山东省鲜乳卫生质量调查分析

目的调查分析山东省5家鲜乳生产厂产品的卫生质量。方法按国家标准《乳与乳制品卫生标准的分析方法》检测鲜乳质量。结果5种鲜乳的感官、物理和化学性状正常,酒精检验阴性,无掺假、防腐剂和抗生素,无牛布鲁菌病,无乳房炎乳。结论乳品质量指标符合国家卫生标准,可放心饮用。     

山东省鲜乳卫生质量调查分析

目的 调查分析山东省5家鲜乳生产厂产品的卫生质量。方法按国家标准《乳与乳制品卫生标准的分析方法》检测鲜乳质量。结果5种鲜乳的感官、物理和化学性状正常，酒精检验阴性，无掺假、防腐剂和抗生素，无牛布鲁菌病，无乳房炎乳。结论乳品质量指标符合国家卫生标准，可放心饮用。     

天津地区生鲜牛乳掺假的鉴别

乳与乳制品出现的质量问题，对乳品的生产和消费产生很大的负面影响，非常不利于乳品业的发展。乳制品质量安全状况在很大程度上取决于生鲜牛乳（原料乳）质量安全状况，针对这一问题，研究了一种利用乳品快速分析仪可以快速检测掺假生鲜牛乳的方法。该方法是利用红外光谱技术鉴别掺假乳，具有快速、准确的特点。     

乳与乳制品中L-羟脯氨酸检测技术的研究进展

近几年来由于一些企业为降低生产成本,常常会在乳与乳制品中掺假,这种行为严重影响了乳品加工企业的产品质量,同时也对消费者的身体健康造成了严重损害。在各种乳与乳制品掺假方法中,添加蛋白类掺假物如水解蛋白是比较常见的方法。L-羟脯氨酸是水解蛋白特有的氨基酸,而乳蛋白质中是不含L-羟脯氨酸的,因此检测乳与乳制品中是否含有L-羟脯氨酸是判断乳与乳制品是否掺假的一个重要手段之一。目前,针对L-羟脯氨酸的检测方法主要有分光光度法、液相色谱法、氨基酸分析仪法、液相色谱质谱法等。本文综述了近几年来国内外乳与乳制品中L-羟脯氨酸的检测技术及其研究进展,对上述几种检测方法各自的优缺点进行了详细的分析,同时对未来的L-羟脯氨酸检测技术发展进行了展望。     

解析乳及乳制品中添加皮革水解蛋白问题

我国食品安全问题日益突出,其中乳制品掺假问题也倍受关注.乳及乳制品中添加皮革水解蛋白,对乳品的生产和消费产生很大负面影响,严重阻碍行业的发展.本文对乳及乳制品掺假的原因,皮革水解蛋白的提取工艺、特性、应用、对人体健康的损害、相关禁用限用法规、检测分析方法等方面进行了系统解析.     

我国乳品质量安全问题频发的原因及对策

<正>乳制品安全严重影响着消费者健康,近年来,我国乳品安全问题频繁出现,严重打击了国内消费者对乳制品安全的信心,同时也使得乳品行业受到打击。保证乳品安全的前提是保证原奶的质量安全,需建立严格的监督管理体系,严格把控乳制品的质量,政府要加强对乳制品监管的力度,加大对向牛奶中掺假等违法行为的查处和惩罚力度。以生鲜牛羊乳及其制品为主原料,     

电子鼻技术在乳品生产与质量控制中的应用

电子鼻能够分析识别和检测复杂风味及成分,检测具有快速、客观、准确等特点。本文介绍电子鼻的基本构成和工作原理,综述其在乳品货架期测定、不同工艺乳品分类、原料乳掺假检验、乳制品中特定成分的测定、乳中微生物分析、不同产地牛乳的区分等乳品生产过程与质量控制中的应用。     

乳及乳制品蛋白质掺假检测研究进展

阐述两类方法、一个原则：乳及乳制品蛋白质掺假特异性检测方法和乳及乳制品蛋白质掺假非特异性检测方法;任何一种乳品蛋白质掺假检测方法的建立都要以某一特定蛋白质差异性为依据的原则。     

朴素贝叶斯分类模型在中红外光谱测原料奶掺假中的应用研究

现有常规乳与乳制品掺假检测方法主要是利用鲜乳以及所掺入物质的物理化学性质进行测定,每种方法只能检测一种掺假成分,所以比较费时、烦琐。中红外光谱具有分析快速、操作方便、成本低、对样品不造成损伤、无需前处理、再现性好、不污染环境等优点。通过朴素贝叶斯分类模型建立生鲜牛奶和掺假原料奶的判别模型,判断未知样是否属于掺假原料奶。     

研究变化规律 科学有效地控制乳制品微生物污染

正乳和乳制品从生产、贮存、运输到销售,需要涉及很多环节,如果控制不当,就会引起微生物污染,进而导致产品质量不合格。本文通过调查阿勒泰某乳制品厂原料乳和乳制品菌落总数变化规律,旨在帮助牧民采取相应措施保证原料乳的质量,并为企业制定合理的措施来控制乳及乳制品的质量安全。一、材料与方法1.材料。(1)样品来源:①原料乳样品来源。对阿勒泰某乳品企业三种不同规模的牛场原料乳进行采样     

Calibration of infrared milk analyzers: modified milk versus producer milk

Mid-infrared (MIR) milk analyzers are traditionally calibrated using sets of preserved raw individual producer milk samples. The goal of this study was to determine if the use of sets of preserved pasteurized modified milks improved calibration performance of MIR milk analyzers compared with calibration sets of producer milks. The preserved pasteurized modified milk sets exhibited more consistent day-to-day and set-to-set calibration slope and intercept values for all components compared with the preserved raw producer milk calibration sets. Pasteurized modified milk calibration samples achieved smaller confidence interval (CI) around the regression line (i.e., calibration uncertainty). Use of modified milk calibration sets with a larger component range, more even distribution of component concentrations within the ranges, and the lower correlation of fat and protein concentrations than producer milk calibration sets produced a smaller 95% CI for the regression line due to the elimination of moderate and high leverage samples. The CI for the producer calibration sets were about 2 to 12 times greater than the CI for the modified milk calibration sets, depending on the component. Modified milk calibration samples have the potential to produce MIR milk analyzer calibrations that will perform better in validation checks than producer milk-based calibrations by reducing the mean difference and standard deviation of the difference between instrument values and reference chemistry.     

毛细管电泳法对乳及乳制品中乳源蛋白的研究

采用毛细管电泳方法对原料乳、市售鲜奶、不同厂家的巴氏灭菌乳、不同厂家和产地超高温灭菌乳(UHT)、调味乳、乳酸饮料、复原乳、酸奶、奶粉中蛋白成分进行检测。选择聚乙烯醇涂层毛细管,采用柠檬酸缓冲体系,在紫外检测214nm、分离电压20kV条件下对乳及乳制品中的α一乳白蛋白(α-La)、β一乳球蛋白(β-Lg)、α-酪蛋白(α-CN)、β-酪蛋白(β-CN)和k-酪蛋白(k-CN)进行分离测定。结果表明:五种蛋白的含量在原料乳(巴氏灭菌乳、市售鲜奶)、UHT乳、酸奶、调味乳、乳酸饮料、复原乳中依次降低,而UHT乳含量随保质期的增加而减少,奶粉中蛋白质含量因其适应人群而有差异。乳及乳制品中蛋白质的含量与其存在形式、产地及加工工艺相关。     

Reduction of milk and milk product wastage

The paper examines the assessment of waste control based on effluent monitoring and the results of a BOD test for 'milk equivalent' measurement are interpreted and evaluated. The importance of reliable flow measurement is stressed and a table is given showing wastage from various dairy operations and methods of reducing losses recommended.     

Effects of milk powders in milk chocolate

The physical characteristics of milk powders used in chocolate can have significant impact on the processing conditions needed to make that chocolate and the physical and organoleptic properties of the finished product. Four milk powders with different particle characteristics (size, shape, density) and "free" milk fat levels (easily extracted with organic solvent) were evaluated for their effect on the processing conditions and characteristics of chocolates in which they were used. Many aspects of chocolate manufacture and storage (tempering conditions, melt rheology, hardness, bloom stability) were dependent on the level of free milk fat in the milk powder. However, particle characteristics of the milk powder also influenced the physical and sensory properties of the final products.     

山羊奶与牛奶和人奶营养成分的比较

对山羊奶、牛奶和人奶中蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等主要营养成分进行了比较,分析了3种奶中主要营养成分的差别。通过比较发现,山羊奶在总体营养成分方面优于牛奶,更接近人奶。但山羊奶存在铁、叶酸和维生素B12含量较低以及羊奶膻味的问题,应在营养上对这方面加以重视。     

Investigations on milk flow and milk yield from teats with milk flow disorders

The objective of this study was to investigate peak milk flow, average milk flow, and milk yield in teats with milk flow disorders. A total of 100 hard milking teats were studied in 97 cows. Teats with milk flow disorders were examined endoscopically. Quarter milk flow and quarter milk yield were examined with four Lactocorders attached to a quarter milking machine. Peak milk flow, average milk flow, and milk yield were measured in all teats of the udder before treatment of the affected teat, as well as 1 and 6 mo later. Teats with milk flow disorders were compared to all other teats of the same udder. Before treatment, peak milk flow from affected teats was 20%, average milk flow 14%, and milk yield 53% of the control teats, adjusted for other significant explanatory variables. Milk flow and milk yield increased after surgical treatment of the affected teats. Six months after treatment peak milk flow was 79%, average milk flow 76%, milk yield was 71% compared with control teats. We conclude from these findings that teat endoscopy and measuring quarter milk flow and milk yield with Lactocorders are useful tools for examining teats with milk flow disorders.     

生乳中豆浆、米汤掺假鉴别及其定量测定

为鉴别生乳掺假,采用非线性化学指纹图谱技术,建立基于"溴酸钠+硫酸锰+硫酸+丙酮"稳态体系的不同奶源地的纯生乳及掺入不同量豆浆、米汤的生乳的非线性化学指纹图谱,利用指纹图谱的直观特征信息能很好地将掺豆浆、米汤的生乳鉴别出来,并能对掺假物的种类进行判断。根据掺假生乳指纹图谱参数信息与掺假量的关系,可对生乳中掺入豆浆、米汤的相对含量进行评估。非线性化学指纹图谱技术为原料乳中豆浆、米汤的掺假鉴别及掺入物质的相对含量的评价提供了一种新的方法。     

Nitrate-reducing microorganisms in milk products and human milk

The quantitative determination of nitrate-reducing microorganisms in food is important because of their role in the formation of N-nitroso compounds and methemoglobin. The total counts of microorganisms and the counts of nitrate-reducing microorganisms were assayed in various milk products and in human milk by the method of the most probable numbers using nitrate broth medium. The mean value and standard deviation of the nitrate-reducing microorganisms were the following: in pasteurized milk 3.4 +/- 1.1 log/ml (in spring and summer 4.2 +/- 1.1, and in winter 2.8 +/- 0.6 log/ml), in kefir "Tallinn' 2.9 +/- 1.1 log/ml, in fat kefir 2.9 +/- +/- 0.7 log/ml, in sour milk 3.9 +/- 0.5 log/ml, in fresh milk 4.6 +/- 0.6 log/ml and in human milk 2.7 +/- +/- 1.1 log/ml. The amount of nitrate-reducing microorganisms in pasteurized milk of the spring-summer period and in fresh milk was significantly higher than in human milk. The mean count of nitrate-reducing microorganisms in human milk is regarded as a maximum permitted count of these organisms in milk for bottle-fed sucklings. For them and for atrophic gastritis patients pasteurized or fresh milk should be boiled.     

含24种乳抗体免疫乳的制备

以24株人肠道病原菌（包括病原性大肠杆菌12株、沙门氏菌8株、志贺氏菌3株、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌1株）作为抗原，对乳牛进行系统免疫，免疫乳与非免疫乳乳中IgG含量无显著差异。系统免疫并不增加乳中IgG的含量，但IgG的抗体特异性大大增强，所得的免疫初乳中乳抗体对24种不同病原菌的凝集价为2^8-2^12，为普通初乳中乳抗体凝集价的32－256倍；免疫常乳中乳抗体对24种不同病原菌的凝集价为2^5-2^8，为普通乳中乳抗体凝集价的8－128倍。     

Titrimetric studies on milk and milk products.

Potentiometric acid-base titration is a simple method that can be used successfully in the investigation of the protein system of milk and other protein-containing products. Its applications include the examination of conventional heating procedures, cheese ripening, the investigation of processed cheese and the effect of melting salts. The principle depends on the performance of pH-dependent phase transitions which are recorded by a single titration cycle and evaluated quantitatively by means of hysteresis loops.