AN OVERVIEW OF THE PETROLEUM SYSTEMS IN THE IONIAN ZONE,ONSHORE NW GREECE AND ALBANIA

The Ionian and Gavrovo Zones in the external Hellenide fold‐and‐thrust belt of western Greece are a southern extension of the proven Albanian oil and gas province. Two petroleum systems have been identified here: a Mesozoic mainly oil‐prone system, and a Cenozoic system with gas potential. Potential Mesozoic source rocks include organic‐rich shales within Triassic evaporites and dissolution‐collapse breccias; marls at the base of the Early Jurassic (lower Toarcian) Ammonitico Rosso; the Lower and Upper Posidonia beds (Toarcian–Aalenian and Callovian–Tithonian respectively); and the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Vigla Shales, part of the Vigla Limestone Formation. These potential source rocks contain Types I‐II kerogen and are mature for oil generation if sufficiently deeply buried. The Vigla Shales have TOC up to 2.5% and good to excellent hydrocarbon generation potential with kerogen Type II. Potential Cenozoic gas‐prone source rocks with Type III kerogen comprise organic‐rich intervals in Eocene–Oligocene and Aquitanian–Burdigalian submarine fan deposits, which may generate biogenic gas. The complex regional deformation history of the external Hellenide foldbelt, with periods of both crustal extension and shortening, has resulted in the development of structural traps. Mesozoic extensional structures have been overprinted by later Hellenide thrusts, and favourable trap locations may occur along thrust back‐limbs and in the crests of anticlines. Trapping geometries may also be provided by lateral discontinuities in the basal detachment in the thin‐skinned fold‐and‐thrust belt, or associated with strike‐slip fault zones. Regional‐scale seals are provided by Triassic evaporites, and Eocene‐Oligocene and Neogene shales. Onshore oil‐ and gasfields in Albania are located in the Peri‐Adriatic Depression and Ionian Zone. Numerous oil seeps have been recorded in the Kruja Zone but no commercial hydrocarbon accumulations. Source rocks in the Ionian Zone comprise Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic carbonates and shales of Middle Jurassic, Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ages. Reservoir rocks in both oil‐ and gas‐fields in general consist of silicilastics in the Peri‐Adriatic Depression succession and the underlying Cretaceous–Eocene carbonates with minimal primary porosity improved by fracturing in the Albanian Ionian Zone. Oil accumulations in thrust‐related structures are sealed by the overlying Oligocene flysch whereas seals for gas accumulations are provided by Upper Miocene–Pliocene shales. Thin‐kinned thrusting along flysch décollements, resulting in stacked carbonate sequences, has clearly been demonstrated on seismic profiles and in well data, possibly enhanced by evaporitic horizons. Offshore Albania in the South Adriatic basin, exploration targets in the SW include possible compressional structures and topographic highs proximal to the relatively unstructured boundary of the Apulian platform. Further to the north, there is potential for oil accumulations both in the overpressured siliciclastic section and in the underlying deeply buried platform carbonates. Biogenic gas potential is related to structures in the overpressured Neogene (Miocene–Pliocene) succession.     

准噶尔盆地南缘若干不整合界面的厘定

通过对准噶尔盆地南缘及邻区18条野外地质剖面岩层岩性及产状的分析,识别出下石炭统齐尔古斯套群与上石炭统柳树沟组之间、中二叠统红雁池组与上二叠统泉子街组之间、下三叠统上仓房沟群与中上三叠统小泉沟群之间、中上三叠统小泉沟群与中下侏罗统水西沟群之间、中下侏罗统水西沟群与中侏罗统头屯河组之间、上侏罗统喀拉扎组与下白垩统之间、上白垩统东沟组与古新统紫泥泉子组之间、中新统塔西河组与上新统独山子组之间及上新统独山子组与第四系之间9个区域不整合界面,大多为角度不整合接触关系。测井曲线、地震剖面等地球物理证据及泥岩样品主微量元素、砂岩碎屑成分、碎屑岩微量元素、砂岩重矿物成分等地球化学证据证明了这9个不整合界面的存在,为准确合理划分研究区构造层序及构造阶段、确定研究区不同阶段成盆作用及改造作用提供了依据。图9参31     

准噶尔盆地南缘前陆褶皱冲断带构造滑脱层厘定

准噶尔盆地南缘前陆褶皱冲断带位于天山造山带北侧,经历了多期构造演化的叠加,形成了不同类型的构造滑脱层。构造滑脱层的存在不仅是制约该区盖层滑脱型构造样式形成演化的关键因素,而且也是造成深层与浅层构造不协调的主要原因。通过大量地表露头的观察和地震资料的解释,系统识别和厘定了中二叠统芦草沟组和红雁池组、下侏罗统八道湾组、中侏罗统西山窑组、白垩系吐谷鲁群、古近系安集海河组和新近系塔西河组等共6个与大套泥岩、膏泥岩和煤系地层相关的主要构造滑脱层。不同地区往往发育有一个或多个构造滑脱层,层位上具有自东向西逐渐变新的趋势。构造滑脱层的识别和厘定对该区构造建模和准确落实地下含油气构造具有重要意义。      

准噶尔盆地东南部油气地质条件研究

准噶尔盆地东南部发育了3套盆地原型,即P₂—T_2-3的后裂谷期充填盆地、T₃3—J_1-2的裂谷后前渊盆地、J₃—E的陆内前陆盆地的并列叠加作用;发育了3套主力生油岩系,即上二叠统芦草沟组、红雁池组和上三叠统黄山街组、郝家沟组及下、中侏罗统八道湾组、三工河组、西山窑组,并赋存于阜康凹陷、吉木萨尔凹陷、五彩湾凹陷、黄草湖凹陷之中,形成了多个供油中心。生储盖分析表明,该区油气保存条件良好,并具备在不同区块分别勘探油和油气的特点。构造分析表明,博格达推覆构造和2组(近南北向和近东西向)断块构造与油气生成、运移、聚集关系密切。综合分析表明,该区油气成藏地质条件较好,是值得进一步工作的领域。      

新疆三塘湖盆地二叠系油源分析

三塘湖盆地主要分布有中、下侏罗统水须沟群,中、上三叠统小泉沟群和二叠系上藉藉槽群3套生油岩.目前已在中侏罗统西山密组砂砾岩及下二叠统卡拉岗组火山岩中发现了油气流或油气显示.本文介绍了三塘湖盆地主要生油岩和二叠系原油的地球化学特征,根据原油和生油岩总体组成和分子地球化学组成特征进行油源对比,分析了二叠系原油的主要来源油源.      

中扬子区海相天然气勘探层系及突破方向

中扬子海相地层在地质发展史中经历了加里东期、海西—早印支期、晚印支—早燕山期以及晚燕山—喜山期4次大的旋回,大体形成了浅海、前陆坳陷、陆相断陷3大类型的盆地。多期盆地沉积充填、叠加改造,奠定了油气成藏聚集的物质基础。受不同时期海平面升降变化的影响,在沉积古地理环境和表生溶蚀作用控制下,形成了上震旦统灯影组、下寒武统石龙洞组、中石炭统黄龙组及中二叠统茅口组等古岩溶型储层。中扬子区晚二叠、早三叠世沉积期具备台地边缘礁、滩的沉积背景,同时区内还发育台内礁、滩。此外,志留纪前陆盆地发展阶段广泛发育的砂岩储层,应成为南方古生界勘探的重要领域。这些不同的油气聚集空间,显示区内勘探领域广阔。开展储层沉积相和高精度地震预测攻关研究,弄清不同储层发育的地球物理响应及其分布规律是勘探突破的关键。勘探对策应该立足于寻找大型天然气藏,坚持上、中、下组合并举和多领域勘探兼顾,优选有利勘探区块,实施重点突破。      

准噶尔盆地油气富集规律

准噶尔盆地是一个"满盆"含油、全层系多层组含油、油气资源丰富的大型沉积盆地.它是在前寒武系结晶基底与前石炭系褶皱基底基础上,经历了晚石炭世-中三叠世前陆盆地阶段、晚三叠世-中侏罗世早期(J₂x)弱伸展拗陷盆地阶段、中侏罗世晚期(J₂t)-白垩纪压扭盆地阶段与新生代前陆盆地阶段的演化历史.4个构造发展阶段不同类型的原型盆地的叠合,形成了南厚北浅的楔形地质结构,决定了油气聚集的基本面貌;不同时期、不同性质的古隆起纵横叠置,制约着相应地质时期油气运聚的基本格局.在垂向上,以上三叠统白碱滩组泥岩、下白垩统吐谷鲁群泥岩与广泛分布的异常压力封隔层为界可将盆地划分为C-T₂,T₃-J₁s,J₂-K₁与K₂-N-4个各具特色的成藏区间;油气沿断裂的垂向运移与异常高压流体系统的幕式突破,导致了以垂向运移为主导的运聚模式,多源、多期油气混合成藏.现有油气田的分布及勘探趋势表明4个NNE向基底断裂带为油气优势运移通道,沿着它们形成了4个油气富集的黄金带.这些基底断裂与盖层断裂之间的耦合方式是制约形成油气田及导致含油气丰度差异的关键条件.准噶尔盆地侏罗系-白垩系与二叠系-三叠系分别发育"远源、缓坡、次生"与"近源、陡坡、原生"两种典型的断裂-岩性体油气藏类型,断裂与岩性体(砂体、砂砾岩、砾岩体等)的有机组合部位是油气富集的主要场所.侏罗系-白垩系的油气主要富集在NE、NEE向压扭性构造带上,它们是腹部地区下一步勘探的主要方向.     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE ADRIATIC BASIN,OFFSHORE CROATIA

Offshore Croatia is a relatively underexplored area with no oilfields currently on production. Exploration commenced in 1970 and several biogenic gas fields were subsequently discovered producing from shallow Plio‐Pleistocene reservoir rocks in the northern Adriatic area; however, exploration wells drilled for oil in Mesozoic carbonates have failed, although several wells encountered oil shows. Using data from the Croatian and Italian Adriatic, we provide in this paper some new insights into the Mesozoic palaeogeography and hydrocarbon plays of offshore Croatia. Offshore Croatia has been divided into three areas – north, central and south – with distinctive geological characteristics and hydrocarbon systems. The effects and importance of halokinesis in the eastern Adriatic is described and its influence on the petroleum systems is discussed. The evaluation of a modern, regional, high‐resolution dataset has enhanced our understanding of the Adriatic Basin and supports the presence of petroleum systems with potential mature source rocks in shales from the Triassic succession, supplying reservoir rocks in Jurassic and Cretaceous carbonate platform margins/slope talus plays, and Cenozoic siliciclastic plays.     

GEOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS FROM CENTRAL AND NE SYRIA

Eighteen crude oils and seven source rock samples from the Mesopotamian foredeep, NE Syria, and from the NE Palmyrides in the centre of the country have been characterized by geochemical techniques. The presence of two oil families ("A" and "B") generated by different source rock types of different ages has been established on the basis of biomarker and carbon isotopic analyses. The data indicates that Groups A and B oils were generated by marine clastic and marine carbonate-evaporitic source rocks, respectively. Group A oils, occurring in Middle Triassic, Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous reservoir rocks in the NE Palmyride area, are geochemically similar to extracts from the Lower Triassic Amanus Shale Formation. Group B oils, which are present in Middle Triassic, Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous reservoirs in the Mesopotamian foredeep, are geochemically similar to extracts of the Middle Triassic Kurra Chine Dolomite and Upper Cretaceous Shiranish Formations.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘不整合储层流体包裹体特征与油气成藏期次

准噶尔盆地西北缘存在着众多的地层油气藏,目前对于其油气成藏期次及成藏时间的认识尚存在争议。为此,采集了该区26口钻井的58块流体包裹体样品,利用流体包裹体显微测温技术,结合埋藏史及热演化史分析成果,研究了上述流体包裹体的显微特征和均一温度特征,确定了该区地层油气藏的油气成藏期次,进一步结合该区烃源岩生排烃史和构造发育史,恢复了地层油气藏的成藏过程。结论认为:①晚二叠世-早三叠世,二叠系佳木河组烃源岩生成的成熟油气进入石炭系火山岩储层和二叠系佳木河组、风城组、夏子街组等碎屑岩不整合储层中聚集成藏;②晓三叠世-早侏罗世,二叠系风城组烃源岩生成的成熟油气进入二叠系内部以及三叠系底部不整合砂砾岩储层中聚集,以形成中深部油藏为主;③晚侏罗世-早白垩世,二叠系佳木河组烃源岩生成的天然气和二叠系下乌尔禾组烃源岩生成的成熟油气进入三叠系底部、侏罗系底部、白垩系底部等碎屑岩不整合储层中聚集,以形成中浅部油/气藏和稠油油藏为主。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘石沟驿向斜的形成演化与致密砂岩气成藏模式

向斜构造是一种基本的褶皱样式,是煤层气、致密砂岩气、页岩气、盐类以及铀矿等矿产资源赋存的主要场所之一。研究向斜的形成机制将为剖析褶皱冲断带的构造演化及矿产资源的分布特征奠立重要基础。以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的石沟驿向斜为例,应用新的高分辨率地震剖面与深探井资料,解析向斜的深层地质结构及其成因机制。研究表明,石沟驿向斜处于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段与中段的过渡部位,形成于中侏罗世末期—晚侏罗世,是在以羊虎沟组—山西组含煤岩系为滑脱层形成的叠瓦冲断系统基础上,下伏的早期阶状正断层组合反转形成的大型构造楔的上层褶皱体系;惠安堡断层为一正反转断层,在该区起构造-沉积分划作用;石沟驿向斜及邻区的上石炭统—二叠系的致密砂岩气具有自生、自储、自封闭成因,于早白垩世成藏。石沟驿向斜的形成期早于油气成藏高峰期,天然气资源丰富,有较好的勘探前景。     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

The Permain to Holocene sediments of the United Arab Emirates consist mainly of epeiric shelf carbonates, associated with minor clastics and evaporites, reflecting major cycles of transgression and regression. These were deposited on the eastern margin of the Arabian Sheild, which lay along the southern margin of the Tethys Ocean during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic eras. Sedimentation patterns were controlled by prominent regional structural features, epeirogenic movements and/or sea-level fluctuations.
The tectonic history of the UAE in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic is connected with the opening (Triassic) and closure (Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene) of the southern Neo-Tethys Ocean.
The distinctive structural style, together with the tripartite development of source-reservoir-seal, has produced in the UAE one of the world's richest Jurassic - Cretaceous oil habitats. Significant oil discoveries have also been made in the Permian; Middle and Upper Jurassic; Lower-Middle-Upper Cretaceous and Oligo-Miocene carbonates.
Two main source rocks have been identified. One is the Upper Jurassic Diyab/Dukhan Formation, which supplies the most prolific reservoirs in the Upper Jurassic (Arab Formation) and Lower Cretaceous (Thamama Group). The other is the Middle Cretaceous Shilaif/Khatiyah Formation, which feeds both Mishrif and Simsima reservoirs. Other minor potential source rocks have also been identified in the study area.
There are two principal sealing formations - the Hith Anhydrite and the Nahr Umr shale; these are the main seals for the oil and gas accumulations in the underlying Arab Formation and Thamama Group, respectively. Secondary seals and barriers also exist in the stratigraphic sequence.     

珠江口盆地新生代地层问题讨论及综合柱状剖面图编制

以大量钻井资料为依据 ,对珠江口盆地存在的地层问题进行了讨论。认为 :(1)上中新统 /中中新统界线附近没有缺失有孔虫和超微化石带 ,而是本区二级层序中主要最大海泛面附近密集层的所在位置 ;(2 )上 /下第三系界线置于浮游有孔虫 N4带的底较为合适 ,南海东部公司目前所定义的珠海组的时代应归于早中新世 ;(3)恩平组的时代属于渐新世 ;(4)晚始新世地层在本区可能缺失 ,神狐组与文昌组孢粉组合时代同属中始新世 ,陆丰组为早始新世地层。据此 ,编制了珠江口盆地新生界综合柱状剖面图     

吐哈盆地沉积格局与沉积环境的演变

在论述了吐哈盆地晚石炭世、早三叠世、晚二叠世早-中期、晚二叠世晚期-早三叠世、中晚三叠世、早中侏罗世、中晚林罗世和白垩纪-新生代的沉积格局和物源分析的基础上,总结了吐哈盆地的演化特征,认为,从晚石炭世至三叠纪,吐哈盆地和博格达地区由裂谷盆地逐渐演化为坳陷型盆地.早中侏罗世,吐哈盆地与准噶尔盆地一起成为统一的准平原化坳陷型盆地.到了中晚侏罗世,统一的大盆地开始解体,至第三纪和第四纪,吐哈盆地北部才发展成为前陆盆地.     

POTENTIAL STRUCTURAL TRAPS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER CARBONIFEROUS SALT IN THE NORTHERN TARIM BASIN, NW CHINA

In the Aixieke-Santamu area of the northern Tarim Basin (NW China), 45 relatively low amplitude structures related to the plastic flow of Lower Carboniferous salt have been discovered in the Lower Carboniferous Kalashayi Formation and the Middle-Upper Triassic Akekule and Halahatan Formations. Three small hydrocarbon accumulations have so far been located at the margins of a Lower Carboniferous salt body (measuring about 55km x 75km and 115–225m thick, controlled by wells and 2D and 3D seismic sections). In this paper, we consider the development of this salt body and discuss possible reasons why vertical diapirs are absent from the study area. We attempt to develop a model of salt flow and we investigate the relationship between salt flow and the occurrence of oil and gas traps.
Using recently-acquired high-resolution 2D and 3D seismic profiles, we show that the Lower Carboniferous salt has undergone three separate phases of plastic flow. At the end of the Early Permian, the salt flowed southwards by 2.0–2.8 km; then, during the Late Triassic—Early Jurassic, it flowed in the same direction by 1.0–1.8 km; and finally at the end of the Tertiary, it flowed northwards by 0.6–1.5 km. These movements resulted in the formation of various types of structural trap in the Kalashayi, Akekule and Halahatan Formations including salt ridge anticlines, domes and marginal troughs. Salt ridge and salt edge low-amplitude anticlines are probably the most important targets for future hydrocarbon exploration.     

川东北地区普光气田成藏模式研究

普光气藏天然气常规组成呈甲烷含量高、乙烷和丙烷等重烃含量低的组份特征,干燥系数C₁/(C₁—C₅)介于0.989 6～0.999 6之间,明显属晚期裂解干气类型。普光古油藏的油源主要来自下志留统以及二叠系有效烃源岩,现今气藏气源主要来自古油藏原油的二次裂解以及下志留统、二叠系源岩干酪根的热裂解,现存沥青对普光气藏也有一定的贡献。普光气藏储集层主要发育于下三叠统飞仙关组一—三段及上二叠统长兴组上部,为溶孔白云岩、砂屑白云岩、鲕粒白云岩、含砾屑鲕粒白云岩及糖粒状白云岩,鲕粒白云岩属层状孔隙溶孔型储层。气藏盖层主要为该区下三叠统嘉陵江组二段、四段及其上的中三叠统雷口坡组膏盐层,构成了本区良好保存条件的重要因素。普光气藏属于构造—岩性复合气藏,气藏存在3期烃类流体注入;成藏模式可归纳为"多期成藏,油气转化,晚期定位"。      

应用红外光谱法划分生油岩有机质类型

生油岩有机质类型或性质对其生油潜力有重大的影响。笔者选用了松辽盆地白垩系青山口组一段和鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界中石炭系羊虎沟组、上石炭系太原组及下二叠系山西组等生油岩共计60个样品,应用红外光谱法探讨有机质类型,并提出烷芳基团结构比(∑Rcm1/∑Arcm1)作为有机质类型的判别指标。      

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE INTRACRATONIC OGADEN BASIN, SE ETHIOPIA

The intracratonic Ogaden Basin, which covers one-third of the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, developed in response to a tri-radial rift system which was active during Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic times. Thick Permian to Cretaceous sequences, which principally occur in the SW and central parts of the basin, have proved petroleum potential. Reservoir rocks are mainly Permian to Lower Jurassic sandstones (the Calub and Adigrat Formations), and Callovian limestones (the Upper Hamanlei Formation). Source rocks are organic-rich Permian, Lower Jurassic and Callovian-Oxfordian lacustrine and marine shales.
This paper reviews the petroleum geology of the Ogaden Basin and assesses potential exploration targets. Successful exploration can be expected in view of the recent discovery of the Calub gas and gas/condensate field, and the occurrence of significant shows in the centre of the basin together with seeps along the margin.     

川东北地区普光气田长兴—飞仙关气藏成藏模式与成藏过程

四川盆地川东北地区随着普光1井、2井在二叠系长兴组和三叠系飞仙关组储层中喷出高产工业天然气流,发现了四川盆地有史以来储量最大的天然气田——普光气田。研究表明,普光气田主要以二叠系长兴组台地边缘形成的礁滩和白云岩组合以及三叠系飞仙关组浅海开阔台地相沉积的粒屑滩、鲕粒滩为储层,后期埋藏溶蚀孔为主要储集空间。天然气主要来自中下寒武统、下二叠统、上二叠统烃源岩。印支、燕山及喜马拉雅运动都对普光古圈闭及油气藏的形成有重大影响。普光气藏属于构造—岩性复合孔隙型气藏,其成藏模式与成藏过程经历了原生油藏阶段、气藏阶段和改造定型阶段。普光气田的成藏模式与成藏过程对广大川东北地区勘探类似天然气藏具有借鉴与指导意义。      

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随着21世纪的到来,国家大力发展天然气工业,四川盆地将面临勘探领域和接替层系的选择。笔者通过分析勘探成果与待发现资源潜力、成藏地质条件与储备圈闭,结合“八五”、“九五”科技攻关成果,提出了具备大中型气田条件的七个主要地区和层系,川东石炭系、下三叠统飞仙关组;川西北侏罗系、中上三叠统;川中中、上三叠统;川西南晨旦系;川南、川西南下二叠统。指出了21世纪初叶具有发展远景的五大勘探领域;（1）盆地东部石炭系;（2）盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关鲕粒滩岩;（3）盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组陆棚边缘礁相带;（4）盆地中西部上三叠统和侏罗系浅气层;（5）盆地晨旦系及下古生界。认为21世纪初叶四川盆地天然气资源潜力大、勘探领域广阔、勘探前景看好。