IMPACT OF DIAGENESIS ON RESERVOIR-QUALITY EVOLUTION IN FLUVIAL AND LACUSTRINE-DELTAIC SANDSTONES: EVIDENCE FROM JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC SANDSTONES FROM THE ORDOS BASIN, CHINA

The reservoir quality of Jurassic and Triassic fluvial and lacustrine‐deltaic sandstones in the intracratonic Ordos Basin is strongly influenced by depositional facies and various types of diagenetic modifications. The fluvial sandstones have higher average He‐porosity and permeability (14.8% and 12.7 mD, respectively) than the deltaic sandstones (9.8% and 5.8 mD, respectively). In addition to extensive mechanical compaction, eodiagenesis (220–97 Ma; depth < 2000 m; T < 70°C) has resulted in dissolution and kaolinitization of detrital silicates in the Jurassic fluvial sandstones, and in smectite infiltration and minor cementation by calcite and siderite in the Triassic fluvial and deltaic sandstones. Pervasive eogenetic carbonate cementation (> 20 vol.%) occurred in Triassic deltaic siltstones and very fine‐grained sandstones which are closely associated with organic‐rich mudstones. Mesodiagenesis (97–65 Ma), which occurred during rapid subsidence to depths of 3700–4400 m, resulted in the albitization of plagioclase, checmical compaction, the conversion of kaolinite into dickite, and cementation by quartz overgrowths, chlorite, illite, ankerite (δ¹³C_VPDB=?2.4‰ to +2.6‰; δ¹⁸O_VPDB=?21.5‰ to ?10‰) and calcite (δ¹³C_VPDB=?4.7‰ to +3.7‰; δ¹⁸O_VPDB=?21.8‰ to ?13.4‰). Oil emplacement (95 Ma) retarded cementation by mesogenetic quartz and carbonate but had little influence on dickite, illite and chlorite formation. Retardation of quartz cementation was also due to the presence of chlorite fringes around detrital quartz grains. Dickitization of eogenetic kaolinite together with the short residence time at maximum burial temperatures (105–124°C) has retarded the albitization of K‐feldspars and illite formation and hence prevented severe permeability destruction. Telodiagenesis, which occurred after uplift (Eocene to end‐Neogene), caused slight dissolution and kaolinitization of feldspars. This study demonstrates that despite complex patterns of diagenetic modifications in the Triassic and Jurassic successions, depositional porosity and permeability are better preserved in fluvial meandering channel sandstones than in deltaic sandstones. These results should be important for modelling of reservoir‐quality distribution and exploration risk evaluation in the basin.     

RESERVOIR SANDSTONES OF THE CRETACEOUS NAPO FORMATION U AND T MEMBERS IN THE ORIENTE BASIN,ECUADOR: LINKS BETWEEN DIAGENESIS AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

This paper investigates whether diagenetic alterations in sandstones and resulting changes in reservoir quality are influenced by depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy. The study focusses on the Cretaceous U and T sandstone members of the Napo Formation in the Oriente Basin of Ecuador. The sandstones were deposited in fluvial, transitional and marine environments, and comprise Lowstand (LST), Transgressive (TST) and Highstand Systems Tract (HST) deposits. The data were obtained by detailed petrographic observations supported by microprobe, stable isotope, and fluid inclusion analyses. The sandstones consist of fine- to medium-grained quartzarenites and subarkoses. Diagenetic events include cementation by chlorite, early and late kaolinite/dickite, early and late carbonates (siderite, Fe-dolomite/ankerite), and quartz. Early (eogenetic) processes included formation of chlorite grain coatings, kaolinite pore filling, and siderite (SI) cementation. Chlorite is absent in TST sandstones but was found frequently in LST-HST sandstones. Early kaolinite is not present in LST sandstones but occurred frequently in LST-HST sandstones. The distribution of mesogenetic cements relative to sequence stratigraphy is different in the U and T units. In the U sandstones, calcite is frequent in LST deposits and absent in the LST-HST. Fe-dolomite/ankerite is abundant only in the TST. S2 siderite is present in the TST and LST, but absent in the LST-HST. Quartz cement and kaolinite/dickite are equally distributed in all systems tracts. In the T sandstones Fe-dolomite/ankerite is only abundant in the TST, whilst calcite, quartz and dickite have similar distributions in all the systems tracts. The distribution of kaolinite cement is interpreted to be the result of relatively more intense meteoric-water flux occurring during sea-level fall, whereas chlorite cement may have formed through burial diagenetic transformation of precursor clays e.g. berthierine which was precipitated in mixed marine-meteoric waters in tidal channel and estuarine environments. Chlorite cement in the T and U sandstones appears to have retarded development of quartz overgrowths, and 12–13% primary porosity is retained. The T sandstones (LST-HST) contain up to 4% chlorite cement. Little evidence for chemical compaction was found with the exception of occasional concave-convex grain contacts. Eogenetic siderite appears to have helped to preserve reservoir quality through supporting the sandstone framework against further compaction, but mesogenetic calcite has considerably reduced primary porosity. Eogenetic siderite (SI) was partly replaced by later carbonate cements such as late siderite (S2) and Fe-dolomite. Although there appears to be a relationship in the Napo Formation between the occurrence of siderite SI and sequence stratigraphy, the relationship may change when original volumes of siderite are considered. There is likewise partial replacement of early kaolinite and recrystalization to dickite which masks the amount of original early kaolinite. Since the amount of early kaolinite could not be confirmed, the relationship to sequence stratigraphy is tentative. Only chlorite seems to have a clear relationship to sequence stratigraphic framework in the Napo Formation. The high intergranular volume (IGV) of the sandstones indicates that cementation played a more important role than mechanical and chemical compaction in both Napo Formation sandstone members. Later dissolution of feldspar grains and siderite cements was the main process of secondary porosity development (up to 11% in the U sandstones).     

Diagenesis and Its Effect on Reservoir Quality of Silurian Sandstones,Tabei Area,Tarim Basin,China

The diagenetic processes of the Tabei sandstones in the Tarim Basin include compaction, cementation (quartz overgrowths, calcite, clay minerals and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of the feldspar and calcite cement. Porosity was reduced by compaction from an assumed original 40% to about 22.1%. Cementation reduced porosity to 26.6%. The Tabei sandstones lost a little more porosity by compaction than by cementation. Quartz cementation, especially syntaxial quartz overgrowth, is a major cause of porosity-loss in many reservoirs in moderately to deeply buried sandstone. Calcite cementation played a key role in the porosity evolution of sandstones. At the early stage of burial, the early calcite cement occupied most of the pore spaces resulting in significant porosity. On the other hand, some primary porosity has been preserved due to incomplete filling or the presence of scattered patches of calcite cement. In addition to calcite, several clay minerals, including illite and chlorite occurred as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. The pore-lining chlorite may have helped in retaining the porosity by preventing the precipitation of syntaxial quartz overgrowths. Illite, which largely occurred as hair-like rims around the grains and bridges on the pore throats, caused a substantial deterioration of penetrability of the reservoir. Calcite cement dissolution was extensive and contributed significantly to the development of secondary porosity.     

AN INTEGRATED STUDY OF DIAGENESIS AND DEPOSITIONAL FACIES IN TIDAL SANDSTONES: HAWAZ FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN), MURZUQ BASIN, LIBYA

Studies of the impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality in tidal sandstones can be of great importance in successful hydrocarbon exploration. The study reported here shows that diagenetic alterations and bioturbation have induced considerable deterioration and heterogeneity in the reservoir quality of the sand-dominated tidal deposits of the Middle Ordovician Hawaz Formation in the Muruq Basin, Libya. Comparison is made between the diagenetic evolution of samples from the subsurface (present-day depth 1500 m) and from surface outcrops in order to study the impact of burial and uplift on the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality in the Hawaz Formation sandstones.
Eogenetic alterations, which were mediated by meteoric water circulation, included kaolinitization and dissolution of framework silicates and mechanical compaction. Mesogenetic alterations (T > 70°C; depth > 2 km) included pressure dissolution of quartz grains and concomitant quartz cementation, conversion of kaolinite into dickite, illitization of kaolinite and of grain-coating clays, and the precipitation of Mg-rich siderite cement. Reduction of intergranular porosity was due more to compaction than to cementation, yet quartz overgrowths are up to 16% in some of the sandstones. Bioturbation has resulted in a greater reduction in sandstone permeability in the lower part of the formation than the upper part. A higher ratio of dickite to kaolinite in subsurface samples than in outcrop samples is attributed to the longer residence time of the former sandstones under mesogenetic conditions. Telodiagenesis has not resulted in enhancement of reservoir quality of the Hawaz Formation Sandstones but in pseudomorphic calcitization of siderite and oxidation of pyrite to goethite.
This study shows that the reservoir-quality evolution of tidal sandstones can best be elucidated when linked to depositional facies and distribution of diagenetic alterations.     

DIAGENESIS OF TIGHT‐GAS SANDSTONES IN THE LOWER CRETACEOUS DENGLOUKU FORMATION,SONGLIAO BASIN,NE CHINA: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESERVOIR QUALITY

Non‐marine tight‐gas sandstones have not been studied intensively in terms of diagenesis and reservoir‐quality evaluation. This paper investigates the sandstones in the Lower Cretaceous Denglouku Formation in the Songliao Basin, NE China, which comprise a tight reservoir for natural gas. Core samples of the sandstones were obtained from eight wells located in two gasfields and were described in terms of lithology and sedimentology with the aid of wireline log interpretation; other data included thin section petrography, and X‐ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscopy. The sandstones mainly comprise moderate‐ to well‐sorted, fine‐ to medium‐grained feldspathic litharenites deposited in braided fluvial to braid‐delta settings under warm, arid to semi‐arid climatic conditions. Diagenetic processes which have affected the sandstones include compaction and cementation by calcite, dolomite, ferroan calcite, quartz, chlorite and illite. Porosity characteristics of the sandstones are closely linked to depositional facies, and the sandstones can be divided on the basis of sediment textures and depositional facies into three groups which have distinctive diagenetic features. The best reservoirs are represented by relatively coarse‐grained sandstones deposited in braid‐delta mouth bars and distributary channels and braided fluvial channels; these sandstones have relatively high porosity (up to 5%) and contain large amounts of chlorite and illite pore‐lining cements but relatively minor carbonate cement. A reservoir quality prediction model is proposed and incorporates textural, depositional and diagenetic attributes. The model will help to identify sweet spots in non‐marine tight‐gas sandstones elsewhere, and will contribute to more effective field development.     

POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY VARIATIONS IN A TIGHT GAS SANDSTONE RESERVOIR ANALOGUE,WESTPHALIAN D,LOWER SAXONY BASIN,NW GERMANY: INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITIONAL SETTING AND DIAGENESIS

Understanding the spatial variability of reservoir properties in tight gas sandstones can significantly reduce uncertainties in reservoir characterization. This study focuses on two outcrops of Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian D) fluvial sandstones in the southern part of the Lower Saxony Basin, NW Germany, which are analogues for tight, gas‐producing reservoir rocks at fields in the north of the basin. Large‐scale differences in reservoir quality occur between the two outcrops which are separated by a distance of approximately 15 km and by 600 m of stratigraphy. Smaller‐scale heterogeneities in the form of channel geometries occur within individual fluvial cycles, as evidenced in a 30 m (high) by 150 m (long) porosity‐permeability profile at one of the outcrops studied. In the Woitzel quarry, lower Westphalian D deposits consist of fining‐upwards cycles of channel and bar sandstones with intercalated floodplain sediments and coal seams. In abandoned quarries at the Hüggel location, upper Westphalian D strata are composed of grey and red coloured sandstones which suggest deposition in a fluvial – alluvial plain environment under increasingly arid conditions. Reservoir quality is higher in the upper Westphalian D sandstones at Hüggel (permeability: up to 1 mD; mean porosity: 19%) than in the lower Westphalian D sandstones at Woitzel (permeability: <0.1 mD; mean porosity: 15%). Due to the high degree of compaction of the upper and lower Westphalian D deposits (intergranular volumes of 21.9% and 19.4% respectively) and the high proportions of pseudomatrix, porosity in these sandstones is mainly secondary with up to 80% microporosity. Reservoir quality is in general higher in the upper Westphalian D sandstones where kaolinite is present. In contrast, intense illitization has degraded the reservoir quality of the lower Westphalian D sandstones. A positive correlation between permeability and grain size is exhibited by the kaolinite‐bearing upper Westphalian D sandstones. No such correlation is evident in the illite‐bearing lower Westphalian D sandstones, unless samples with permeabilities of <0.01 mD are excluded from the correlation. However, such a low permeability cut‐off is not related to sorting, grain size or authigenic quartz cementation. At a small scale, permeability varies laterally by two orders of magnitude from 0.001 mD to 0.1 mD in a single, approximately 3 m thick tight sandstone bed over a distance of 150 m. Repeated, centimetre‐scaled fining‐upwards grading and bed‐internal erosion contribute to lateral variations in reservoir flow characteristics. Integrated studies of the depositional environment, diagenesis and sedimentary geometries of the deposited units are a key to the understanding of heterogeneities in tight fluvial sandstones and thus to the successful development of Upper Carboniferous reservoirs in the Lower Saxony Basin and elsewhere.     

THE IMPACT OF EARLY DIAGENESIS ON THE RESERVOIR QUALITY OF PRE‐SALT (APTIAN) SANDSTONES IN THE ESPÍRITO SANTO BASIN,EASTERN BRAZIL

Fluvial and estuarine sandstones of the Aptian Mucuri Member of the Mariricu Formation are the main reservoir rocks in the onshore portion of the Espírito Santo Basin, Brazilian eastern margin. These sandstones are contemporaneous with the major lacustrine pre‐salt reservoir rocks which are currently the target of exploration offshore. The sandstones are texturally and compositionally immature, rich in feldspars, biotite, garnets and other heavy minerals, and are interpreted to have been derived from the erosion of igneous and medium‐high grade metamorphic‐plutonic terrains under dry climatic conditions. Early diagenetic processes have significantly impacted the reservoir qualities of the sandstones. Detrital feldspars were dissolved and replaced by kaolinite. Biotite was replaced and expanded by pyrite, calcite, kaolinite and/or smectite. The growth of authigenic rims and coatings of smectitic clays was the most important diagenetic process in most of the sandstones, except for those cemented by abundant poikilotopic calcite. Coarse‐crystalline pyrite replaced primary constituents, particularly biotite and mudstone intraclasts, and all other diagenetic constituents. Mechanical compaction, although relatively limited, was the main process of porosity reduction, except in sandstones with abundant calcite cement. Primary intergranular porosity was commonly strongly reduced by calcite or smectite cementation and by compaction, but intragranular and mouldic secondary pores were generated by the dissolution of detrital feldspars and heavy minerals. Characterizing the diagenetic patterns of the Mucuri sandstones is important for increasing the recovery from producing oilfields and also for the development of analogous reservoir rocks elsewhere.     

Diagenesis and High Quality Reservoir Forecast of the Qingshankou Sandstones in the Southern Songliao Basin of Northeast China

The Qingshankou (QSK) sandstones are mostly lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites. A combination of primary and secondary pores constitutes the pore features of the QSK sandstones that have experienced complex diagenetic events. Diagenetic minerals include illite, mixed illite/smectite (I/S), chlorite, calcite, dolomite, Fe-calcite, dawsonite, quartz, halloysite, paligorskite, and so on. The carbonate and clay cement blocks the pore spaces and throats, especially poikilitic calcite degrades reservoir quality, whereas the rigid quartz preserves pores by resisting compaction. The compaction porosity loss is 18.4% and the cementation porosity loss is 9.63%, which indicates compaction is the chief factor that reducing reservoir quality. The porosity that was generated from dissolution can measure up to 3–8%. Four diagenetic-lithofacies, namely, plastic detritus dissolution diagenetic-lithofacies, quartz overgrowth diagenetic-lithofacies, carbonate cementation diagenetic-lithofacies, and compact-infill diagenetic-lithofacies, are observed in the QSK sandstone. The sandstones that display plastic component dissolution diagenetic-lithofacies or the quartz overgrowth diagenetic-lithofacies prove to be good hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

DIAGENETIC CONTROLS ON THE RESERVOIR QUALITY OF TIGHT OIL-BEARING SANDSTONES IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC YANCHANG FORMATION,ORDOS BASIN,NORTH-CENTRAL CHINA

Tight oil-bearing sandstones in the Chang 4+5, 6 and 7 Members of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, north-central China, in general consist of fine-grained, moderately- to poorly-sorted lithic arkoses (average Q₅₃F₃₀R₁₇) deposited in a fluvial-dominated lacustrine-deltaic environment. Diagenetic modifications to the sandstones include compaction and cementation by calcite, dolomite, ankerite, quartz, chlorite, kaolinite and illite, as well as partial dissolution of feldspars and minor rock fragments. Porosity ranges up to ~7% of the rock volume and was reduced more by cementation than by compaction. Fractures (tectonic macrofractures and diagenetic microfractures) provide important oil migration pathways and enhance the sandstones' storage potential. The pore network is heterogeneous due to processes related to deposition and diagenesis, and there are considerable spatial variations in porosity and pore connectivity. The pore system includes both macropores and micropores, and pore network variations depend on the type and distribution of authigenic cements. An analysis of the diagenetic and porosity characteristics of core samples of the Yanchang Formation sandstones from wells in the Youfangzhuang oilfield resulted in the recognition of six petrofacies (A-F) whose characteristics allow reservoir quality to be predicted. Fluid performance analysis for selected sandstone samples using nuclear magnetic resonance combined with helium porosity and air permeability shows that high permeability and large pore throats together result in high movable fluid saturation potential, and that effective pore spaces and throats are beneficial for hydrocarbon storage and flow. Relatively higher porosity and permeability tend to occur in petrofacies B sandstones containing abundant pore-lining chlorite with lesser kaolinite and minor carbonate cements, and in petrofacies C sandstones with abundant pore-filling kaolinite cement but little chlorite and carbonate cements. These petrofacies represent the best reservoir-quality intervals. A reservoir quality prediction model is proposed combined with the petrofacies classification framework. This model will assist future development of tight sandstone reservoirs both in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and elsewhere.     

滨里海盆地肯基亚克地区中、下石炭统碳酸盐岩储层特征与成岩作用

利用岩心、岩矿薄片、扫描电镜、孔渗和地化等多种资料,对滨里海盆地肯基亚克地区A井取心段中、下石炭统碳酸盐岩岩石类型、储集空间和成岩作用进行了研究。研究揭示:中、下石炭统碳酸盐岩为纵向上非均质性强的开阔台地相颗粒灰岩和泥晶灰岩储层,可划分为以粒间溶孔-粒内溶孔为主的Ⅰ类好储层和以晶间孔-晶间溶孔为主的Ⅱ类中等或差储层。胶结作用和溶蚀作用是控制两类储层形成的主要成岩作用,前者主要包括正常海水叶片状-纤维状方解石胶结作用、埋藏期镶嵌状、粒状、半自形方解石胶结作用,后者主要包括大气淡水溶蚀作用和埋藏期溶蚀作用。其中,埋藏期溶蚀作用是形成Ⅰ类储层的关键,Ⅱ类储层则具胶结作用发育的特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地红河油田长8致密砂岩储层成岩特征

综合利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜和电子探针等分析化验资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地红河油田三叠系延长组长8致密砂岩储层的成岩作用类型、分布特征及主控因素进行了系统研究。研究区长8储层目前处于中成岩A阶段,主要成岩类型为压实作用、溶解作用及2期方解石、2期高岭石、3期绿泥石胶结作用。独立型薄层砂体分布在河道边部和河道上游,其塑性矿物含量高,以强压实作用为特征,溶解作用和胶结作用较弱,发育强压实成岩相。复合型厚层砂体分布在河道中心,其中顶部和底部砂体以强方解石胶结为特征;中部砂体根据砂体岩相类型存在多个成岩序列和成岩相,其中富含刚性矿物中-细砂岩岩相主要发育绿泥石胶结中溶解成岩相,过渡型细砂岩岩相由于早期方解石胶结程度差异,可发育方解石中胶结成岩相或高岭石中胶结成岩相。     

RESERVOIR QUALITY EVOLUTION OF UPPER CARBONIFEROUS (WESTPHALIAN) TIGHT GAS SANDSTONES,LOWER SAXONY BASIN,NW GERMANY

This paper investigates reservoir quality development in tight Upper Carboniferous fluvial sandstones (Westphalian C/D) in the Lower Saxony Basin, NW Germany. The study integrates data from three outcrops (Piesberg, Woitzel and Hüggel) in the south of the basin with that from two wells (Wells A and B) located at gas fields approximately 50 km to the north. Petrographic and petrophysical data are related to the diagenetic evolution of the sandstones and the burial and structural history of the Lower Saxony Basin. The outcrop and subsurface data sets are compared in order to investigate the factors controlling reservoir quality evolution. Upper Carboniferous fluvial sandstones from the Woitzel and Hüggel outcrops and from Wells A and B have similar matrix permeabilities (0.01 to 10 mD), but matrix porosities vary between Well A (average 6%), Well B (average 10%), Woitzel (average 15%), and Hüggel (average 19%). Permeability reduction during burial is related to the formation of clay mineral cement, which was mainly controlled by variations in both the palaeo‐climate and in the sandstones’ depositional composition. Matrix porosity was controlled by local differences in burial history related to basin inversion tectonics. The greater amount of inversion‐related uplift at Well B (about 2.8 km) resulted in lower thermal exposure of the Westphalian sandstones at this location, which thus show higher matrix porosities than the sandstones at Well A which were uplifted by only about 1.2 km. Further increases in porosity in the outcrop sandstones may be related to the dissolution of carbonate cement during late‐stage uplift in near‐surface conditions. Upper Carboniferous fluvial sandstones from the Piesberg quarry show the poorest reservoir characteristics compared to the samples from the subsurface and the other outcrops, with matrix porosities averaging 6% and permeabilities <0.01 mD. Reservoir quality reduction was controlled by thermal anomalies associated with a large fault at the Piesberg quarry. By contrast, a few outliers in the sample data sets from Well B and the Piesberg quarry, which have permeabilities of more than 100 mD, show that faulting or natural fracturing may enhance reservoir quality within a particular area. Faults/fractures may act as potential migration pathways for leaching fluids, or may provide fracture‐permeability systems with production potential. Depositional setting, burial‐related diagenetic processes and structural characteristics in the Lower Saxony Basin need to be carefully evaluated in order to provide an improved understanding of the reservoir quality of the Upper Carboniferous sandstones.     

Diagenesis of Chang6 Formation of Hu2 block,Huanjiang oilfield,Ordos Basin

Three mian diagenetic processes, compaction, cementation and dissolution of Chang6 sandstone in Hu2 block of Huanjiang oilfield were identified and their impact on the tight reservoir quality were analyzed. Four pore types, intergranular, intragranular, moldic and micropores were identified. Porosity and permeability of low-energy facies with high level of muddy content were generally lower. A rapid loss of primary porosity was caused by compaction, proved by the abrupt change tendency at approximate depth of 2130m. Calcite was the dominant cement which plugged the intergranular pores, whereas other minerals like secondary overgrowth, kaolinite and illite also contributed to tightening the reservoir.     

PORE‐LINING CHLORITE CEMENTS IN LACUSTRINE‐DELTAIC SANDSTONES FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC YANCHANG FORMATION,ORDOS BASIN,CHINA

Non‐marine sandstones in the upper Triassic Yanchang Formation constitute an important reservoir rock in the Zhenjing area of SW Ordos Basin, Central China. A study of the diagenetic history of these sandstones, including the formation of pore‐lining chlorite cements, was undertaken to investigate controls on reservoir quality. Data came from the petrographic analysis of cores from five wells. The sandstones were deposited in a lacustrine‐deltaic setting and consist of fine‐to medium‐grained feldspathic litharenites and lithic arkoses, and in general have low porosity and permeability. The principal diagenetic processes observed were compaction, cementation, dissolution and replacement. Mechanical compaction and calcite cementation caused a reduction in reservoir quality. The precipitation of pore‐lining chlorite inhibited quartz cementation and preserved porosities of up to 16%. The chlorite occurs in a double layer which lines pore spaces, particularly in distributary channel sandstones. Both chlorite layers grew by precipitation from pore waters containing the products of dissolution of volcanic rock fragments, biotites and feldspars. An increase of temperature during diagenesis was probably the cause of the two generations of chlorite cement, and also of the observed variations in elemental concentrations between the earlier‐ and later‐formed chlorite. The chlorite was precipitated after early compaction but before other diagenetic phases.     

THE INFLUENCE OF CEMENTATION ON THE RESERVOIR QUALITY OF THE RISHA SANDSTONE MEMBER (UPPER ORDOVICIAN), RISHA GASFIELD, NE JORDAN

Shallow-marine sandstones of the Upper Ordovician Risha Member of the Dubaydib Formation constitute important reservoir rocks for natural gas in the Risha area of NE Jordan. However, reservoir quality is frequently reduced by diagenetic effects including extensive cementation. This paper reports on the petrology of the Risha Sandstones and the nature of diagenetic alteration, based on standard petrographic analyses of 147 core samples collected from nine wells at Risha gasfield. In addition ten representative samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The sandstones comprise subarkoses and quartzarenites which are texturally submature to supermature. Petrographic analyses suggest a continental provenance, most probably from precursor plutonic rocks from the Arabian Shield. A generalized model of paragenesis includes early compaction and development of syntaxial feldspar overgrowths with quartz cementation of variable intensity. Carbonate cements occur as replacement and pore-filling phases. Dolomite and siderite cementation occurred during later-stage burial, together with pressure solution and the growth of authigenic clays. Most of the cements originated from meteoric or compaction-derived waters. Separate pathways of sandstone diagenesis were recognized for the texturally supermature and submature sandstones, both of which were facies-controlled.
Occlusion of most of the porosity preceded hydrocarbon accumulation, which is therefore restricted to areas where cementation was minimized or where cements were dissolved.     

准噶尔盆地腹部西侧侏罗系三工河组储层成岩作用及控制因素

准噶尔盆地现今的地温梯度低(约为2.3℃/hm),其腹部西侧侏罗系三工河组辫状河三角洲砂体的埋深差异极大(约为2100 m)、成岩作用复杂,影响油气勘探开发部署.通过岩石薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜和包裹体荧光显微鉴定,结合黏土矿物的演化特征,深入分析了准噶尔盆地腹部西侧沙窝地、莫西庄及征沙村3个小区三工河组储层的成岩作用...     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西南部成岩矿物转化与储层物性

成岩矿物的转化是致密砂岩储层物性变化的主要因素之一。为了探索二者之间的关系以及储层致密化成因,采用薄片观测、扫描电镜分析、阴极发光分析等手段,结合成岩演化过程中的矿物热力学特征和体积变化,探讨了苏里格气田西南部山1段、盒8段砂岩的矿物组成、孔隙特征、矿物转化机制及其对储层孔隙的影响。结果表明:①胶结物以黏土矿物、方解石为主,硅质少量;②绿泥石薄膜可包裹高岭石和石英加大边,偶见放射状绿泥石且孔隙较好;③黏土矿物晶间孔占孔隙比重较高,高岭石伊利石化后的晶间孔隙较发育,其次为溶蚀孔隙;④嵌晶状方解石充填剩余粒间孔隙,并交代石英加大边和伊利石,破坏储层物性。认为中成岩A期的钾长石溶蚀、蒙脱石伊利石化、高岭石伊利石化、黑云母水化都会使得矿物体积变小,属于增孔反应,在一定程度上改善储层孔隙;且胶结作用增加储层的抗压实能力,在一定程度上保护了原生孔隙;故在分析胶结作用对物性的影响时,不能简单地归结为破坏性成岩作用。     

内蒙乌兰格尔地区上古生界砂岩的成岩作用

内蒙乌兰格尔地区的上古生界厚逾400m,大部分砂岩属于致密型低孔渗性的岩体。本文主要论述这些砂岩的成岩作用及其对储层孔渗性的影响。记砂岩具有四个成岩阶段:1.机械压实作用和早期胶结作用;2.碳酸盆的胶结作用和交代作用;3.溶蚀作用;4.晚期自生粘土矿物的形成和早期粘土矿物的重结晶作用。其中强烈的机械压实作用减少砂岩的孔隙,碳酸盆矿物的胶结作用尤其显著地减少了孔隙度和渗透率。但是,胶结物和部分颗粒的后期溶蚀作用是改善某些层段储集性能的有利因素。      

DIAGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND RESERVOIR QUALITY EVOLUTION OF LOWER CRETACEOUS FLUVIAL SANDSTONES: NUBIAN FORMATION,SIRT BASIN,NORTH‐CENTRAL LIBYA

Lower Cretaceous meandering and braided fluvial sandstones of the Nubian Formation form some of the most important subsurface reservoir rocks in the Sirt Basin, north‐central Libya. Mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical analyses of sandstone samples from well BB6–59, Sarir oilfield, indicate that the meandering fluvial sandstones are fine‐ to very fine‐grained subarkosic arenites (av. Q₉₁F₅L₄), and that braided fluvial sandstones are medium‐ to very coarse‐grained quartz arenites (av. Q₉₆F₃L₁). The reservoir qualities of these sandstones were modified during both eodiagenesis (ca. <70°C; <2 km) and mesodiagenesis (ca. >70°C; >2 km). Reservoir quality evolution was controlled primarily by the dissolution and kaolinitization of feldspars, micas and mud intraclasts during eodiagenesis, and by the amount and thickness of grain‐coating clays, chemical compaction and quartz overgrowths during mesodiagenesis. However, dissolution and kaolinitization of feldspars, micas and mud intraclasts resulted in the creation of intercrystalline micro‐ and mouldic macro‐porosity and permeability during eodiagenesis, which were more widespread in braided fluvial than in meandering fluvial sandstones. This was because of the greater depositional porosity and permeability in the braided fluvial sandstones which enhanced percolation of meteoric waters. The development of only limited quartz overgrowths in the braided fluvial sandstones, in which quartz grains are coated by thick illite layers, retained high porosity and permeability (12–23% and 30–600 mD). By contrast, meandering fluvial sandstones underwent porosity loss as a result of quartz overgrowth development on quartz grains which lack or have thin and incomplete grain‐coating illite (2–15% and 0–0.1 mD). Further loss of porosity in the meandering fluvial sandstones occurred as a result of chemical compaction (pressure dissolution) induced by the occurrence of micas along grains contacts. Other diagenetic alterations, such as the growth of pyrite, siderite, dolomite/ankerite and albitization, had little impact on reservoir quality. The albitization of feldspars may have had minor positive influence on reservoir quality through the creation of intercrystalline micro‐porosity between albite crystals. The results of this study show that diagenetic modifications of the braided and meandering fluvial sandstones in the Nubian Formation, and resulting changes in reservoir quality, are closely linked to depositional porosity and permeability. They are also linked to the thickness of grain‐coating infiltrated clays, and to variations in detrital composition, particularly the amounts of mud intraclasts, feldspars and mica grains as well as climatic conditions.     

内蒙乌兰格尔地区上古生界砂岩的成岩作用

内蒙乌兰格尔地区的上古生界厚逾400m,大部分砂岩属于致密型低孔渗性的岩体。本文主要论述这些砂岩的成岩作用及其对储层孔渗性的影响。记砂岩具有四个成岩阶段:1.机械压实作用和早期胶结作用;2.碳酸盆的胶结作用和交代作用;3.溶蚀作用;4.晚期自生粘土矿物的形成和早期粘土矿物的重结晶作用。其中强烈的机械压实作用减少砂岩的孔隙,碳酸盆矿物的胶结作用尤其显著地减少了孔隙度和渗透率。但是,胶结物和部分颗粒的后期溶蚀作用是改善某些层段储集性能的有利因素。