基于扩增子测序分析益生菌牙膏中菌群多样性

通过常规方法检测益生菌牙膏中的活性菌,并采用高通量测序技术对20种市售益生菌牙膏16S rDNA的V3、V4区进行测序,扩增子测序分析不同牙膏中的菌群结构并进行α多样性分析,最后基于特异性引物,使用PCR方法检测20种牙膏中副干酪乳杆菌成分。结果表明：1)20种益生菌牙膏菌落总数均<10 CFU/g,乳酸菌总数均<10 CFU/g;2）通过扩增子测序结果分析,牙膏中还添加了干酪乳杆菌以外的乳酸菌,有18种牙膏中添加了发酵乳杆菌、嗜酸乳酸杆菌和德氏乳杆菌亚种,20种牙膏中添加了植物乳杆菌,19种牙膏中添加了罗伊氏乳杆菌。高通量测序对原核微生物的α多样性分析,表明牙膏中原核微生物丰度和菌落多样性较高;3）牙膏DNA提取物通过PCR及测序,结果表明20种牙膏均按标签标识添加了副干酪乳杆菌。     

益生元、益生菌之间生物学功效影响分析

益生元是一类能够赋予益生菌调节人体健康能力的食品.益生元被肠道菌群发酵后的代谢产物还显示出抗炎和免疫调节的能力.分析整理了各类益生元对肠道微生物的促进作用机理.     

益生菌的研究进展

益生菌对人体有多种保健作用,本文就益生菌定义演变、菌株选择标准、研究方法、常用菌株、存在问题及前景进行了综述。     

响应面优化大豆低聚糖提取工艺及对肠道益生菌增殖的影响

阐述以脱脂豆粕为原料,优化提取大豆低聚糖工艺.以大豆低聚糖提取率为指标,通过单因素法考察Na2CO3用量、浸提温度、浸提时间以及水料比对大豆低聚糖提取效果的影响,再采用响应面法优化大豆 低聚糖的提取工艺.结果 表明,浸提温度和浸提时间对大豆低聚糖提取效果的影响最大,其次是水料比.响应面法优化得大豆低聚糖提取工艺的最适合...     

益生菌对海参免疫影响的研究进展

益生菌是一类对宿主有益的活性微生物,能定植于动物肠道、生殖系统内,维护肠道菌群平衡,刺激机体的特异性与非特异性免疫应答。本文在综合前人研究的基础上,针对用抗生素防治海参疾病方法的优缺点,结合益生菌在防治其他动物疾病方面的优势,对益生菌在海参免疫的影响研究进展方面进行了深入探讨。     

益生菌抗轮状病毒感染免疫调节机制的研究进展

轮状病毒(rotavirus,RV)是引起婴幼儿和幼龄动物腹泻的主要病原体之一,全世界每年因感染RV而死亡的婴幼儿约为21. 5万人,目前尚无抗RV特效药。研究表明,益生菌作为对宿主有益的一类微生物,可缓解由RV引起的腹泻,并可通过下调A20表达、降低TLR3诱导的小肠损伤和上调细胞因子表达等,提高机体抗RV免疫状态。本文对益生菌在抗RV感染及其对宿主免疫调节作用等方面作一综述,为RV的防治提供参考。     

皮肤微生态和益生菌抗光老化研究进展

皮肤微生态是构成皮肤屏障的重要组成部分,其皮肤微生物的正常代谢活动能抵御外界刺激,因此维持皮肤微生物稳态是化妆品领域的重点研究对象。系统介绍了紫外线与皮肤及其微生物的关系,并表明长期暴露于紫外线辐射会扰乱皮肤微生物稳态从而导致光损伤、老化等问题。综述了国内外抗光老化研究进展,证实了皮肤微生物、益生菌等可以阻挡或逆转紫外线的负面影响,恢复皮肤稳态。旨在对开发微生物抗光老化方法提供理论支持和研究思路,以期推动中国化妆品的健康可持续发展。     

单一或复合益生菌对小鼠免疫机能的影响

益生菌是一类对机体健康有益的非致病性微生物,具有促进机体对营养物质的吸收、调节肠道功能和调节免疫机能等功效,不同的益生菌所发挥的作用不同。为了探究单一或复合益生菌对小鼠免疫机能的影响,本研究采用环磷酰胺建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,分别用单一益生菌（嗜酸乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、长双歧杆菌）和复合益生菌对小鼠灌胃28 d,通过对小鼠单核巨噬细胞系统、免疫器官指数、血清谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、血清肌酐（CREA）和尿素氮（UREA）含量和血清细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ含量的测定,评价单一或复合益生菌对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明,单一或复合益生菌均能有效升高免疫器官指数,改善血液生化指标,对小鼠免疫机能都具有促进作用,且复合益生菌治疗效果更显著。     

益生菌联合美沙拉嗪对炎症性肠病治疗的临床研究

目的探讨益生菌联合美沙拉嗪对炎症性肠病治疗的临床研究。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,分析我院收治的60例炎症性肠病的患者临床资料,依据治疗方式不同,分为观察组(30例)和对照组(30例),观察其临床疗效。结果观察组结肠镜检查总有效率、临床疗效均明显高于对照组,P<0.05,差异均有统计学意义。观察组腹痛、腹泻、恶心、纳差、皮疹等不良反应的发生率均明显低于对照组,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论益生菌联合美沙拉嗪对炎症性肠病治疗的临床疗效明显,安全性高,值得临床推广使用。     

副干酪乳杆菌的发酵条件优化及其发酵液功效评价

为开发副干酪乳杆菌发酵产物在化妆品领域的应用,对副干酪乳杆菌的培养条件运用单因素实验进行优化并测定副干酪乳杆菌发酵液中多肽和总糖的含量。对副干酪乳杆菌发酵液进行DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基清除率实验和ABTS·+抗氧化能力测定。用HaCat细胞建立UV损伤细胞模型,采用Cusabio人白介素10(IL-10)和人组织蛋白酶B(CTSB)酶联免疫试剂盒进行检测。并测定副干酪乳杆菌发酵液对HaCat细胞溶酶体活性的影响。抗氧化实验数据结果表明副干酪乳杆菌发酵液具有DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力和ABTS·~+抗氧化能力。5%的副干酪乳杆菌发酵液能使IL-10表达量较模型组下降18?pg/mL,说明副干酪乳杆菌发酵液具有抗UV引起的免疫抑制的功效。10%的副干酪乳杆菌发酵液对CTSB表达的抑制作用与阳性对照组(乙酰水杨酸)相当,说明10%的副干酪乳杆菌发酵液抗炎效果与5?mmol/L乙酰水杨酸相当。在5%副干酪乳杆菌发酵液作用下,溶酶体活性较模型组提高23%,进一步说明副干酪乳杆菌发酵液具有良好的抗炎效果。     

Molecular Detection of Two Potential Probiotic Lactobacilli Strains and Evaluation of Their Performance as Starter Adjuncts in Yogurt Production

A molecular method for efficient and accurate detection and identification of two potential probiotic lactobacilli strains isolated from fermented olives, namely Lactobacillus pentosus B281 and Lb. plantarum B282, was developed in the present study. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed, and strain specific primers were designed and applied in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The specificity of the assay was tested and successfully confirmed in 27 and 22 lactobacilli strains for Lb. pentosus B281 and Lb. plantarum B282, respectively. Moreover, the two strains were used as starter cultures in yogurt production. Cell enumeration followed by multiplex PCR analysis demonstrated that the two strains were present in yogurt samples at levels ≥6 log CFU/g even after 35 days of storage at 4 °C. Microbiological analysis showed that lactobacilli and streptococci were present within usual levels, whereas enterobacteriaceae and yeast/mold counts were not detected as expected. Although the pH values of the novel products were slightly lower than the control ones, the yogurt containing the probiotic cultures scored similar values compared to the control in a series of sensory tests. Overall, these results demonstrated the possible use of the two strains as starter adjuncts in the production of yogurt with potential probiotic properties.     

Gut-Microbial Metabolites,Probiotics and Their Roles in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder defined by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance (IR) and impaired insulin secretion. Understanding the mechanism of insulin action is of great importance to the continuing development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of T2D. Disturbances of gut microbiota have been widely found in T2D patients and contribute to the development of IR. In the present article, we reviewed the pathological role of gut microbial metabolites including gaseous products, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) products, aromatic amino acids (AAAs) products, bile acids (BA) products, choline products and bacterial toxins in regulating insulin sensitivity in T2D. Following that, we summarized probiotics-based therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T2D with a focus on modulating gut microbiota in both animal and human studies. These results indicate that gut-microbial metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of T2D and supplementation of probiotics could be beneficial to alleviate IR in T2D via modulation of gut microbiota.     

Ecological Adaptations of Gut Microbiota Members and Their Consequences for Use as a New Generation of Probiotics

In this review, we link ecological adaptations of different gut microbiota members with their potential for use as a new generation of probiotics. Gut microbiota members differ in their adaptations to survival in aerobic environments. Interestingly, there is an inverse relationship between aerobic survival and abundance or potential for prolonged colonization of the intestinal tract. Facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant Lactobacilli and endospore-forming Firmicutes exhibit high fluctuation, and if such bacteria are to be used as probiotics, they must be continuously administered to mimic their permanent supply from the environment. On the other hand, species not expressing any form of aerobic resistance, such as those from phylum Bacteroidetes, commonly represent host-adapted microbiota members characterized by vertical transmission from mothers to offspring, capable of long-term colonization following a single dose administration. To achieve maximal probiotic efficacy, the mode of their administration should thus reflect their natural ecology.     

Evaluating the Role of Probiotics in the Prevention and Management of Age-Related Diseases

The human lifespan has been significantly increased due to scientific advancements in the management of disease; however, the health span of the aging population does not follow the same trend. Aging is the major risk factor for multimorbidity that is derived from the progressive loss of homeostasis, immunological and stem cell exhaustion, as well as exacerbated inflammation responses. Age-related diseases presenting with high frequencies include neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, metabolic diseases and cancer. These diseases can be co-morbid and are usually managed using a disease-specific approach that can eventually lead to polypharmacy, low medication adherence rates and undesired drug-drug interactions. Novel studies suggest targeting the shared biological basis of age-related diseases to retard the onset and manage their manifestations. Harvesting the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capacity of probiotics to tackle the root cause of these diseases, could pose a viable alternative. In this article, a comprehensive review of the effects of probiotic supplementation on the molecular pathogenesis of age-related diseases, and the potential of probiotic treatments as preventative or alleviatory means is attempted. Furthermore, issues on the safety and efficiency of probiotic supplementation, as well as the pitfalls of current clinical studies are discussed, while new perspectives for systematic characterization of probiotic benefits on aged hosts are outlined.     

The Role of Probiotics in the Poultry Industry

The increase of productivity in the poultry industry has been accompanied by various impacts, including emergence of a large variety of pathogens and bacterial resistance. These impacts are in part due to the indiscriminate use of chemotherapeutic agents as a result of management practices in rearing cycles. This review provides a summary of the use of probiotics for prevention of bacterial diseases in poultry, as well as demonstrating the potential role of probiotics in the growth performance and immune response of poultry, safety and wholesomeness of dressed poultry meat evidencing consumer’s protection, with a critical evaluation of results obtained to date.     

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects of Potential Probiotics Isolated from Korean Fermented Foods

A total of sixteen bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the fourteen types of Korean fermented foods that were evaluated for their in vitro probiotic potentials. The results showed the highest survivability for Bacillus sp. compared to Lactobacillus sp. in simulated gastric pH, and it was found to be maximum for B. inaquosorum KNUAS016 (8.25 ± 0.08 log10 CFU/mL) and minimum for L. sakei KNUAS019 (0.8 ± 0.02 log10 CFU/mL) at 3 h of incubation. Furthermore, B. inaquosorum KNUAS016 and L. brevis KNUAS017 also had the highest survival rates of 6.86 ± 0.02 and 5.37 ± 0.01 log10 CFU/mL, respectively, in a simulated intestinal fluid condition at 4 h of incubation. The percentage of autoaggregation at 6 h for L. sakei KNUAS019 (66.55 ± 0.33%), B. tequilensis KNUAS015 (64.56 ± 0.14%), and B. inaquosorum KNUAS016 (61.63 ± 0.19%) was >60%, whereas it was lower for L. brevis KNUAS017 (29.98 ± 0.09%). Additionally, B. subtilis KNUAS003 showed higher coaggregation at 63.84 ± 0.19% while B. proteolyticus KNUAS001 found at 30.02 ± 0.33%. Among them, Lactobacillus sp. showed the best non-hemolytic activity. The highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was observed in L. sakei KNUAS019 (58.25% and 71.88%). The cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus sp. considerably inhibited pathogenic growth, while the cell-free supernatant of Bacillus sp. was moderately inhibited when incubated for 24 h. However, the overall results found that B. subtilis KNUAS003, B. proteolyticus KNUAS012, L. brevis KNUAS017, L. graminis KNUAS018, and L. sakei KNUAS019 were recognized as potential probiotics through different functional and toxicity assessments.     

The Therapeutic Role of Exercise and Probiotics in Stressful Brain Conditions

Oxidative stress has been recognized as a contributing factor in aging and in the progression of multiple neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s dementia, ischemic stroke, and head and spinal cord injury. The increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, altered metal homeostasis, and compromised brain antioxidant defence. All these changes have been reported to directly affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission in neurons, leading to cognitive dysfunction. In this context two non-invasive strategies could be employed in an attempt to improve the aforementioned stressful brain status. In this regard, it has been shown that exercise could increase the resistance against oxidative stress, thus providing enhanced neuroprotection. Indeed, there is evidence suggesting that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress, and has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the differential effects of different types of exercise (aerobic exhausted exercise, anaerobic exercise, or the combination of both types) and the duration of physical activity will be also addressed in this review as likely determinants of therapeutic efficacy. The second proposed strategy is related to the use of probiotics, which can also reduce some biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, although their underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. Moreover, various probiotics produce neuroactive molecules that directly or indirectly impact signalling in the brain. In this review, we will discuss how physical activity can be incorporated as a component of therapeutic strategies in oxidative stress-based neurological disorders along with the augmentation of probiotics intake.     

The Effect of Bacterial Infections,Probiotics and Zonulin on Intestinal Barrier Integrity

The intestinal barrier plays an extremely important role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the gut and the entire body. It is made up of an intricate system of cells, mucus and intestinal microbiota. A complex system of proteins allows the selective permeability of elements that are safe and necessary for the proper nutrition of the body. Disturbances in the tightness of this barrier result in the penetration of toxins and other harmful antigens into the system. Such events lead to various digestive tract dysfunctions, systemic infections, food intolerances and autoimmune diseases. Pathogenic and probiotic bacteria, and the compounds they secrete, undoubtedly affect the properties of the intestinal barrier. The discovery of zonulin, a protein with tight junction regulatory activity in the epithelia, sheds new light on the understanding of the role of the gut barrier in promoting health, as well as the formation of diseases. Coincidentally, there is an increasing number of reports on treatment methods that target gut microbiota, which suggests that the prevention of gut-barrier defects may be a viable approach for improving the condition of COVID-19 patients. Various bacteria–intestinal barrier interactions are the subject of this review, aiming to show the current state of knowledge on this topic and its potential therapeutic applications.