燃料电池功率调节系统的研究

燃料电池电压输出范围比较宽，电压比较低。针对该特点本文设计了DC/DC和DC/AC两级变换的功率调节系统(PCS)。其中DC/DC将燃料电池输出的低压直流电高频变换成高压直流电，变换器为电压单环控制。DC／AC逆变器采用基于电压电流瞬时值反馈的双闭环控制，将高压直流电逆变为正弦交流电。分析了整个功率调节系统的工作原理及逆变器电路参数对稳定性的影响。0．5KVA佯饥实验结果表明整个系统具有电压输入范围宽、变换效率高、输出波形THD小等优点。为开发高效、高功率密度的燃料电池电源系统提供技术基础。     

Generator winding I2R losses and harmonic interferenceunder variable frequency operation of an HVDC unit-connectionscheme

Variable frequency operation of an HVDC unit-connection scheme may affect the generator winding I²R losses, and may cause harmonic interferences on both the AC and DC system. The purpose of this research is to determine the magnitudes of generator winding I² R losses under a certain frequency range so as to improve the efficiency of the hydro unit operation at nonrated head and output power. The generator winding additional I²R losses and harmonic interference, are investigated by using the EMTDC program and other subordinate programs. The overall study shows that the generator winding power losses will be increased as the operating frequency decreases under the condition of a fixed generator output. The magnitude of increased losses, though, will not exceed 8-10% of generator total winding I²R losses under normal system operating conditions. Harmonic interference, on the other hand, will become more severe in both the AC and DC systems, as compared to fixed frequency operation. Active or on line tuning harmonic filters may be considered for a particular variable frequency operation scheme being implemented     

Multilevel converters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems: an overview

Multilevel voltage source inverters offer several advantages compared to their conventional counterparts. By synthesising the AC output terminal voltage from several levels of DC voltages, staircase waveforms can be produced, which approach the sinusoidal waveform with low harmonic distortion, thus reducing filter requirements. The need of several sources on the DC side of the converter makes multilevel technology attractive for photovoltaic applications. This paper provides an overview on different multilevel topologies and investigates their suitability for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems. Several transformerless photovoltaic systems incorporating multilevel converters are compared regarding issues such as component count and stress, system power rating and the influence of the photovoltaic array earth capacitance.     

AC side harmonic and phenomena accompanying DC-injection of utility-interactive PV system

The experiments investigated phenomena related to direct contact between the DC output of a PV array and the AC power from the utility grid. The results show that the DC power flows through the distribution transformers (DC-injection) saturating their magnetic circuits. The saturation of magnetic circuits makes peak currents, incorporating a large portion of even harmonics, flow through the high-voltage side of the distribution transformer, adding the level of harmonic distortion of its exciting current. With the increase of injecting DC-current to the utility grid, peak currents at the primary side of distribution transformer increases the most, and even among the same effective (rms) values, the increase of primary side current is larger than that of the secondary side current.     

Effects of forced power transfer on high speed generator-loadsystems

A computer-aided method for investigating disturbances due to the forced paralleling of out of phase high speed salient pole AC generator systems feeding isolated loads is presented. The method is used to predict the system performance including the reverse voltage across the rotating bridge rectifier of the field exciter. This paper presents the fundamentals and the modeling approach used in the development of this method. In addition, the results of using this approach to compute the machine parameters under different load conditions including saturation effects due to magnetic material nonlinearities and space harmonics effects due to machine geometry and winding layouts are presented. The computed parameters are validated by comparison to test data. These parameters form the main data for simulating the forced paralleling of out of phase high speed salient pole AC generator systems feeding isolated loads. Further, the results of using this modeling approach in a case study to predict the system performance due to forced power transfer are summarized and are shown to be in good agreement with test data     

Coupled finite-element/state-space modeling of turbogenerators inthe abc frame of reference-the no-load case

This first of two companion papers centers on applying a coupled finite-element/state-space technique to the determination of self and mutual winding inductances of a 733 MVA turbogenerator and computing its open-circuit characteristic, in the natural abc frame of reference. In this method, the apparent self and mutual inductance profiles of the armature and field windings, expressed as functions of rotor position angle, are computed from a series of magnetic field solutions performed at uniformly-distributed samples of rotor positions covering the entire 360° electrical cycle, using the energy perturbation method. These inductances, which are obtained at no-load for three different excitation levels, include the full effect of space harmonics introduced by the magnetic circuit geometry, winding layouts and magnetic circuit saturation. The abc-frame/finite-element computed open-circuit characteristic is in excellent agreement with the test results. This computed no-load set of parameters forms the initial data for simulation of the full-load performance given in the companion paper, including the full impact of space harmonics and saturation on the flux linkage, current and voltage waveforms, and other performance parameters     

变频器在液位自控中的应用及节能效果

变频器是把工频电源(50Hz或60Hz)变换成各种频率的交流电源,以实现电机的变速运行的设备,其中控制电路完成对主电路的控制,整流电路将交流电变换成直流电,直流中间电路对整流电路的输出进行平滑滤波,逆变电路将直流电再逆成交流电。对于如矢量控制变频器这种需要大量运算的变频器来说,有时还需要一个进行转矩计算的CPU以及一些相应的电路。变频调速是通过改变电机定子绕组供电的频率来达到调速的目的。     

Design analysis of permanent magnet DC motors with differingarmature, magnet and yoke lengths

A modified magnetic circuit method and a 2-D finite element procedure are presented here for the analysis of DC permanent magnet motors with differing armature, magnet and yoke lengths including nonlinear material behavior of steel and permanent magnet. A 12 V, 120 W motor is analyzed through these methods and compared with experimental results of a prototype sample. In case of finite element analysis, commutation effects and short chording of the armature winding are treated appropriately, and cogging torque and voltage ripple are predicted     

An optimized SVPWM switching strategy for three-level NPC VSI and a novel switching strategy for three-level two-quadrant chopper to stabilize the voltage of capacitors

Voltage source inverter (VSI) can produce single and three-phase (3P) AC voltages from a constant or variable DC voltage. There are many ways to control the VSI output voltage. Each control way produces some harmonics at the VSI output voltage. The space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) may be more effective than other modulation methods, e.g. harmonic injection, phase shifting, multi career pulse width modulation, in decreasing the low order harmonics (LOH). Different switching strategies (SSs) of power electronic devices in SVPWM have some specific advantages and disadvantages with regard to one another. In this paper, a comparative study between different SVPWM SSs is carried out by considering some objective functions such as total harmonic distortion (THD), power and switching losses, the ratio of the harmonic components to the fundamental component, distortion factor (DF). It is also shown that by selecting an optimized and appropriate SS for SVPWM, the harmonic orders, which are the multiples of the frequency index (FI), are eliminated. Then, to investigate the impact of variations of the capacitors voltage and switching frequency on power quality criteria, the most appropriate and optimized SS is applied to a 3P three-level (3L) neutral-point-clamped (NPC) VSI to supply a 3P load.     

Incorporating the Effects of Magnetic Saturation in a Coupled-Circuit Model of a Claw–Pole Alternator

A method of representing the effects of magnetic saturation in a coupled-circuit model of a claw-pole alternator is presented. In the approach considered, the airgap flux density produced by each winding is expressed as a function of magnetic operating point. A challenge in the implementation is that the airgap flux densities consist of several significant harmonics, each of which changes at a distinct rate as iron saturates. Despite this complication, it is shown that relatively simple measurements can be used to determine model parameters. The model is implemented in the analysis of several alternator/rectifier systems using a commercial state-model-based circuit analysis program. Comparisons with experimental results over a wide range of speeds and operating conditions demonstrate its accuracy in predicting both the steady state and transient behavior of the systems.     

Commentary on various formulations of distortion power D

In a circuit where the load is nonlinear or the source has nonsinusoidal wave forms the apparent power is defined as S=√(P ²+Q²+D²), where various formulations of distortion power D are reviewed. It is well known that the distortion power D is generated by the cross products of voltage and current harmonics of different frequencies. Accurate experiments are performed to measure the distortion power for a great variety of nonlinear load conditions of a 25 kVA transformer for a range of total harmonic current (THD_i) and total harmonic voltage (THD_v) distortions. The computed distortion power D as a function of voltage and current harmonics of unlike frequencies is validated by measurements: one concludes that a proper interpretation of Budeanu's definition is correct and agrees with measured results     

Power conditioning of fuel cell systems in portable applications

Fuel cells are emerging as main power source for portable applications. These devices need power management circuit to connect varying output fuel cell voltage to desired regulated voltage load with high efficiency. Maintaining high efficiency of the converter over a wide loading range can improve stored fuel longevity. The purpose of this paper is to report a general review of most used topologies in fuel cell power conditioning applied to portable systems. Finally, a 100 W DC–DC converter for a particular fuel cell portable application will be presented. This converter was designed to fulfill several specifications of input and output voltage.     

含VSC换流器的交直流配网潮流算法

随着电力电子技术的发展和应用,直流技术得到了快速发展,交直流网络亦广泛应用于电力系统。建立含电压源型换流器(VSC)交直流配电系统,探讨了VSC换流器损耗及其控制方式,并针对交替迭代法和统一迭代法两种算法的不足,提出了改进交替迭代算法,该算法通过调整交流、直流子系统界限的重新界定,避免了潮流计算迭代的交替,从而大大减少潮流计算量。最后通过改进IEEE 13节点配电系统验证了所提算法的正确性和高效性。     

多馈入直流系统的谐波不稳定仿真研究

随着高压直流输电的发展及多馈入直流输电系统的逐步形成,多馈入直流系统的谐波不稳定问题日显突出。从谐波不稳定产生的机理出发,分析了导致谐波不稳定的交/直流系统频率互补谐振条件,以国际大电网会议(CIGRE)提出的高压直流输电标准测试系统为原型,在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台建立了多馈入直流系统的模型,并基于该模型对多馈入直流系统中各交直流网络间的谐波相互影响进行了仿真与分析。结果表明,该模型能对多馈入直流系统的谐波特性进行准确、有效的分析。     

Power quality improvement of solar photovoltaic transformer-less grid-connected system with maximum power point tracking control

This paper presents a transformer-less single-stage grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with active reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in the reactive power generation mode, which powers control circuitry and maintains regulated DC voltage. Control scheme has been implemented so that the grid-connected converter continuously serves local load. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been implemented at maximum power which performs power quality control by reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid-injected current under varying environmental conditions. Standards (IEEE-519/1547) stipulates that current with THD greater than 5% cannot be injected into the grid by any distributed generation (DG) source. MPPT tracks actual variable DC link voltage while deriving maximum power from PV array and maintains DC link voltage constant by changing the converter modulation index. Simulation results with the PV model and MPPT technique validations demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed system.     

AC/DC power conversion interface for self-excited induction generator

A new AC/DC power conversion interface for the self-excited induction generator (SEIG) is proposed here. The proposed AC/DC conversion interface includes an excitation systemand a diode rectifier connected in parallel.The variable frequency AC power generated by the SEIG is converted into DC power by the diode rectifier.The DC power of the diode rectifier can charge a battery set and supply DC loads or be further converted into fixed-frequency AC power by an inverter for AC loads.The DC voltage is expected to be regulated in the above applications.The excitation system supplies an exciting reactive current to maintain the amplitude of the SEIG output voltage to be a constant value. Moreover, it can also serve as an active power filter to suppress the harmonic current generated by the diode rectifier. The excitation system is composed of an AC power capacitor and a power converter connected in series. The AC power capacitor is adapted to provide a basic reactive power, and it can also reduce the voltage rating and the capacity of the power converter. The salient point of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface is that the capacity of the power converter in the AC/DC power conversion interface can be minimised, and the power loss of the AC/DC power conversion interface can also be reduced. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface.     

Research on control strategy of energy storage converter based on super capacitor

为了对储能逆变器在不平衡与非线性负载时的输出电压的谐波进行抑制,本文针对双级式逆变器拓扑建立数学模型,基于模型分析了直流电容中点电压波动对逆变器输出的影响,以及不平衡输出电流和谐波电流对直流电容中点电压影响的机理,进而提出了该拓扑逆变器在不平衡和非线性负载情况下抑制交流输出电压不平衡和零序谐波的抑制策略。最后建立了MATLAB仿真模型对该控制策略进行了理论验证,并在80 kW样机上进行了实验验证,仿真和实验结果都表明了该控制策略的有效性。     

中压静态转换开关切换冲击电流抑制方法

静态转换开关是实现双电源供电场合下电源之间相互切换的一种有效措施,在中压静态转换开关带变压器负荷系统中,开关切换可能使变压器铁芯产生直流磁链分量,导致铁芯磁饱和,从而导致冲击电流。对此,首先分析了切换电源后直流磁链分量的构成,重点分析了两路电源相位差对直流磁链分量的影响;然后提出了一种基于磁链监测的消除直流磁链分量的切换策略,防止由于直流偏磁导致的变压器铁芯饱和,从而消除切换冲击电流;最终通过多种工况的仿真算例,验证了提出的冲击电流抑制方法的有效性。     

Electric fields effect on liftoff and blowoff of nonpremixed laminar jet flames in a coflow

The stabilization characteristics of liftoff and blowoff in nonpremixed laminar jet flames in a coflow have been investigated experimentally for propane fuel by applying AC and DC electric fields to the fuel nozzle with a single-electrode configuration. The liftoff and blowoff velocities have been measured by varying the applied voltage and frequency of AC and the voltage and the polarity of DC. The result showed that the AC electric fields extended the stabilization regime of nozzle-attached flame in terms of jet velocity. As the applied AC voltage increased, the nozzle-attached flame was maintained even over the blowout velocity without having electric fields. In such a case, a blowoff occurred directly without experiencing a lifted flame. While for the DC cases, the influence on liftoff was minimal. There existed three different regimes depending on the applied AC voltage. In the low voltage regime, the nozzle-detachment velocity of either liftoff or blowoff increased linearly with the applied voltage, while nonlinearly with the AC frequency. In the intermediate voltage regime, the detachment velocity decreased with the applied voltage and reasonably independent of the AC frequency. At the high voltage regime, the detachment was significantly influenced by the generation of discharges.     

Evaluation and reduction of harmonic distortion caused by solidstate voltage controllers of induction motors

The harmonic distortion caused by a solid state AC voltage controller of an induction motor drive is evaluated. A conventional shunt harmonic filter (SHF) for harmonic reduction for a group of such drives is compared with a harmonic blocking compensator (HBC). It is shown that the HBC is more efficient in harmonic reduction than the SHF, especially, with distorted supply voltage. Moreover, the designer has more control over the HBC than the SHF performance. The HBC, however, has a higher power rating than the SHF