DNA分子标记技术及其在啤酒大麦品种鉴定中的应用

简单对比了常用的大麦品种鉴定方法以及归纳DNA分子标记技术的分类,进一步通过综述几种常用DNA分子标记技术的原理、优缺点及其在大麦品种及纯度鉴定上的应用情况,以期为DNA分子标记在啤酒大麦品种及纯度鉴定研究提供参考。     

DNA分子标记技术在酵母菌鉴定中的研究进展

介绍了RFLP、RAPD、AFLP以及微卫星DNA(Micro-satellite)4种DNA分子标记技术的方法和原理,及近年来在应用国内外酵母菌鉴定中的研究进展,指出了各种技术的优缺点.     

分子标记技术及其在植物育种中的应用

概述各种常用分子标记技术RFLP，RAPD，AFLP，SSR，ISSR，SCAR，STS，CAPs的原理，并从种质资源的鉴别、基因定位、基因累加、异源目的基因的筛选、遗传图谱的构建等方面综述了分子标记技术在植物育种中的应用。     

分子标记技术及其在植物育种中的应用

概述各种常用分子标记技术RFLP,RAPD,AFLP,SSR,ISSR,SCAR,STS,CAPs的原理,并从种质资源的鉴别、基因定位、基因累加、异源目的基因的筛选、遗传图谱的构建等方面综述了分子标记技术在植物育种中的应用。     

DNA分子标记技术在红曲菌分类中的研究进展

介绍了限制性长度片段多态性(RFLP),rDNA基因中的IGS、ITS、LSU区域的标记技术以及随机扩增DNA多态性分析(RAPD),以及DNA分子标记技术的方法和原理,及近年来在应用国内外红曲菌分类鉴定中的研究进展,指出了各种技术的优缺点.     

仓储害虫检测技术的研究现状及展望

分析了国内外几种主要检测技术的研究结果,比较了近红外线光谱、X射线、微波雷达、电导等检测技术的优缺点,力求探索储粮害虫检测技术的创新点,为仓储害虫检测提供更好的技术支撑。     

分子标记技术及其在益生菌分类中的应用

益生菌的准确分类鉴定是益生菌应用于功能食品、药品开发的前提。由于益生菌菌群结构的多样性和复杂性,传统方法如形态结构、培养特征试验和生理生化试验等对其组成的研究准确性低且耗时长。随着分子生物学技术的发展,现代分子标记技术的应用为益生菌分类研究提供了一个新的方向。该文对常用的分子标记技术进行了概括包括分子杂交标记、PCR分子扩增标记和新型分子标记。以益生菌菌群分类鉴定为例,分析分子标记技术的基本原理、特点和现状,为其进一步开发提供基础。     

分子标记技术在烟草抗病虫害研究中的应用进展

DNA分子标记作为新发展起来的一种遗传标记形式,凭借其可靠有效等优点,在农业科学研究中的应用已越来越广泛。本文主要综述了DNA分子标记技术的发展及其在与烟草病虫害有关的烟草研究中的应用进展,并对有关问题进行了初步讨论和展望。      

多杀菌素在储粮害虫防治中的研究及应用进展

多杀菌素是一种安全、高效的新型生物杀虫剂。对多杀菌素的来源、结构、作用机理、在储粮害虫防治中的研究及应用、残留检测等进行综述,以期为多杀菌素的深入研究和推广应用提供参考,并促进多杀菌素在我国储粮害虫防治领域的研究和应用。     

转录组学在储粮害虫研究中的进展

转录组测序技术能将组织或细胞在不同生理条件下的差异基因量化,是探索基因功能和揭示特定生物学过程中分子机理的必要手段。储粮害虫是严重危害储藏粮食的一类害虫,从转录组水平揭示储粮害虫生长发育、关键基因功能、抗药性分子机制等成为研究热点,极大促进了对储粮害虫特别是无参考基因组信息的害虫的研究。因此,本文系统性从生长发育相关基因的挖掘、组织特异性基因、与微生物互作机制、对环境胁迫的响应机制、磷化氢抗性机理和植物精油杀虫机理研究六个方面综述了转录组学在储粮害虫研究中的应用,旨在为储粮害虫的深入研究提供参考,对进一步进行储粮害虫防治技术开发提供理论依据。     

The use of carbon dioxide at high pressure to control nine stored-product pests

The development of alternative treatments for pest control in food commodities is an increasing demand from the food industry, which should meet consumer demands for the reduced use or elimination of pesticides. The use of carbon dioxide (CO₂) at high pressure is one of the most rapid options for arthropod pest control among current commercial treatments, offering complete control within hours. The present study aimed to establish the efficacy of the technique against different stages of several insect and mite pests that affect stored-food products. Standard food diets containing eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Lasioderma serricorne, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Ephestia kuehniella, Liposcelis bostrychophila and Tyrophagus putrescentiae were treated with CO₂ for different times at two high pressures, 15 and 20 bar. A high level of control was achieved for most species and development stages when they were treated with CO₂ at 20 bar for 60 min. However, the efficacy at 15 bar was much lower. The eggs of L. bostrychophila and L. serricorne showed the highest tolerance of all species/stages and survived the most extreme conditions tested. The beetle O. surinamensis, the moth E. kuehniella, and the mite T. putrescentiae were easier to kill than the other species tested. Our results confirmed that the use of high-pressure CO₂ offers an effective and fast way to control most stored-product pests that affect food commodities.     

谷子分子标记研究与应用

谷子是我国传统粮食作物,具有抗旱、耐瘠薄、营养价值高等优点,谷子的种质资源分析及育种研究非常重要,随着分子生物学的发展,分子标记技术的出现为谷子的遗传研究及育种开辟了新的思路和手段。分子标记包括DNA分子标记和蛋白质分子标记,其中DNA分子标记常被用于构建遗传连锁图谱、基因定位及QTL分析、遗传多样性研究、系谱分析与品种鉴定和比较基因组研究等,本文分别介绍了谷子常用的DNA分子标记和蛋白质分子标记及其特点,并综述了其在谷子上的研究应用情况,简要分析和展望了分子标记在谷子上的未来发展。     

Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests

Phosphine resistance positively contributes towards an individual's fitness under phosphine fumigation. However, phosphine resistance may place resistant individuals at a fitness disadvantage in the absence of this fumigant, which can be exploited to halt or slow down the spread of resistance. This study aimed to determine if there is a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance in populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) and the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)). The developmental rate and population growth of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of these three species of stored-product insects were therefore determined under phosphine-free environment. The majority of the phosphine-resistant populations exhibited lower developmental and population growth rates than the susceptible populations indicating that phosphine resistance is associated with fitness cost in all three species, which can potentially compromise the fixation and dispersal of the resistant genotypes. Nonetheless, some phosphine-resistant populations did not show a fitness cost. Therefore, resistance management strategies based on suppression of phosphine use aiming at eventual reestablishment of phosphine susceptibility and subsequent reintroduction of this fumigant will be useful only for insect populations exhibiting a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance. Therefore recognition of the prevailing phosphine-resistant genotypes in a region is important to direct the management tactics to be adopted.     

Abiotic and biotic factors affect efficacy of chlorfenapyr for control of stored-product insect pests

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to assess pyrole chlorfenapyr as a potential grain protectant against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, Prostephanus truncatus, Tribolium confusum, and Liposcelis bostrychophila. Factors such as dose (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 ppm), exposure interval (7 and 14 days), temperature (20, 25, and 30°C), relative humidity (RH; 55 and 75%), and commodity (wheat, maize, barley, and paddy rice) were evaluated. Progeny production was assessed after 74 days of exposure. For L. bostrychophila and T. confusum the increase of dose increased mortality. After 7 or 14 days of exposure, mortality was low at doses of ≤ 1 ppm and did not exceed 23 or 36%, respectively, for L. bostrychophila or 13 or 58%, respectively, for T. confusum. After 14 days of exposure, mortality of S. oryzae at 30°C and 75% RH was 82.2%. Mortality of P. truncatus was considerably higher than that of the other species. At 0.5 ppm, mortality exceeded 81% after 7 days of exposure and 91% after 14 days of exposure. Progeny production of L. bostrychophila was extremely high. Very few progeny were found for T. confusum. For S. oryzae, offspring emergence was high, except at 20°C and 55% RH. For P. truncatus, progeny production in the treated maize was not avoided, even at 10 ppm. In the case of S. oryzae, at 0.1 ppm and after 14 days of exposure, mortality in wheat was higher than in the other three commodities. For R. dominica, mortality was low at 0.1 and 1 ppm for paddy rice but reached 74.4% in barley after 14 days of exposure. For T. confusum, mortality was low at 0.1 and 1 ppm in all commodities. For progeny production counts, for S. oryzae or R. dominica, adult emergence was higher in paddy rice than in the other three commodities. Finally, overall T. confusum progeny was low. Chlorfenapyr efficacy varied remarkably among the combinations tested, and it may be a viable grain protectant in combination with other insecticides.     

Persistence and residual toxicity of two pirimiphos-methyl formulations on wheat against three stored-product pests

The persistence and residual efficacy of two pirimiphos-methyl formulations [emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and capsule suspension (CS)] on wheat were evaluated in laboratory bioassays against adults of Sitophilus granarius, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium confusum. Pirimiphos-methyl was applied at two doses, 2 and 4 mg kg⁻¹, on wheat and a bioassay was initiated at the day of application and every 4 weeks for 7 consecutive months (8 bioassays). In each bioassay, insect mortality was assessed after 7, 14 and 21 d of exposure, whereas after the final mortality count, all individuals were removed and progeny production was evaluated after an additional period of 65 d. Moreover, samples of the treated wheat were taken at the beginning of each bioassay to study the fate of pirimiphos-methyl during the storage period of 7 months by measuring insecticide residues by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both pirimiphos-methyl formulations provided long-term protection against S. granarius adults. In most cases, complete (100%) mortality was noted, while mortality exceeded 95% after 21 d of exposure even 7 months after application for both doses and formulations. Tribolium confusum mortality did not reach 100% for any of the combinations tested, while a gradual decline of mortality levels was recorded over the 7-month period of storage. Rhyzopertha dominica was the least susceptible species to pirimiphos-methyl with very low mortality levels already after 1 month of storage. The residue analysis results show that pirimiphos-methyl is persistent under the conditions tested, as more than 50% of the initial concentration was still present on the wheat grains after the 7-month period of storage, for both doses and formulations. From the residue analysis results CS was shown to be slightly more persistent than EC, however this was not expressed as a significantly higher insecticidal efficacy of CS over time compared to EC.     

Efficacy of insect growth regulators as grain protectants against two stored-product pests in wheat and maize

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) (two juvenile hormone analogues [fenoxycarb and pyriproxifen], four chitin synthesis inhibitors [diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, lufenuron, and triflumuron], one ecdysteroid agonist [methoxyfenozide], and one combination of chitin synthesis inhibitors and juvenile hormone analogues [lufenuron plus fenoxycarb]) were tested in the laboratory against adults of Prostephanus truncatus in maize and against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica in wheat. The tested IGRs were applied in maize at three doses (1, 5, and 10 ppm) and assessed at three temperature levels (20, 25, and 30°C) in the case of P. truncatus, while in the case of R. dominica the above doses were assessed only at 25°C in wheat. In addition to progeny production, mortality of the treated adults after 14 days of exposure in the IGR-treated commodities was assessed. All IGRs were very effective (>88.5% suppression of progeny) against the tested species at doses of $ 5 ppm, while diflubenzuron at 25°C in the case of P. truncatus or lufenuron and pyriproxyfen in the case of R. dominica completely suppressed (100%) progeny production when they were applied at 1 ppm. At all tested doses, the highest values of R. dominica parental mortality were observed in wheat treated with lufenuron plus fenoxycarb. Temperature at the levels examined in the present study did not appear to affect the overall performance in a great extent of the tested IGRs in terms of adult mortality or suppression of progeny production against P. truncatus in treated maize. The tested IGRs may be considered viable grain protectants and therefore as potential components in stored-product integrated pest management.     

Pathogenicity of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to some major stored-product insect pests

Entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) are commonly used biological control agents of insects in cryptic habitats, but their potential for suppressing stored-product insects in these habitats has not been explored previously. Here, we provide data from the first step in a program to evaluate entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Steinernema as biological control agents of stored-product pests by determining their pathogenicity to some of the major stored-product pest species. When evaluated against larvae, pupae and adults of six pest species (Plodia interpunctella, Ephestia kuehniella, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tenebrio molitor, Tribolium castaneum, and Trogoderma variabile), and the adults of two additional pest species (Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica), Steinernema riobrave was either the most pathogenic or of similar pathogenicity compared to S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae. A dose of 10 infective juveniles of S. riobrave caused 80% or higher mortality against larvae of P. interpunctella, E. kuehniella, T. castaneum, and O. surinamensis, pupae of T. castaneum and T. molitor, and adults of T. molitor and the two moth species. All stages of Trogoderma variabile exhibited 70% or higher mortality. Adults of S. oryzae and R. dominica exhibited low susceptibility with 15% and 35% mortality, respectively. On the basis of these results, S. riobrave was selected for further evaluation under more field-like conditions.     

Efficacy and adherence ratio of diatomaceous earth and spinosad in three wheat varieties against three stored-product insect pests

Laboratory tests were carried out in order to evaluate the efficacy of three diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations; Protector, SilicoSec, and Insecto, and one spinosad dust formulation in three commercially available wheat (Triticum durum) varieties, Athos, Pontos, Sifnos, originating from Greek cultures. The efficacy of the above formulations was assessed against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium confusum. The DE formulations were applied at three dose levels; 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, while spinosad was applied at 100, 500 and 1000 ppm of the formulation, corresponding to 0.125, 0.625 and 1.25 ppm active ingredient (a.i.), respectively. The adherence ratio of the DE and spinosad formulations to the kernels of the wheat varieties was assessed. Bioassays were carried out at 30°C and 60% r.h. Mortality was recorded after 7 and 14 d in the case of R. dominica and S. oryzae, and after 7 d, 14 d and 21 d of exposure in the case of T. confusum, on the treated varieties. Progeny production of the individuals exposed on the treated varieties was also assessed. Even the lowest dose of spinosad was highly effective (>90%) against R. dominica and S. oryzae. In the case of T. confusum a combination of longer exposures with higher doses was required for each formulation to be effective. Generally, the performance of all formulations was greater in Athos or Sifnos compared to the Pontos. Progeny production of S. oryzae and R. dominica was significantly higher in untreated Pontos than in the other varieties. Progeny production was always greater in untreated than treated substrates. Although adherence ratios for the tested DE and spinosad formulations were generally high (>90%), significant variations in adherence levels among the wheat varieties were recorded.