Impact of random pointing and tracking errors on the design ofcoherent and incoherent optical intersatellite communication links

Given the RMS transmitter pointing error and the desired probability of bit error (PBE), it can be shown that an optimal transmitter antenna gain exists which minimizes the required transmitter power. Given the RMS local oscillator tracking error, an optimum receiver antenna gain can be found which optimizes the receiver performance. The impact of pointing and tracking errors on the design of direct-detection pulse-position modulation (PPM) and heterodyne noncoherent frequency-shift keying (NCFSK) systems is then analyzed in terms of constraints on the antenna size and the power penalty incurred. It is shown that in the limit of large spatial tracking errors, the advantage in receiver sensitivity for the heterodyne system is quickly offset by the smaller antenna gain and the higher power penalty due to tracking errors. In contrast, for systems with small spatial tracking errors, the heterodyne system is superior because of the higher receiver sensitivity     

Joint mobility tracking and handoff in cellular networks via sequential Monte Carlo filtering

We consider the application of sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methodology to the problem of joint mobility tracking and handoff detection in cellular wireless communication networks. Both mobility tracking and handoff detection are based on the measurements of pilot signal strengths from certain base stations. The dynamics of the system under consideration are described by a nonlinear state-space model. Mobility tracking involves an online estimation of the location and velocity of the mobile, whereas handoff detection involves an online prediction of the pilot signal strength at some future time instants. The optimal solutions to both problems are prohibitively complex due to the nonlinear nature of the system. The SMC methods are therefore employed to track the probabilistic dynamics of the system and to make the corresponding estimates and predictions. Both hard handoff and soft handoff are considered and three novel locally optimal (LO) handoff schemes are developed based on different criteria. It is seen that under the SMC framework, optimal mobility tracking and handoff detection can be implemented naturally in a joint fashion, and significant improvement is achieved over existing methods, in terms of both the tracking accuracy and the trade-off between service quality and resource utilization during handoff.     

基于混合优化的车载三轴光电跟踪策略

由于存在一个冗余横倾轴,三轴光电跟踪系统能够解决两轴光电跟踪系统的跟踪盲区问题,实现针对目标的全空间跟踪。针对车载三轴光电跟踪系统,在分析系统运动学特性的基础上,建立了系统的运动学模型,并提出一种基于混合优化算法的车载三轴联动全空间光电跟踪策略。通过对系统运动学模型的研究,分析三轴转动角度之间的关系,从而将三轴转角增量组合的三变量优化问题简化为求解单变量最优问题,然后应用混合优化算法得到最优的三轴角增量组合。仿真和实验结果证明,所设计的三轴跟踪策略可以得到更小的三轴转动角增量组合,能够实现车载三轴光电跟踪系统的三轴联动全空间连续跟踪运动,提高了系统的跟踪性能,具有良好的实际应用价值。     

本振功率对目标微动激光平衡外差探测的影响研究

面向远距离目标微多普勒效应的探测,建立了本振光功率变化对激光平衡外差探测回波信噪比影响的数学模型,并进行了仿真分析。通过搭建的1 550 nm激光平衡外差探测实验平台测试了由于本振功率变化对于目标微多普勒特征提取效果的影响。研究结果表明,对于平衡外差探测,由于两光电探测器量子效率不可能完全匹配,考虑到散粒噪声、热噪声和本振相对强度噪声的影响,将存在一个最佳本振功率值使探测信噪比达到最大。当选取该本振功率进行探测时,获得的目标微多普勒特征可读性更强,提取误差更小。     

外差探测系统的相位匹配研究

从外差探测系统设计的基本要求出发.分析本振光与信号光的相位匹配技术.表明当目标回波聚焦像斑与本振光聚焦腰斑不重合时,像斑大小直接影响信号幅度,波长越短,相位匹配越困难.系统发射的探测光束发散角较大时,信噪比较差,且光束扫过点目标可能出现条纹状信号过程.分析所得主要结论得到了实验验证.     

A photonic variable RF delay line for phased array antennas

It is shown that by applying spatial frequency-dependent phase compensation in an optical heterodyne process a variable RF delay line can be synthesized over a prescribed frequency band. Experimental results which demonstrate the performance of the delay line with regard to both maximum delay and resolution over a broad bandwidth are presented. A spatially integrated optical system is proposed for control of phased array antennas. The integrated system provides mechanical stability essentially eliminates the drift problems associated with freespace optical systems, and can provide high-packing density. The approach uses a class of spatial light modulator known as a deformable mirror device and leads to a steerable arbitrary antenna radiation pattern of the true time-delay type     

Laser Radar range optimization for detecting and tracking Airborne cooperative targets

A high resolution Nd-YAG pulsed Laser Radar “LIDAR” system is proposed for detecting and tracking Airborne cooperative retro-reflector carrying targets against noise, clutter and back-scatter sources. A previous range computation method is improved and new possibilities of coherent heterodyne detection and phase conjugate elements are discussed. The presented analysis and computation method has proved to be valuable in the feasibility and design stages of operation LIDAR detection and tracking systems.     

相干激光雷达平衡外差探测方法的数值仿真

建立了相干激光雷达平衡外差探测的理论模型及其数学描述,包括响应电流模型和信噪比模型.在两个模型的基础上,对平衡外差探测与一般相干探测进行比较,分析出它在消除本振相对强度噪声、提高信噪比和充分利用本振光功率上的优势.最后利用MATLAB数值仿真,着重研究了平衡外差探测方法的信噪比,验证了其在相干激光雷达探测上的优越性,并...     

Optically pumped submillimeter gas lasers and the prospects for constructing space-qualifiable LO systems

An optically pumped submillimeter laser operating in the 500 μm (600 GHz) to 100 μm (3 THz) spectral range is the primary and, at present, the only available local oscillator (LO) source for laboratory and astronomical heterodyne applications for this wavelength region. A short review of the state-of-the-art of submillimeter lasers as LO sources, with an emphasis given to receiver systems designed for airborne heterodyne observations, will be presented. The characteristics and prospects for constructing a spacequalifiable laser LO system will also be given.     

An optical heterodyne mixer providing image-frequency rejection

This paper describes an optical heterodyne mixer which detects a desired signal at frequencyf_{LO} pm f_{IF}while rejecting interference from any signal at the image frequencyf_{LO} pm f_{IF}. Implementation of the mixer is relatively simple. Its performance is insensitive to fluctuations in the optical dimensions of the circuit. This mixer is particularly attractive for communication systems using wavelength division multiplex techniques.     

Frequency acquisition and tracking for optical heterodyne communication systems

A frequency acquisition and tracking system for use in optical heterodyne communication systems employing semiconductor lasers is described. Analytical models for acquisition and tracking are used to predict performance; probability of incorrect acquisition is predicted for the acquisition system, and rms error is predicted for the tracker. Experimental data is presented and compared to the analytic results.     

Target Detection and Localization Using MIMO Radars and Sonars

In this paper, we propose a new space-time coding configuration for target detection and localization by radar or sonar systems. In common active array systems, the transmitted signal is usually coherent between the different elements of the array. This configuration does not allow array processing in the transmit mode. However, space-time coding of the transmitted signals allows to digitally steer the beam pattern in the transmit in addition to the received signal. The ability to steer the transmitted beam pattern, helps to avoid beam shape loss. We show that the configuration with spatially orthogonal signal transmission is equivalent to additional virtual sensors which extend the array aperture with virtual spatial tapering. These virtual sensors can be used to form narrower beams with lower sidelobes and, therefore, provide higher performance in target detection, angular estimation accuracy, and angular resolution. The generalized likelihood ratio test for target detection and the maximum likelihood and CramÉr–Rao bound for target direction estimation are derived for an arbitrary signal coherence matrix. It is shown that the optimal performance is achieved for orthogonal transmitted signals. Target detection and localization performances are evaluated and studied theoretically and via simulations.     

A deformable mirror-based optical beamforming system for phasedarray antennas

Microwave carrier generation along with the signal processing required for dynamic beamsteering of a high-resolution phased array antenna with an arbitrary radiation pattern is accomplished using optical components. It is shown that a deformable mirror type spatial light modulator can establish a truly arbitrary continuous optical phasefront which is directly converted to spatial RF phase information by an optical heterodyne system. Experimental results simulating the performance of the actual system are presented. A spatially integrated optical implementation providing mechanical stability and essentially eliminating the drift problems usually encountered in free space systems is presented     

A neural network-based smart antenna for multiple source tracking

This paper considers the problem of multiple-source tracking with neural network-based smart antennas for wireless terrestrial and satellite mobile communications. The neural multiple-source tracking (N-MUST) algorithm is based on an architecture of a family of radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) to perform both detection and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. The field of view of the antenna array is divided into spatial angular sectors, which are in turn assigned to a different pair of RBFNNs. When a network detects one or more sources in the first stage, the corresponding second stage network(s) are activated to perform the DOA estimation. Simulation results are performed to investigate the performance of the algorithm for various angular separations, with sources of random relative signal-to-noise ratio and when the system suffers from Doppler spread     

Radar antenna pattern design for platform motion compensation

Motion compensation techniques for coherent detection systems aboard a moving platform are discussed. Many radar and sonar systems are designed to detect moving targets within a volume of space and to reject returns from fixed objects. This can be achieved with some type of velocity (Doppler) filtering such as the moving target indicator (MTI). When the detection system is on a moving platform, both temporal and spatial processing techniques are needed to maintain good system performance. This paper presents a method for designing optimal (LMS) array correction patterns which, when used in conjunction with the primary receive pattern, minimize the effects of platform morion on the canceled clutter residue.     

Iterative optimization for frame-by-frame object pose tracking

Joint object tracking and pose estimation is an important issue in Augmented Reality (AR), interactive systems, and robotic systems. Many studies are based on object detection methods that only focus on the reliability of the features. Other methods combine object detection with frame-by-frame tracking using the temporal redundancy in the video. However, in some mixed methods, the interval between consecutive detection frames is usually too short to take the full advantage of the frame-by-frame tracking, or there is no appropriate switching mechanism between detection and tracking. In this paper, an iterative optimization tracking method is proposed to alleviate the deviations of the tracking points and prolong the interval, and thus speed up the pose estimation process. Moreover, an adaptive detection interval algorithm is developed, which can make the switch between detection and frame-by-frame tracking automatically according to the quality of frames so as to improve the accuracy in a tough tracking environment. Experimental results on the benchmark dataset manifest that the proposed algorithms, as an independent part, can be combined with some inter-frame tracking methods for optimization.     

High-speed optical transmission systems using advanced monolithicIC technologies

The authors discuss the design and performance of monolithic ICs for multigigabit lightwave transmission systems including direct detection and coherent detection. The required function and performance of a lightwave transmitter and receiver are discussed. The fabricated ICs and their application to the transmission system are shown in a direct system. Microwave monolithic ICs for lightwave heterodyne detection and an interconnection technique are introduced. Future trends of ICs are discussed     

一种毫米波非相参频率捷变跟踪本振的设计

非相参捷变频雷达在设计过程中通常面临捷变频发射后如何接收的问题,而采用数字频率测量的方法不但可以解 决该问题,而且能够得到较高的频率跟踪精度。本文介绍了这种频率跟踪方法的设计原理和设计内容。此种频率跟踪本 振采用数字频率跟踪方法,跟踪发射信号的频率,主要由毫米波频率变换电路、测频单元和控制单元等部分组成。采用 此种设计方法实现了毫米波非相参频率捷变跟踪本振产品的研制,并投入生产。此种技术还能广泛应用于其他频段的捷 变频雷达、电子对抗等领域。     

Use of adaptive RLS, LMS, and NLMS algorithms for nonlinearity modeling in a modified laser interferometer

Laser heterodyne interferometer is one kind of nano-metrology systems which has been widely used in industry for high-accuracy displacement measurements. The accuracy of the nano-metrology systems based on the laser heterodyne interferometers can be effectively limited by the periodic nonlinearity. In this paper, we present the nonlinearity modeling of the nano-metrology interferometric system using some adaptive filters. The adaptive algorithms consist of the least mean squares (LMS), normalized least mean squares (NLMS), and recursive least squares (RLS). It is shown that the RLS algorithm can obtain optimal modeling parameters of nonlinearity.