基于太赫兹光谱快速检测大豆油中的磷脂酸含量

通过在一级大豆油中添加磷脂酸制备大豆油脂样品105个,测定它们的磷脂酸的含量。采集样品的太赫兹(Terahertz,THz)光谱,与参考信号相比,太赫兹波透过样品后在时间方面均产生不同程度的延迟,太赫兹波幅值出现不同程度的降低,磷脂酸的存在增加了大豆油脂样品对太赫兹波的吸收,样品中磷脂酸含量越高,其频域谱幅值越低,样品在1.58THz处有一个较为明显的特征吸收峰,可利用太赫兹光谱对样品中磷脂酸进行定性分析。利用一阶导数、二阶导数对经剔除异常样本后剩余的91个样品的吸收光谱进行预处理,以此作为输入变量,利用偏最小二乘(PLS)建立数学模型,模型的预测集决定系数(R2)为0.9980,预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.0813,相对标准偏差(RSD)为8.16%,说明该方法可准确预测大豆油中磷脂酸的含量。     

基于近红外光谱的大鲵肉粉掺伪鉴别及纯度检测

利用近红外光谱技术进行大鲵肉粉的掺伪鉴别及纯度检测。分别采集大鲵纯肉粉、掺入江团鱼肉粉、草鱼肉粉和土豆淀粉的掺伪大鲵肉粉（各40 个样本,4 类共160 个样本）的近红外光谱图。原始光谱经光谱预处理后,利用偏最小二乘-判别分析（partial least square-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）法分别建立2分类（纯样和掺伪样）和4分类（纯样、掺江团鱼样、掺草鱼样和掺淀粉样）的定性判别模型,利用偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）分析法分别建立3 类掺伪大鲵肉粉的纯度定量校正模型。结果表明,PLS-DA定性模型中,经一阶导数＋多元散射校正光谱预处理后,所建2分类和4分类模型性能均为最佳,校正集和预测集的预测准确率均为100%;PLSR定量模型中,大鲵肉粉掺江团鱼肉粉、大鲵肉粉掺草鱼肉粉和大鲵肉粉掺土豆淀粉模型的校正集相关系数（Rc2）分别为0.990 6、0.986 4和0.993 3,校正集的均方根误差分别为1.14%、1.39%和0.88%;测试集的相关系数（Rp2）分别为0.994 4、0.992 4和0.990 8,测试集的均方根误差分别为0.83%、0.89%和1.22%。运用近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法能够对大鲵肉粉进行掺伪鉴别及纯度检测。     

储粮品质太赫兹光谱检测技术研究进展

摘要：粮食质量与安全问题备受国民的关注,了解粮食在储藏过程中品质的变化趋势,特别是在早期阶段对其劣变状况进行快速、准确检测是当前粮食行业的重要任务之一。太赫兹光谱探测与成像技术具有快速、无损、衰减性小、无电离辐射伤害等特性现已成为无损检测技术的研究热点,在人体安全检查、环境监测、病变诊断、农产品质量控制等诸多领域取得了阶段性进展,在储粮品质检测方面也具有良好的应用前景。本文主要对太赫兹时域光谱技术的探测原理和光学参数提取以及成像技术进行了综述,重点阐述了该技术在储粮品质鉴别与分类、储粮新陈度、储粮真菌污染、以及储粮害虫检测方面的应用研究,并对太赫兹光谱技术在粮食品质快速检测中的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

太赫兹光谱技术在储粮品质检测中的应用

近年来粮食质量与安全问题备受国民的关注,了解粮食在储藏过程中品质的变化趋势,特别是在早期阶段对其劣变状况进行快速、准确检测是当前粮食行业的重要任务之一。太赫兹光谱探测与成像技术具有快速、无损、衰减性小、无电离辐射伤害等特性,现已成为无损检测技术的研究热点,在人体安全检查、环境监测、病变诊断、农产品质量控制等诸多领域取得了阶段性进展,在储粮品质检测方面也具有良好的应用前景。本文主要对太赫兹时域光谱技术的探测原理和光学参数提取以及成像技术进行了综述,重点阐述了该技术在储粮品质鉴别与分类、储粮新陈度、储粮真菌污染以及储粮害虫检测方面的应用研究,并对太赫兹光谱技术在粮食品质快速检测中的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

结合太赫兹光谱与机器学习的小麦霉变程度判别

为快速、准确地判断小麦籽粒的霉变程度，研究基于太赫兹时域光谱技术，结合支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）、随机森林（random forest,RF）和极限学习机（extreme learning machine,ELM）的霉变小麦定性分析方法。首先，将小麦籽粒分为正常、轻度霉变、中度霉变和重度霉变4类，利用CCT-1800太赫兹时域光谱仪获取小麦样本在0.1～4.0 THz波段的光谱数据。对比采用不同光谱预处理方法对判别结果的影响后，使用主成分分析、线性判别分析（linear discriminant analysis,LDA）、t分布随机近邻嵌入3种方法对光谱数据进行降维，结果表明LDA的降维效果最好。最后，构建基于SVM、RF和ELM的小麦霉变程度判别模型，结果显示SVM的判别效果最好，当核函数选择多项式核、误差惩罚系数为1时，判别准确率高达98.61%，预测集均方根误差值为0.142 9。本研究表明利用太赫兹光谱技术可实现小麦霉变程度的准确检测，为食品安全和粮食贮藏检测提供一种检测手段。     

不同猪肉组织在太赫兹衰减全反射光谱中的特性差异

为了探讨太赫兹(THz)光谱无损检测猪肉品质的可行性,采用衰减全反射(ATR)模式采集猪脂肪、肌肉和皮肤3种新鲜组织的THz光谱,获取3种组织在0.2~2.0THz范围的折射率和消光系数。结果表明:在0.2~1.6THz低频段猪肉不同组织的THz光谱差异较明显,含水量是影响新鲜组织对THz波吸收的主要因素。利用不同组织在THz波段的光学特性差异,可以无损快速鉴别组织类型。通过建立同种猪肉组织的THz光谱与猪肉品质的关系模型,能够实现猪肉品质的无损检测。     

太赫兹时域光谱在高油玉米检测中的应用初探

目的 采用太赫兹时域光谱在透射模式下对不同品种玉米品质进行探测。方法 分别得到样品不同部位的时域谱、吸收谱和折射率曲线, 探究玉米籽粒测定部位、平滑度、品种等因素对所得谱图的影响, 进而分析太赫兹波段对玉米种子进行油分无损检测和品种判别的可行性。结果 未制成标样的玉米样品难以得到有效谱图, 而标样中种胚在太赫兹波段未出现特征吸收。为进一步深入研究胚乳的太赫兹吸收, 对玉米种子的胚乳进行了傅里叶红外光谱测定, 结果表明不同品种的玉米胚乳谱在太赫兹谱区存在明显差异, 且存在特征吸收。结论 为进一步判别高、低油玉米品种以及其主要成分的太赫兹检测等提供参考。     

太赫兹时域光谱检测高油玉米油分初探

目的采用太赫兹时域光谱在透射模式下对不同品种玉米品质进行探测。方法分别得到样品不同部位的时域谱、吸收谱和折射率曲线,探究玉米籽粒测定部位、平滑度、品种等因素对所得谱图的影响,进而分析太赫兹波段对玉米种子进行油分无损检测和品种判别的可行性。结果未制成标样的玉米样品难以得到有效谱图,而标样中种胚在太赫兹波段未出现特征吸收。为进一步深入研究胚乳的太赫兹吸收,对玉米种子的胚乳进行了傅里叶红外光谱测定,结果表明不同品种的玉米胚乳谱在太赫兹谱区存在明显差异,且存在特征吸收。结论为进一步判别高、低油玉米品种以及其主要成分的太赫兹检测等提供参考。     

利用太赫兹技术和统计方法鉴别地沟油

基于普通食用油和地沟油的太赫兹吸收光谱,利用0.16~1.30 THz频域的吸收谱,进行聚类分析,8种地沟油组成一类,食用油自成一类。随机选择了2种地沟油作为验证样品,将其余油样进行聚类,采用概率神经网络法对验证样品进行判定,并成功将2种油判定为地沟油。结果表明,太赫兹时域光谱技术结合统计方法可推广成为鉴别地沟油的快速有效手段。     

太赫兹光谱法检测面粉中过氧化苯甲酰含量

检测40个不同过氧化苯甲酰含量的面粉样品的太赫兹时域谱,获得其在0.2~2.0 THz频段内的频域谱、折射谱及吸收谱。时域谱表明,与参考信号相比,添加过氧化苯甲酰的面粉样品,其太赫兹波幅值出现了不同程度的降低,面粉样品的频域信号出现了不同程度的延迟现象。频域谱表明面粉样品中过氧化苯甲酰的含量越高,其频域谱的幅值越大,对太赫兹波的吸收强度越小,过氧化苯甲酰在一定程度上降低了面粉样品对太赫兹波的吸收。折射谱表明随着频率的增加,折射率逐渐降低,随着面粉中过氧化苯甲酰的含量增加,面粉样品的折射率随之增大。吸收谱表明面粉样品中的过氧化苯甲酰在1.6 THz处存在一个较为明显的特征吸收峰。因此,太赫兹光谱可用于面粉中过氧化苯甲酰的特征识别。利用40个面粉样品的吸收谱数据作为输入变量,分别采用偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)、支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)及最小二乘支持向量回归(least squares support vector regression,LS-SVR)建立校正模型,其中PLS和SVR模型得到的决定系数(R2)都低于0.9,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)都大于10%,而LS-SVR模型的R2为0.986,RSD为4.30%,结果表明太赫兹光谱分析技术可以用于检测面粉中过氧化苯甲酰含量。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the