities of these seed can be readily obtained both from direct harvesting of the ragweed and from the cleaning of some commercial seeds. The fatty acid distribution in ragweed seed oil is as follows: palmitic acid—5.5 per cent; stearic acid—4.8 per cent; oleic acid—19.9 per cent; linoleic acid—69.8 per cent; linolenic acid—possibly traces. The composition of this oil indicates that it would have slightly better drying properties than soybean oil. The results of preliminary drying and heat-bodying experiments suggest the limited use of ragweed seed oil in paints and varnishes. No investigation has been made of the edible properties of ragweed seed oil but its relative freedom from linolenic acid indicates its use in the edible field. Ragweed seed oil contains about 1.2 per cent of a wax mixture which is made up of 55 per cent hydrocarbons, 23 per cent high molecular weight acids, and 22 per cent high molecular weight alcohols. Sterols occur in ragweed seed oil to the extent of 0.48 per cent of the weight of the oil. The unsaponifiable matter also contains high molecular weight hydrocarbons and alcohols. Pure mixed sterols were separated from the accompanying materials by the use of an adsorption process. Bromination of the acetates of the mixed sterols gave evidence for the presence of stigmasterol. Journal Paper No. 45 of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Effects of Different Oil Sources and Residues on Biomass and Metabolite Production by Yarrowia lipolytica YB 423-12

Yarrowia lipolytica is known to have the ability to assimilate hydrophobic substrates like triglycerides, fats, and oils, and to produce single-cell oils, lipases, and organic acids. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different oil sources (borage, canola, sesame, Echium, and trout oils) and oil industry residues (olive pomace oil, hazelnut oil press cake, and sunflower seed oil cake) on the growth, lipid accumulation, and lipase and citric acid production by Y. lipolytica YB 423-12. The maximum biomass and lipid accumulation were observed with linseed oil. Among the tested oil sources and oil industry residues, hazelnut oil press cake was the best medium for lipase production. The Y. lipolytica YB 423-12 strain produced 12.32 ± 1.54 U/mL (lipase activity) of lipase on hazelnut oil press cake medium supplemented with glucose. The best substrate for citric acid production was found to be borage oil, with an output of 5.34 ± 0.94 g/L. The biotechnological production of valuable metabolites such as single-cell oil, lipase, and citric acid could be achieved by using these wastes and low-cost substrates with this strain. Furthermore, the cost of the bio-process could also be significantly reduced by the utilization of various low-cost raw materials, residues, wastes, and renewable resources as substrates for this yeast.     

Ouricury palm kernel oil

A small sample of ouricury palm fruits from Florida, as well as the oil expressed from the kernels imported from Brazil have been investigated. The fruits consisted of 47.5 per cent of pulp and 52.5 per cent of palm nut, of which the kernel amounted to 23.8 per cent. On the basis of the whole fruit, the oil in the pulp only amounted to 0.9 per cent. The kernels from Brazil contained 69.7 per cent of oil, some of the characteristics of which were as follows: Saponification value, 256.9, iodine number (Hanus), 14.69, thiocyanogen value, 12.78, Reichert-Meissl value, 5.93, Polenske number, 18.38, and unsaponifiable matter, 0.27 per cent. The percentages of fatty acids found in the oil were as follows: Caproic 1.66, caprylic 9.10, capric 7.64, lauric 42.7, myristic 8.43, palmitic 7.15, stearic 2.15, arachidic 0.96, oleic 12.18, and linoleic acid 2.04 per cent. Attention has been called to the importance of not assuming the presence in distilled ester fractions of the lower homologues of oleic acid from deductions made only from calculations using the iodine number and saponification value of the fraction without confirmation by other evidence. The present investigation has shown the danger of such assumptions. Carbohydrate Research Division, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture     

Dry extrusion as an aid to mechanical expelling of oil from soybeans

A new concept is described for mechanical extraction of oil from soybeans, using dry extrusion as a pretreatment. It was found that coarsely ground whole soybeans at 10 to 14% moisture could be extrusion cooked so that the extrudate emerges from the die in a semi-fluid state. The dwell time within the extruder was less than 30 seconds, and the temperature was raised to about 135 C. The semi-fluid extrudate was immediately pressed in a continuous screw press to obtain high quality oil and press cake. Extrusion prior to expelling greatly increased the throughput of the expeller over the rated capacity. An oil recovery of 70% was obtained in single pass expelling using pilot model expellers. Higher recovery rates can be expected with commercial scale expellers. The high temperature-short time extrusion cooking process eliminates the prolonged heating and holding of raw material in conventional expelling. Under the experimental conditions, press cake with 50% protein, 6% residual oil and 90% inactivation of trypsin inhibitors was obtained. The low fat cake was easily ground in a hammer mill without the usual problems associated with milling of whole beans. The expelled oil was remarkably stable with an AOM stability of 15 hr, which is comparable to refined deodorized oil according to NSPA specifications. The new procedure offers potential for producing natural soybean oil and food grade low fat soy flour by a relatively low cost operation. It may be adopted as an improvement to existing conventional expelling operations in less developed countries or as a commercial or on-farm operation for producing value added products from soybeans within the U.S.     

A further study on the composition of American tung oil with special reference to the linoleic acid content

The complete separation of elaeostearic acid from linoleic acid by the irradiation and crystallization of tung oil fatty acids was found difficult if not impossible. The application of several cold alkaline permanganate oxidation procedures to samples of tung oil fatty acids indicated the presence of less than one per cent of linoleic acid in tung oil. A study of the reaction of maleic anhydride with alpha elaeostearic, beta elaeostearic acid, and with the alpha elaeostearic acid glyceride present in tung oil showed that this reagent does not react with them quantitatively but only to 86.6 per cent of the theoretical amount. It was found that the elaeostearic acid content of a tung oil can be calculated by dividing its diene value by 78.4, the determined diene value of pure alpha elaeostearic acid. In this way it was calculated that two samples of American tung oil contained 85.5 and 89.4 per cent of elaeostearic acid. It was found that alpha elaeostearic acid and the mixed fatty acids from tung oil when exposed to the air quickly underwent a change to form an extremely sticky material whose use as an adhesive for insecticides will probably soon be determined.     

Variables affecting the yield of normal oleic acid produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of cottonseed and peanut oils

Summary 1. The effects of the following factors have been investigated in the hydrogenation of cottonseed and peanut oils: temperature, concentration of catalyst, pressure of the hydrogen, degree of agitation, and nature of the nickel catalyst. 2. The formation of stearic acid was found to be repressed and the formation of “iso-oleic” acid simultaneously favored by increasing the temperature, increasing the catalyst concentration, decreasing the pressure, and decreasing the agitation. 3. The nature of the nickel catalyst, as influenced by its method of preparation, may have a large effect on the composition of the hydrogenated product. One of the nickel catalysts investigated formed excessive amounts of iso-oleic acid without being correspondingly selective. 4. In the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil, within a comparatively wide range of conditions, the production of total solid acids with a given catalyst is relatively constant, since the conditions leading to the formation of stearic and iso-oleic acid are mutually exclusive. Extremes in either direction, however, lead to the production of excessive amounts of total solid acids. 5. Peanut oil is a more suitable raw material than cottonseed oil for the production of normal oleic acid, because of its initially greater content of this constituent and its lesser content of linoleic acid. 6. On the assumption that a quantitative separation could be made of the liquid acids from the solid acid fraction (saturated and iso-oleic) of the hydrogenated products, leaving minor amounts of unhydrogenated linoleic acid as an impurity in the separated normal oleic acid, the following maximum yields of “impure normal oleic acid” could be obtained: from cottonseed oil, 56 per cent of oleic acid of 85 per cent purity, 53 per cent of oleic acid of 90 per cent purity, and 48 per cent of oleic acid of 95 per cent purity; and from peanut oil, 70 per cent of oleic acid of 85 per cent purity, 68 per cent of oleic acid of 90 per cent purity, and 66 per cent of oleic acid of 95 per cent purity. Presented before the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Houston, Texas, April 30 to May 1, 1942.     

Crude oil analysis

Summary It has been shown that it is easily possible to obtain the exact amount of refined oil in a given sample of crude by an accurate analytical method. The refining efficiency in a well operated refinery is 96.5 per cent on prime crude oils. That proper settling of crude oil results in an increase of the absolute oil of 1.5 per cent and upwards. That the free fatty acid test may show acidity due to other causes than free fatty acids.     

Some studies on cottonseed

Summary The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the percentages of the fatty acids in Patauá palm oil, have been determined. The sample of authentic oil studied contained 79.94 per cent of unsaturated acids in which oleic acid predominated, there being only 3.4 per cent of linoleic acid. The saturated acids, which amounted to 14.45 per cent, consisted of a mixture of palmitic and stearic acids along with a very small quantity of triacontanic acid, the source of which was probably the fruit wax dissolved in the oil. Attention is called again to the similarity of this fine edible oil and olive oil, in appearance, characteristics, and composition, insofar as the proportions of the major fatty acids are concerned.     

Hypolipidaemic Effect of Walnut (Juglans regia) Kernel and its Oil in Rats

Walnut (Juglans regia) kernel and its oil were found to reduce serum cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids in cholesterol bilesalt stressed hypercholesterolaemic rats. Kernel was as effective as its oil (unrefined or refined); thus the efficacy of kernel was due to its oil content having about 70 % polyunsaturated fatty acids. Both unrefined and refined oils having different contents of unsaponifiable matter and sterols behaved in a similar way indicating that unsaponifiable matter and sterol contents of oil were not responsible for their efficacy. There was no difference in faecal cholesterol in animals given vanaspati, walnut kernel or its oil; thus hypolipidaemic effect observed with walnut kernel or its oil could not be attributed to any differences in faecal cholesterol. Serum SGO-T activity of animals of groups given vanaspati, walnut kernel, walnut oil and safflower oil was similar and normal. The blend of vanaspati and walnut oil (1:1) was as effective as walnut kernel and its oil. The study brings to light special value of walnut kernel as a food material in reducing serum lipid constituents.     

Potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcas</Emphasis> as a Biofuel,Animal Feed and Health Products

Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose plant with numerous attributes. It can potentially become one of the world’s key energy crops. Its seed weighs 0.53–0.86 g and the seed kernel contains 22–27% protein and 57–63% lipid indicating good nutritional value. The seeds can produce crude vegetable oil that can be transformed into high quality biodiesel. Several methods for oil extraction have been developed. In all processes, about 75% of the weight of the seed remains as a press cake containing mainly carbohydrates, protein and residual oil and is a potential source of livestock feed. The highly toxic nature of whole as well as dehulled seed meal due to the presence of high levels of shells, toxic phorbol esters and other antinutrients prevents its use in animal diet. The genetic variation among accessions from different regions of the world and rich diversity among Mexican genotypes in terms of phorbol ester content and distinct molecular profiles indicates the potential for improvement of germplasm of Jatropha through breeding programs. The extracts of Jatropha display potent cytotoxic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The possibilities on the exploitation potential of this plant through various applications have been explored.     

Tocopherols,Tocotrienols and Carotenoids in Kernel Oils Recovered from 15 Apricot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus armeniaca</Emphasis> L.) Genotypes

We studied the content of tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids in oil extracted from the kernels of 15 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genotypes and the associated oil yield of the studied samples. The oil yield in apricot kernels was in a wide range of 27.2–61.4% (w/w) dry weight basis. For each class of studied compounds (tocochromanols and carotenoids), a three-fold difference was found between the lowest and the highest content (78.8–258.5 and 0.15–0.53 mg/100 g of oil, respectively). γ-Tocopherol accounted for 91–94% of total tocochromanols detected in all tested samples. Lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were the main compounds among the eight different carotenoids detected in apricot kernel oils; they comprised 76–94% of the total carotenoids content, and compositions were characteristic for specific genotypes. The oil yield and content of lipophilic antioxidants in apricot kernel oils were significantly affected by the genotype. The oil yield was negatively correlated with the total amount of tocochromanols (r = ?0.910) and carotenoids (r = ?0.704) in apricot kernel oils.     

A laboratory study of the press effect in adsorptive bleaching

The so-called press effect is widely credited with enhancing the overall efficiency of bleaching clays in commercial operations. Laboratory bleaches are generally done with one use of bleaching clay, while plant operations often include a process in which spent clay in a filter press acts as a fixed bed to remove additional impurities from slurry-treated oil. In this study, the press effect is simulated in the laboratory by measuring the influence of a progres-sively-built filter cake on concentrations of carotenes and chlorophyll in successive batches of slurry-contacted oils. The oil used was canola; the clay tested was a commercially available acid-activated clay classified to two different average particle sizes. Conditions were chosen to simulate those used in commercial operations. Better total bleaching was seen from the first batch to the last as filter cake was built up. In addition, a significant particle size effect was seen. Presented at the 83rd AOCS Annual Meeting and Exposition, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 10–14, 1992.     

Further aspects of powdered poplar wood liquefaction by aqueous pyrolysis

The liquefaction of powdered poplar wood by rapid pyrolysis in water at 350°C has been studied further. It differs significantly from the liquefaction of wood chips in that oil yields are improved by pressurisation of the reactor. Oil yields (chloroform soluble) are about 45 per cent and are sensitive to water/wood mass ratios and residence time. Gas, measured in a new handling system, is produced in 5–12 per cent mass yields and contains 86–90 per cent carbon dioxide and 10–13 per cent carbon monoxide. The oil and aqueous phases contain carboxylic acids (particularly acetic), phenols, cyclohexanones, cyclopentanones, benzyl alcohols and furfural.     

Zum Einsatz von Rapsöl im Vergleich zu Sojaöl im Mischfutter für Mastschweine und zum Einfluß dieser Futteröle auf das Fettsäurenmuster des Schweinefettes

The Employment of rapeseed Oil in Compounded Rations for Fattening Pigs in Comparison with Soya Bean Oil, and the Influence of these Feeding Oils on the Fatty Acid Pattern of Pig Fat Feeding oils improve the energy content of rations for fattening pigs in consequence of their high concentration of energy, and they prevent the formation of milling diet. Their part of the ration is de- limited by the content of polyen acid, above all the content of linoleic acid. In soya bean oil it amounts about 2.0–2.5 per cent. According the Swiss results the polyen acid content must not be higher than 12 per cent of all fatty acids; sometimes there are recommended 15 per cent. Rapeseed oil of 00–seed contents only 50 per cent of polyen acid and only 40 per cent of linoleic acid of their part in soya bean oil. The present tests confirm anew the close relation between the polyen acid content of the ration and that of the fatty tissue of pigs. Female slaughter pigs tend to higher contents of linoleic acid as castrated males. By mean of an addition of 4 per cent rapeseed oil there were caused content of linoleic acid in the tested fatty tissues, which may acceptable in processed products.     

Virgin grape seed oil: Is it really a nutritional highlight?

In comparison to refined grape seed oil which is neutral in taste and smell, the virgin oil is characterized by a pleasant vinous and fruity aroma, which also reminds of raisins if high‐quality raw material is used for the production. Difficulties arise from the susceptibility of the raw material to microbial and enzymatic deterioration as a result of the high moisture content after pressing the juices from the grapes. Grape seed oil has a high content (70%) of linoleic acid, whereas the total part of unsaturated fatty acids amounts to about 90%. In comparison to other edible oils, the oil contains, in addition to tocopherols, antioxidant‐effective tocotrienols. During the oil pressing process, only a small amount of phenolic compounds is transferred into the oil (0.01 mg/g), while most of these nutritionally interesting components remain in the press cake. Here, the content of phenolic compounds is about 2000 times higher. During storage of virgin grape seed oil, the pleasant sensory attributes change, and more and more degradation products like ethyl acetate, acetic acid or ethanol are detectable. Parts of the seed material, which come into the oil during pressing, result in a faster impairment of the oil.     

Effects of Seed Coat on Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Oil at Different Roasting Temperatures

Apricot kernels were roasted at various temperatures (120–180 °C) for 10 min and changes in the fatty‐acid profiles, oxidative stability, and antioxidant activity, as well as the total phenolic contents (TPC) of the oils and skin (seed coat), were monitored. Roasting has no obvious influence on profiles and contents of fatty acid, induction period (IP), browning index, TPC, and antioxidant activity (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), (ABTS) and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of oils obtained from apricot naked‐kernel, but increases IP, TPC, and oxidative stability in oils obtained from apricot kernel with skin. All results in the present work demonstrated that thermal treatment accelerated the production and transference of alcohol‐soluble phenolics into the oil, and improved the oil oxidative stability. It is not Maillard reaction products but alcohol‐soluble phenolic compounds in skins that play a role in improving the oxidative stability and antioxidant activity of oils, and inhibition for primary peroxide production was more effective than secondary peroxide production at a low roasting temperature and a short roasting time. The present findings can advance knowledge on the conditions used for utilization of coproducts (skin) of apricot kernel and facilitate large‐scale production of stable oil against oxidation.     

Studies in the expression of oil from tung fruit

Summary 1. Tests indicated that best results in yield of crude and filtered oil by an expression procedure are obtained with a tung meal containing 4.2% moisture and 20% shell. 2. The drying of tung meal using an initial air temperature of 320° F. appeared to adversely affect the yield of filtered oil from the expeller process. 3. A filtration test was developed for determining the amount of foots in a crude tung oil. 4. It was found difficult to obtain efficient oil expression from tung meals containing filter cake; in one test with this material the resulting press cake was high in oil content, while in another test the crude tung oil contained about twice as much foots material as was present in crude tung oil from tung meal containing no filter cake. 5. The expression of tung oil from a tung meal consisting of ground old tung kernels and tung shell was found difficult if not impossible. This difficulty appeared to be due, at least partly, to the fact that the meal from old kernels will not plasticize when subjected to heat and pressure. When these kernels were mixed with new kernels no difficulty was experienced in expressing the tung oil from the meal. 6. Tests indicated that hulling the moist tung fruit in the grove does not interfere with the expression of the oil if the moist dehulled tung fruits are properly dried before pressing. 7. A process was developed for producing a clear tung oil by treating the crude oil with a chemical agent to precipitate certain non-oil constituents in the crude tung oil followed by either pressure filtration or centrifugation. 8. When tung oil filter cake was mixed with an equal amount of tung press cake, over 98 percent of the oil could be solvent-extracted by petroleum solvents. Presented at the American Oil Chemists’ Society meeting, New Orleans, La., May 10–12, 1944. Some of the material was presented at the American Tung Oil Association meeting. Pensacola, Fla., April 28–29, 1944, and published in the proceedings. Agricultural Chemical Research Division Contribution No. 145.     

Materials balance in a tung oil mill

Summary Weights were determined and analyses made of tung fruit milled and of all products leaving the mill for two runs of about 90 tons each in a commercial mill under normal operating conditions. Dry matter, oil, and nitrogen in the fruit were satisfactorily accounted for in products leaving the mill, 101% of the oil being accounted for in each run. This showed that the methods of analysis and sampling were accurate. Losses occurred principally in particles of kernels occluded with the hulls and in the screw-press cake. Seventy-eight and 82% of the oil in the fruit was recovered as filtered oil. Repressing the filter-press cake by adding it back to the stream of ground nuts just before they entered the screw-presses was not proven to be economical as at the end of the run just as much cake was on hand, and it had as high an oil content as if no filter cake had been fed back through the screw presses. Only about half as much oil could be filtered per filtration cycle, resulting in an increase in cost of labor and a decrease in filtering capacity. The apparent oil content of the screw-press cake decreases by about 2% after four to eight days as compared to its apparent oil content at the time of pressing because of polymerization. Thus, screw-press cake samples should be analyzed for oil as soon as possible after extrusion. Both of these laboratories are maintained by the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.