On two arbitrarily located identical parallel antennas

The conventional problem of two arbitrarily located parallel antennas is solved by using an integral equation technique. The two simultaneous integral equations for the two antennas are first decoupled into two independent integral equations and then solved by an approximate method with currents represented by five trigonometric functions, three for the symmetric and two for the antisymmetric parts. Typical current distributions and input admittances are obtained for half-wave and full-wave antennas in nonstaggered, in45degechelon, and in collinear arrangements. For the nonstaggered case, the results agree with experimental data. For the other two arrangements, no experimental data are yet available. However, the current distribution is also obtained by a numerical method. The two theoretical results agree favorably for all three cases. The five-term method can be extended to a general array ofN-parallel elements. This is reserved for a further report.     

An approximate formulation for the characteristic impedance of noncoplanar fin antennas

This paper describes an approximation for the characteristic impedance of noncoplanar fin antennas. The formulation is simple and enough accurate for practical applications. The error made by the approximation is less than ±2%, it has been proved to be effective by stripline theory. The numerical results are good agreement to the experimental results given by literature. The expression is useful for the design of wideband antennas.     

Heating characteristics of thin helical antennas with conductingcores in a lossy medium. I. Noninsulated antennas

We report a combined theoretical and experimental study of the heating characteristics of helical antennas in lossy dielectric media. Proposed biomedical application of such antennas include angioplasty, hyperthermia, and catheter ablation of tissue. The study focuses on helical antennas, operated in the normal mode (wavelength greater than antenna diameter but comparable to antenna length), that are terminated at one end by a short circuit and at the other by a coaxial feedpoint. The analytical model is based on the helical sheath approximation, extended to the case of lossy media. In addition, experimental studies were performed on helical antennas immersed in aqueous electrolyte of various conductivity. The antennas show two distinct modes of propagation: a slow mode similar to that observed in helical antennas in loss-free media, and a faster mode. The analytical/numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data, thus demonstrating the validity of the model     

金属截锥柱侧天线辐射场的研究

根据实测的单元天线方向图,利用几何绕射理论,给出了金属截锥柱侧天线三维辐射场的一种有效的数值分析方法。这些公式同样适用于金属截柱或截锥。应用上述公式计算了截锥侧微带天线及其排阵的任意平面方向图,并与实测结果进行了比较,两者吻合良好。     

An efficient numerical approach for modeling microstrip-typeantennas

An efficient numerical approach to model antennas that include a microstrip element radiating in the presence of material layers is developed. The class of antennas considered is fed through the ground plane by a coaxial transmission line. The reaction integral equation is formulated by treating the coaxial aperture as part of the antenna. The substrate thickness can be arbitrary, making this numerical technique suitable for high-frequency applications. The effects of the substrate are also included in the analysis. Numerical results are obtained for the current distribution and input impedance. The algorithm is validated with experimental results     

The influence of electromagnetic environment on operation of activearray antennas: analysis and simulation techniques

This paper presents an overview of active array antennas, system-level nonlinear effects in such antennas, and their modeling and simulation techniques. Advantages of active array antennas, in comparison with passive array antennas, are discussed. The influence of nonlinear distortions and interference in active antennas on the overall system performance is considered. Modeling and simulation techniques that can be applied to active array antennas are substantially different from those used for circuits and systems. Analytical and numerical techniques are used for the analysis of active antennas, with the prevailing use of numerical techniques at the present time. Electromagnetic-level and circuit-level simulation techniques are discussed. System-level simulation techniques are considered in detail, with special emphasis on their application to active array antennas. The “instantaneous” quadrature technique is proposed as an effective tool for numerical simulation of active arrays over wide frequency and dynamic ranges in a computationally-effective way     

Directional borehole radar with dipole antenna array using optical modulators

In this paper, we describe a directional borehole radar comprising a dipole antenna array with an optical modulator capable of determining the position of targets in three dimensions (3-D). Optical modulators using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer are used to transform electrical signals into optical signals at the feeding points of the dipole antennas. The advantages of using these modulators are that we can easily arrange the dipole antennas in a borehole, and that we can expect a good agreement between the experimental data and a theoretical model representing the array. We have made a prototype borehole radar system with five dipole antennas for the reception. In order to model the antennas, we used the method of moment (MoM), utilizing a modified Green's function for dipole antennas in multiple cylindrical layers. The Green's function is evaluated analytically by numerical integration. Cross-hole and single-hole measurements were carried out in granite at the Kamaishi mine (Iwate, Japan), and we obtained good agreement between the experimental data and the MoM results. After applying superresolution techniques to the data received by the array, we estimated the 3-D scattering position of a geological interface in granite. The results were in fairly good agreement with borehole scanner images.     

Inverted-F antennas with wideband match performance

Novel inverted-F antennas, double-wire (DW-IFA) and double-strip (DS-IFA) were developed for f₀ = 2.45 GHz, and a 0.8λ ₀ in size square ground plate. The antennas are distinctive for their wideband match performance, 12% (numerical) for DW-IFA and 18% (numerical)/17% (experimental) for DS-IFA, and radiation characteristics suitable for the mobile environment scenario     

Application of the Monopulse Technique to a Planar Array of Nonlinearly Loaded Straight-Wire Coupled Antennas

The radiation and reception characteristics of a planar array of straight-wire coupled antennas are analyzed by a numerical method in the time domain. The numerical method allows us to calculate some significant magnitudes in an array of coupled wire antennas, such as the frequency dependence of the self- and mutual impedances between antennas. The antennas are fed by a time-varying Gaussian pulse, and they are loaded with various nonlinear elements to exert some control over the radiation field. The results are used to show how the monopulse technique with the slope pattern promises a much higher accuracy of angle measurement for a target.     

An analysis of antenna coupling between arrays on a polyhedronstructure

Antenna coupling between arrays on a polyhedron structure is investigated. First of all, a high-frequency asymptotic closed-form formula is derived for the mutual admittance between two linearly polarized circular microstrip antennas located on the different faces of a perfectly conducting wedge. The microstrip antennas are modeled by the cavity model, and the mutual coupling caused by the wedge-diffracted field is analyzed by the EMF method using Keller's GTD diffraction coefficients for the diffracted field. Next, the antenna coupling between arrays is calculated and compared with an experimental result. Good agreement between them supports the theory. Finally, the properties of the antenna coupling are described by some numerical simulations     

Self-structuring antennas

This paper introduces a new class of antennas, called self-structuring antennas (SSAs). An SSA has the ability to alter its electrical shape in response to changes in its environment. This property makes an SSA suitable for use in a number of traditionally difficult antenna situations. The basic principles of the SSA are introduced, and a number of potential applications are highlighted. Details of a simple prototype antenna are provided. Computer tools capable of analyzing the SSA are described, and results of both numerical and experimental investigations of the SSA are presented     

介质覆盖矩形微带天线的理论与实验

本文研究了介质覆盖矩形微带天线的特性，精确的谱域全波分析方法被扩展到这类天线的分析中，给出了理论计算公式，探讨了介质覆盖层和对矩形微带天线的驻波比的影响，实验结果证实了理论计算的正确性。     

介质覆盖微带天线辐射特性的研究

基于谱域导抗法和波矩阵技术,本文给出了介质覆盖微带天线的一种有效的数值分析方法。计算公式简单,易于程序化。数值结果和实测与已有文献的结果吻合良好。     

Analysis of microstrip antennas on a curved surface using theconformal grids FD-TD method

The need for small, portable antennas for mobile communications has spurred the study of microstrip antennas (MSA). MSA are quite flexible and have been used as conformal antennas on arbitrary curved surfaces. The characteristics of conformal MSA can be expected to differ from those of planar models. Dependable numerical analyses will obviate many of the costs and other inconveniences associated with experiments, but as antennas may be mounted on surfaces of arbitrary topological complexity, analysis methods must have a general applicability. The curvilinear finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method has shown excellent versatility. This method is applied to analyze microstrip antennas mounted on curved surfaces. The numerical predictions are compared with the experimental values. The results confirm the predictions within acceptable limits and appear to confirm the validity of the method. As a result, it was confirmed that the input impedance and directivity of MSA on curved surfaces are different from the flat MSA     

多层介质覆盖矩形微带天线谐振频率的精确计算

本文将谱域导抗法推广应用于计算多层介质覆盖矩形微带天线的谐振频率，通过引入两种特殊的数值积分方法，解决了二维振荡函数无穷区间积分问题，获得了一些有用的结论。     

Gain enhancement of a pyramidal horn using E- and H-plane metalbaffles

A technique for enhancing the gain of a wide-flare angle pyramidal horn is described. The gain of the antenna is increased by placing simple metal strips or baffles inside the horn near its throat. Two baffles, an E- and an H-plane baffle, are described and analyzed. The baffles are first analyzed through two-dimensional (2-D) numerical calculations and then through measurements in an experimental X-band horn. Each baffle enhances the antenna's gain in the respective plane. When the baffles are implemented together the gain enhancement is additive in decibels. The numerical calculations and measurements show that baffles can he used to significantly reduce the size of pyramidal horn antennas     

Accurate computation of the radiation from simple antennas usingthe finite-difference time-domain method

Two antennas are considered, a cylindrical monopole and a conical monopole. Both are driven through an image plane from a coaxial transmission line. Each of these antennas corresponds to a well-posed theoretical electromagnetic boundary value problem and a realizable experimental model. These antennas are analyzed by a straightforward application of the finite-difference-time-domain (FD-TD) method. The computed results for these antennas are shown to be in excellent agreement with accurate experimental measurements for both the time domain and the frequency domain. The graphical displays presented for the transient near-zone and far-zone radiation from these antennas provide physical insight into the radiation process     

Time-domain analysis of an array of straight-wire coupled antennas

The current distribution and the frequency dependence of self and mutual impedances of an array of straight-wire coupled antennas are calculated by a numerical method in the time domain. The antennas are excited by a time-varying Gaussian pulse. The method can easily be extended to study arrays of nonlinear loaded antennas.     

实验性互联网中仿真路由器的配置方法

由于路由器的价格还比较昂贵，利用路由器组建实验性互联网的费用比较高，所以能够用于学生做实验的路由器几乎很少，甚至没有。为了让学生全面理解并掌握路由器的原理、作用、配置方法，可以使用计算机仿真路由器，同样可以实现路由。本文介绍了在实验性互联网络中如何用计算机仿真路由器，并阐述了路由配置方法。     

A numerical method for transient analysis of coupled antennas

A numerical method for finding the transient response induced on coupled thin cylindrical antennas excited by an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is introduced. Numerical examples are given for two coupled thin antenna that are broadside incident by an idealized EMP. Applications of the method are made to calculate the induced currents on corner reflector antennas, and numerical examples are given to illustrate how the transient responses are modified by coupling effects. Examples of applying the method to include the effects of the time-varying medium on the responses are also shown with an assumed time-varying air conductivity.