电熔镁砂加入量对钢包用铝镁质透气砖性能的影响

为了实现钢包用透气砖的无铬化,以板状刚玉(6～3、3～1、≤1mm)为骨料,板状刚玉细粉(≤0.044mm)、α-Al2O3微粉(≤5μm,d50=2.01μm)、镁铝尖晶石细粉(≤0.044mm)、电熔镁砂细粉(≤0.044mm)为基质,以纯铝酸盐水泥为结合剂,将骨料和基质的质量比固定为70:30,通过研究电熔镁砂细粉加入量(其质量分数1％、2％、3％、4％、5％)对铝镁质透气砖性能的影响,研制了铝镁质透气砖,与铬刚玉质透气砖的性能进行了对比.结果表明:加入质量分数2％的电熔镁砂细粉,试样的力学性能提高,抗热震性增强;进一步增大电熔镁砂细粉的加入量,由于原位镁铝尖晶石的生成量过多,微裂纹发展成为破坏性裂纹,试样的强度急剧降低,体积密度下降,试样的加热永久线变化增大,抗热震性先增强后减小,高温抗折强度下降.通过铬刚玉质透气砖和铝镁质透气砖性能及现场试用情况的对比,认为铝镁质透气砖可代替铬刚玉质透气砖使用,实现透气砖的无铬化.     

高性能镁尖晶石质浇注料的研制

以不同粒度的电熔镁砂(≤8、≤0.088 mm)和铝镁尖晶石细粉(≤0.088 mm)为主要原料,经振动成型制备了一系列镁尖晶石质浇注料试样,探讨了镁质结合剂和活性氧化铝微粉加入量(w)分别为1%、2%、3%、4%和5%时对浇注料试样分别经110、1 000和1 600℃热处理后物理性能的影响,并将优选的合适配方试样与RH炉用烧成镁尖晶石砖进行了常规物理性能、抗热震性能和抗渣性能比较。结果表明:当镁质结合剂加入量(w)由1%增至2%时,试样经不同温度处理后的强度显著增加;但当其加入量超过2%(w)后,试样经不同温度处理后的强度尤其是在1 450℃的高温抗折强度逐渐向相反的方向变化;当活性氧化铝微粉加入量(w)由1%增至3%,试样经110℃热处理后的强度下降较快,但经1 000和1 600℃热处理后的强度和线膨胀率及高温抗折强度却呈现增加的趋势;当加入量超过3%(w)后,试样的高温抗折强度开始下降。研制的镁尖晶石质浇注料经1 600℃处理后具有较高的致密度及骨料和基质间存在微细裂纹的特征,与烧成镁尖晶石砖相比,具有较好的抗热震性能、抗渣性能和较低的高温强度。     

新型长寿命低温处理透气砖的研制及应用

本文研制了一种新型低温处理透气砖,该透气砖在传统的刚玉.尖晶石体系中引入了2%～4%的单斜ZrO2,明显改善了材料的高温强度和抗侵蚀性能,尤其是材料的抗热震性明显优于烧成刚玉.尖晶石透气砖.该透气砖在生产过程中省略了高温生成工艺,能耗低于烧成透气砖,节约了能源,降低了生产成本.低温处理透气砖在60 t以下中小钢包上,使用次数可以达到128次,优于烧成刚玉-尖晶石质透气砖,在90 t以上大型钢包精炼上使用效果略优于刚玉-尖晶石透气砖.     

MgO加入量和引入形式对钢包座砖性能的影响

为提高钢包座砖的使用寿命,以板状刚玉、α-Al2O3微粉、烧结镁砂、电熔尖晶石为主要原料,铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,采用高效减水剂制备了钢包座砖试样。研究了烧结镁砂加入量(加入质量分数分别为0、4%、5%和6%)和Mg O引入形式对钢包座砖常规物理性能、高温抗折强度、抗侵蚀性和抗热震性的影响。结果表明:当2.5%(w)的烧结镁砂和9.5%(w)的电熔尖晶石以复合的形式引入时,试样强度提高,抗侵蚀性改善,其综合性能最好。以此配方制备的钢包座砖现场使用寿命由原来的40炉提高到50炉,实现了与钢包同步,有效提高了钢包的平均使用寿命。     

添加铝铬渣对刚玉-尖晶石浇注料性能的影响

为拓展铝铬渣的资源化利用途径及降低产品的成本,以铝铬渣取代常规刚玉-尖晶石浇注料中的烧结刚玉,研究了铝铬渣添加量(加入质量分数分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%)对刚玉-尖晶石浇注料性能的影响,并用其制成整体型透气砖在210 t精炼钢包上进行了工业应用试验。结果表明:1)随着铝铬渣添加量的增加,1 550℃烧后试样的显气孔率和体积密度及耐压强度变化不大,常温抗折强度有所降低,加热永久线变化率逐渐变大,加入30%(w)铝铬渣可以提高试样的高温抗折强度,因此,加入30%(w)铝铬渣试样的综合性能最佳;2)含30%(w)铝铬渣的透气座砖能够完全取代常规产品,透气芯也能够满足现场冶炼需要,但损耗速率略高于常规产品。     

添加树脂粉和沥青粉对MgO-C砖性能的影响

为提高MgO-C砖的使用性能,从改善其常温和中高温处理后的物理性能、抗热震性能以及降低高温热膨胀等方面出发,分别研究了添加1%(w)的树脂粉和沥青粉(Carbores P)时,对碳含量为14%(w)的MgO-C砖性能的影响。结果表明:添加树脂粉对提高MgO-C砖烘干后的强度最为有利,但对砖中高温处理后的物理性能、抗热震性能以及抗氧化性能等方面影响不大;添加Carbores P可有效提高MgO-C砖中高温处理后的强度、高温抗折强度和抗热震性能,同时还可以降低其高温下的热膨胀性能。     

用后钢包透气砖显微结构分析

对60 t LF VD精炼钢包用刚玉-尖晶石透气砖和45 t LF精炼钢包用铬刚玉-尖晶石透气砖用后残砖进行了显微结构分析。结果表明:LF精炼工艺用透气砖狭缝及裂纹有明显的渣侵蚀和渗透,LF VD精炼工艺用透气砖狭缝和裂纹有钢液渗透。在周期性操作过程中,狭缝口部的扩大和热震造成的裂纹会使钢液或渣液的渗透侵蚀作用加剧并导致剥落现象的发生。透气砖狭缝堵塞直接影响吹通率和使用寿命,所以,要优化狭缝尺寸,提高材料的抗热震性。     

硅微粉含量对铝镁质湿式喷补料性能的影响

硅微粉常常被加入到湿式喷补料中以改善其泵送性能。该技术也同样应用于铝镁质材料。但研究发现 ,对于硅微粉含量较高的铝镁质材料 ,由于形成许多裂纹而使其剥落损毁趋于加剧。为此 ,日本研究了硅微粉对铝镁质湿式喷补料性能的影响 ,结果如下 :( 1)硅微粉加入量越少 ,浇注料的抗侵蚀性越好。由于没有发现硅微粉含量不同的各试样在渣的渗透量方面存在明显差异 ,因此认为 ,硅微粉仅仅降低材料的熔融温度而影响其抗侵蚀性。( 2 )热震循环导致试样内部产生裂纹 ,因此 ,随着热震循环次数的增加 ,试样的弹性模量逐渐降低 ;硅微粉含量不同 ,热震后…     

水泥加入量对刚玉-尖晶石质钢包透气砖座砖性能的影响

以粒度6~3、3~1、≤1 mm的板状刚玉颗粒为骨料,粒度≤0.074 mm的板状刚玉和烧结尖晶石细粉为基质,活性α-Al2O3微粉、纯铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,聚丙烯纤维、偶氮甲酰胺、碳酸氢钠及聚丙烯纤维+碳酸氢钠为防爆剂,制备了刚玉-尖晶石质钢包透气砖座砖,研究了水泥加入量(质量分数分别为2%、4%、6%、8%和10%)对透气砖座砖常温性能、抗热震性和抗爆裂性能的影响。结果表明:随着水泥加入量的增加,110℃干燥后常温强度增加,1 560℃烧后常温强度、显气孔率和线变化率先增加后降低;水泥加入量6%(w)时试样的强度最低,显气孔率和线变化率最大,其常温性能最差;随着水泥加入量的增加,1 100℃水冷3次后试样的强度保持率增加,抗热震性能改善,水泥加入量为10%(w)时抗热震性最好;采用碳酸氢钠或碳酸氢钠+聚丙烯有机纤维复合的防爆剂试样的抗爆裂效果最好。研制的透气砖座砖在150 t转炉钢包上使用,寿命由原来的平均31次提高到平均36次。     

镁砂临界粒度和颗粒级配对镁质弥散型透气材料性能的影响

为了进一步完善中间包用镁质弥散型透气元件的性能,以电熔镁砂颗粒(粒度1~0.5、1.5~0.5和2~1 mm)、高纯镁砂粉(≤0.074 mm)、铝镁尖晶石粉(≤0.074 mm)、α-Al2O3粉(≤0.074 mm)为主要原料,亚硫酸纸浆废液为结合剂,按不同的粒度级配(配料中≤0.074 mm的细粉质量分数分别为6%、13%、20%和27%)配料、混料后经机压成型,然后经1 650℃下保温3 h烧成制备了镁质弥散型透气试样,并研究了镁砂临界粒度(分别为1、1.5和2 mm)和颗粒级配对试样透气度、高温抗折强度、体积密度和显气孔率、常温抗折强度、常温耐压强度以及显微结构中气孔孔径的影响。结果表明:随着镁砂颗粒临界粒度的增加,试样的常温强度、高温抗折强度和体积密度均减小,气孔率和透气度增大;随着配料中≤0.074 mm细粉含量的增加,试样的常温强度、高温抗折强度、体积密度均增大,气孔率和透气度减小。综合各项性能认为,电熔镁砂骨料(粒度为1~0.5 mm)含量为80%(w),细粉(≤0.074 mm)含量为20%(w),是镁质弥散型透气材料的最佳配比。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。