几种闭式开关柜防凝露方法的模拟研究

建立闭式开关柜中湿空气凝露现象的数学模型,对几种闭式开关柜防凝露的方法进行数值模拟研究,分析开关柜内湿空气相对湿度控制、柜内布置加热器、开关柜壁面加电阻丝、开关柜壁面添加保温层对开关柜内凝露现象的影响。结果表明:降低开关柜内空气湿度可以减小凝露现象,开关柜内加热器布置位置不同,防凝露效果也不同,对易凝露面加电阻丝加热及添加保温层均能有效防止凝露。     

双馈型风电机组机舱降温系统设计

针对双馈风电机组高温限功率停机的问题,根据空气动力学原理,提出机舱降温系统设计方法。其中,聚风罩和变频器柜自动通风快速响应系统为本系统设计的关键部分。文章详细阐述了聚风罩的设计方法和受力分析,系统采用PI调节器实现控制的快速响应。该系统实验阶段安装于1.5 MW风电机组,通过现场数据采集及分析,结果验证了该系统的可行性和稳定性,系统可满足机舱温度40℃,变频柜内温度45℃的工作要求,实现机舱自动降温功能。     

多模式再生运行的热源塔热泵系统运行能效分析

针对常规建筑空调冷热源形式的不足之处,采用多模式再生系统改善常规热源塔热泵系统,详述其工作原理、工作模式和系统设计方法。在实际节能改造项目中应用该系统并给出控制策略与评价计算方法,对制冷、制热和吸湿的典型工况进行现场实际测试,结果表明:在该系统设计参数下,夏季平均空气温度28.6℃、平均相对湿度84.5%工况综合制冷效率为4.51,冬季平均空气温度7.68℃、平均相对湿度81.2%工况考虑再生能耗在内综合制热效率为3.46。系统运行过程中溶液吸湿量与环境温度和相对湿度有关,环境温度越高,相对湿度越低,吸湿量越小。热源塔吸热由显热和潜热两部分组成,潜热占比受运行过程吸湿量影响,与空气相对湿度直接强相关,相对湿度越低,空气与水接触面水蒸气分压力差越小,水分更难从空气迁移到溶液中。测试时间内平均相对湿度81.2%的工况下由溶液吸湿导致的潜热占总系统热量比例约为18.6%。再生机组再生效率高低受外界环境与工况变化的影响较小,5天内平均值为4.45 kg/kWh。     

新型复合吸附剂在太阳能空气取水中的试验研究

利用太阳能驱动从空气中获取淡水是一种解决干旱地区缺水问题的方法,文章采用浸渍法制备新型复合吸附剂,在开式吸附下测试新型复合吸附剂在不同环境下的吸附性能和解吸性能。结果表明：新型复合吸附剂有更好的吸附性能和解吸性能,在温度25℃,相对湿度分别为35%RH,50%RH和65%RH的工况下,新型复合吸附剂35-XL较纯10X分子筛的平衡吸附量分别提高了266.7%,265.7%,310.5%;吸附剂在150℃温度下进行脱附,35-XL的解吸率为96.6%,是纯10X分子筛解吸率的1.23倍。试验搭建了太阳能空气取水系统试验台,10X分子筛作为吸附剂夜里进行吸附,白天利用太阳能进行解吸,夜间平均温度15.1℃,平均相对湿度84%RH,白天累计辐射量14.78 MJ/m2的环境下,吸附剂可在6 h内完全脱附,单支取水管每日可获得约83 mL的液态水,单位能量的制水量为87.4 mL/MJ,将24支太阳能空气取水管组成一个制水单元,每日可获约2 L的制水量。     

太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统冬季供暖试验研究

提出一种适用于被动式太阳能空气供暖的地下室蓄热系统,并对西北严寒地区采用该系统的农村住宅进行供暖试验研究。通过试验,分析太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统对室内热环境的影响。试验结果表明:有太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统的房间内平均空气温度比对比房的室内空气平均温度高7.5℃,最高温差达13.6℃,最低温差为2.5℃。通过对太阳房供暖节能率的分析计算得出其节能率为62.3%,验证在该地区建立太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统建筑的可行性和经济性。     

风电机舱细颗粒物运动沉积研究

风电机舱通过加装聚风罩装置,可通过引入外部空气对机舱内发热设备进行通风冷却,降低机舱内的平均温度.但与此同时当冷却空气中夹杂灰尘颗粒时,则会在风电机舱内部发电设备上进行沉积.通过对风电机舱进行简化后建立模型,对风电机舱内含有粉尘颗粒的运动沉积特征进行三维仿真模拟计算,得到风电机舱内部颗粒浓度、温度、运动速度的三维特征变...     

2 MW风机叶片气热法防除冰的传热试验研究

在凝冻地区风电场采用气热法进行风机叶片防除冰工程应用时,叶片传热试验至关重要。文章针对现场2 MW风机叶片,结合叶片重点结冰区域分布,设计研发叶片传热试验系统并实施9 h传热试验。试验采用12支温度传感器和红外热成像技术监测记录叶片温度,并分析叶片传热过程及传热效果。传热试验结果表明,在叶片前缘通道内施加30 kW加热器持续加热叶片本体,无日照时叶片前缘外表面15 m处温度为39.4℃,40 m处温度为25.3℃,温升在10℃以上,且分别沿叶尖和后缘两侧方向呈现递减分布。验证了利用气热法对该复合材料叶片进行防除冰,在理论上和技术上是可行的。     

空气源热泵在农村地区应用下的制热性能测试

对空气源热泵散热器系统在农村地区冬季供暖效果和制热性能进行测试,结果表明:在室外平均温度-7.49℃以下,测试房间内温度在16.91~18.65℃;连续30min不停机测试下,空气源热泵机组制热平均性能系数为2.52。连续测试4d,机组温控器设定50℃情况下,热泵机组制热平均性能系数为2.19,热泵系统能效比为1.94。     

电气设备的防凝露技术研究

论述了电气设备在高湿度环境中产生凝露的机理和危害,提出了一些解决凝露问题的基本方法。通过阐述防凝露技术的各类专业名词和知识,结合理论叙述以及实测分析,为防凝露系统的设计提供一些基本思路,为保证在潮湿环境中运行的电气设备的可靠性提供一些技术指导。     

室内环境对自然冷源陈列柜冷藏性能影响实验研究

通过试验研究的方法,将自然冷源引入冷藏陈列柜,在完全利用室外冷源对陈列柜柜内进行供冷的运行模式下,保持风幕送风速度为1.1m/s,室外送风温、湿度分别为1.0℃、60%,室内湿度为60%不变,调节室内不同的温度,观察柜内食品包温度变化分布,研究陈列柜食品包冷藏特性。实验结果表明:与利用制冷系统供冷的传统陈列柜相比,自然冷源供冷使柜内温度分布均匀性得到很大提升,自然冷源陈列柜1~5层同侧食品包温差不超过1.5℃,但是每层内侧和外侧食品包温差在2.5~3.0℃。在此送风条件下,保证室内温度在22.0℃以下可以满足柜内食品贮藏温度0.0~7.0℃的要求。风幕参数变化规律:随着食品包前端距离的增加相对湿度呈现先增大后减小,最后稳定于和室内湿度相等的趋势。风速和温度呈逐渐减小的趋势,且变化速率不断减小。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.