装配序列规划问题的CSP模型及其符号OBDD求解技术

完全、正确的可行装配序列的表示和生成是装配序列评价、优化和选择的前提,为此建立了单调非线性装配意义下的可行装配序列规划问题的约束满足问题(CSP)模型,并给出了基于有序二叉决策图(OBDD)的符号求解算法.首先以装配联接图和移动向量函数为装配体模型,给出了装配联接图模型的共享二叉决策图(SBDD)表示、移动向量函数的OBDD表示,以及装配序列规划问题的CSP描述;然后将生成所有可行装配序列的问题转化为对CSP求解所有可能解的问题,利用回溯算法对CSP问题进行符号OBDD求解,得到了满足几何可行性约束的所有可行装配序列.最后通过装配体实验验证了基于CSP模型和OBDD推理的装配序列生成技术的正确性和可行性.     

加权约束满足问题的符号ADD求解算法

加权约束满足问题(WCSP)是一类软约束满足问题。给出WCSP的代数决策图(ADD)描述,以及基于ADD的两种符号求解算法。首先,通过对变量和变量域值的二进制编码,给出软约束图的ADD表示。其次,将分支定界搜索算法与桶消元算法及符号ADD技术相结合,在静态变量序下,利用结点一致性预处理技术,对WCSP问题进行符号ADD求解。通过引入有向弧一致性计数技术提高符号ADD算法的搜索下界,对符号ADD求解算法作了改进。最后,对大量随机生成的测试用例进行实验分析。结果表明,文中算法在性能上明显优于带有存在有向弧一致性或结点一致性预处理技术的具有前向检查功能的深度优先分支定界搜索算法。     

基于OBDD的描述逻辑εL循环术语集推理

循环术语集推理是描述逻辑研究中面临的难点问题,尚未得到很好的解决.有序二叉决策图（ordered binary decision diagram,简称OBDD）是一种对布尔函数进行紧凑表示和高效操作的数据结构,适用于表示和处理大规模问题.将OBDD应用于描述逻辑循环术语集的推理.首先,针对描述逻辑εL中的循环术语集,给出了描述图上关于最大模拟关系的重要性质,并借助集合表示和集合运算对该性质进行了表述和证明.在此基础上,应用布尔函数对描述图进行编码,给出了基于OBDD求解最大模拟关系的方法,进而给出了最大不动点语义下基于OBDD对概念包含关系进行判定的算法;接下来,基于OBDD给出了求解描述图中可以到达循环路径的所有结点的方法,进而给出了最小不动点语义下基于OBDD对概念包含关系进行判定的算法;最后,对算法的正确性、复杂度等进行了分析和证明,并对算法进行了编程实现,给出了关于计算性能的实验结果.该工作为循环术语集的推理提供了一条有效途径,也为OBDD在逻辑推理中的应用提供了新的案例.     

连续时间线性等式约束LQ控制的混合能消元算法

将连续时间LQ控制问题的微分方程离散化后,建立了连续时间线性等式约束LQ控制 问题的混合能消元算法,可有效求解约束条件下的Riccati方程.文中给出了相应的算例.     

约束可满足性中求解RB模型实例的算法综述

约束满足问题是人工智能领域中最基本的NP完全问题之一。多年来,随着约束满足问题的深入研究,国内外学者提出多种实例模型。其中,RB模型是一种能生成具有精确相变的增长域约束满足问题实例,其求解难度极具挑战性。为了寻找其求解的新型高效算法,促进约束可满足问题的RB模型求解算法领域的研究,首先从约束满足问题的模型发展、求解技术进行分析;其次,对各类求解RB模型实例算法进行梳理,将求解的算法文献划分为回溯启发式类、信息传播类和元启发式类相关改进算法,从算法原理、改进策略、收敛性和精确度等方面进行对比综述;最后给出求解RB模型实例算法的研究趋势和发展方向。     

加权约束满足问题的改进RDS符号代数决策图求解算法*

加权约束满足问题(WCSP)是一类约束最优化问题.文中基于RDS思想,从减少RDS分解的子问题个数及提高各个子问题的求解效率入手,提出WCSP的改进RDS符号代数决策图(ADD)求解算法.通过改进最多约束变量的变量选择法,引入RDS变量引导原问题的子问题分解,进而减少RDS中分解的子问题个数.利用变量的后向度,进一步改进子问题的分解方法.为提高各个子问题的求解效率,利用桶消元算法并结合ADD操作消去子问题中的非RDS变量,进而减少子问题中的变量个数,提高深度优先分支界定法的下界.在大量随机生成的测试用例上的实验证明文中算法的优越性.     

一种基于桶树的自动推理问题求解算法

桶消元和连接树推理算法是处理自动推理问题的两种常用的推理算法。针对连接树推理算法中消息传播效率问题,提出了一种能有效进行消息传播的连接树推理算法JTR。针对桶消元推理算法BE处理多任务的自动推理问题效率低下的问题,采用连接树结构和连接树推理算法JTR的消息传播方式对桶消元算法BE进行改进和扩展,提出了一种桶树推理算法BJTR。通过对算法BE、BTE和BJTR的时空性能分析发现:与同类算法BTE相比,算法BJTR在空间略有下降的情况下提高了时间性能;针对多任务的自动推理问题,与桶消元推理算法BE相比,BJTR算法的空间略有下降,时间性能得到明显提高;并通过实例和实验进一步验证了算法BJTR针对多任务的自动推理任务具有良好的时间性能。     

一种基于环切割的约束满足问题求解算法

该文首先给出一种无环约束满足问题的无回溯搜索算法Tree_Search,然后将环切割思想嵌入到目前最流行的MAC3rm算法中,给出一种新算法CCS.CCS将原同溯搜索过程分为两部分:第1部分通过回溯搜索求解环切割集中变量,将原问题化简成一个满足弧相容的无环问题；第2部分通过无回溯的Tree_Search算法求解化简后的...     

无圈与或图搜索的符号OBDD算法研究

与或图搜索是人工智能领域一项重要的问题求解技术.基于传统数据结构的与或图表示技术极大地限制了与或图搜索算法可求解问题的规模.在无圈与或图符号OBDD表示的基础上,给出了一种求解无圈与或图最小代价解图的符号搜索算法.实验结果表明,与 AO*算法相比,该算法可处理问题的规模有较大的提高.     

基于约束满足的炼钢批量计划的制定方法

将炼钢批量计划问题转化为一个约束满足问题处理,建立问题的约束满足模型,给出了基于约束满足的求解算法。仿真实验证明了模型和算法是有效的。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.