过煤层采空区和断层的隧道开挖控制爆破技术

大同香炉寺山隧道过煤层采空区和断层时采用了上导硐先行的分步开挖方案和微差控制爆破技术。上半断面掘进始终超前下半断面 3～ 5m ,形成小台阶式爆破开挖方式。在上半断面掘进时 ,以超前的导硐为自由面 ,实施光面爆破 ;下半断面的掘进采用预裂爆破。每循环进尺限制在 1 0m以下。爆破中 ,控制最大一段齐爆药量 ,减轻了爆破震动对煤层采空区和断层的扰动。应用综合技术措施 ,使隧道顺利地穿越了地质条件特别复杂的地段。     

隧道全断面开挖光面爆破设计

介绍了军都山隧道开挖施工中所采用的全断面光面爆破快速施工技术。根据隧道围岩硬度大、节理裂隙发育等地质情况,在施工现场进行了掏槽孔不同深度的装药试验,对隧道开挖的爆破参数、炮孔布置、装药结构和起爆网路进行了分析和设计,提出了保证隧道开挖成型质量和提高循环进尺的施工方案与措施,确保了军都山隧道全断面开挖爆破取得圆满成功,可供类似工程参考。     

隧道全断面开挖光面爆破设计

介绍了军都山隧道开挖施工中所采用的全断面光面爆破快速施工技术。根据隧道围岩硬度大、节理裂隙发育等地质情况,在施工现场进行了掏槽孔不同深度的装药试验,对隧道开挖的爆破参数、炮孔布置、装药结构和起爆网路进行了分析和设计,提出了保证隧道开挖成型质量和提高循环进尺的施工方案与措施,确保了军都山隧道全断面开挖爆破取得圆满成功,可供类似工程参考。     

裂隙围岩隧道爆破开挖断面轮廓控制研究与应用

为解决裂隙围岩隧道爆破掘进施工过程中断面轮廓控制不足、超欠挖严重的问题，以某隧道为例，通过分析掌子面爆破开挖过程中导致轮廓控制不足的主要因素，对炮孔装药结构、装药密度和光爆层厚度等进行了优化。现场爆破效果表明：采用优化后的爆破参数进行开挖，可有效控制爆破开挖断面轮廓，抑制拱顶岩体大面积离层，避免掌子面底部“根底”现象；隧道平均线性超挖量大幅降低80%,平均炮孔利用率提高至93.2%,有效降低了裂隙围岩隧道爆破开挖对围岩的损伤，改善了爆破效果。     

邻近建筑物的隧道爆破方案优化设计研究

针对青岛地铁13号线嘉陵江路站～香江路站区间隧道面临的邻近既有建筑物施工难题，提出了一种新的邻近建筑物的机械开挖联合爆破施工方案，方案中使用台阶法进行开挖，上台阶处于软弱地层，使用机械法进行掘进，下台阶处于坚硬地层，使用钻爆法进行掘进。应用FLAC^3D数值计算软件并使用基于爆破等效荷载的方法，对机械开挖联合爆破施工方案和传统全断面爆破方案所导致的邻近建筑物振速进行对比分析。结果表明：机械开挖联合爆破方案下，各个监测点的振速峰值较全断面爆破均有显著减小，最大降幅为61.1%,在工程允许的范围内，论证了新方案的合理性。通过建筑物沉降、围岩塑性区、建筑物振速等指标对机械开挖联合爆破方案的开挖进尺和装药量等施工参数进行了比选，最终确定上台阶机械开挖进尺为0.5 m。并对优化后的参数施工效果进行了监测评价，使用机械开挖联合爆破施工方案顺利地解决了工程中遇到的难题，并将预计工期缩短3个月，说明了提出的爆破施工方案及参数的合理性，以及计算结果的有效性。     

宽孔距爆破技术在大断面硬质岩石隧洞开挖中的应用

在乌干达卡鲁玛水电站尾水隧洞开挖施工中,为了解决大断面硬质岩石隧洞开挖炮孔数量多、钻孔时间长、施工进度慢等问题,实际施工中调整了隧洞爆破布孔思路,改变了传统布孔方式,提出了“隧洞开挖宽孔距布孔”的理念。通过一系列爆破试验,成功将原设计上台阶开挖炮孔数量246个减少到181个,有效降低了炮孔数量,实现了快速掘进。试验表明：在大断面硬质岩石隧洞开挖中,通过采用宽孔距爆破技术,炮孔数量降低了26.42%,有效缩短了钻孔时间,加快了开挖单循环速度,最终实现了主洞上层开挖单面月进尺230.2 m(开挖断面102.02 m²),为同类隧洞的开挖提供了经验。     

全断面光面爆破技术在坚硬岩巷掘进中的应用

为了保证在矿山巷道开挖过程中,最大限度地减少对围岩的破坏,提高爆破效率,采用全断面光面爆破技术。针对巷道断面面积较大且岩层坚硬等情况,对爆破方案、复合掏槽方式和单螺旋形掏槽方式、爆破参数和炮孔布置等进行了精心的设计。掏槽形式为单螺旋形掏槽方式,平均孔深2 m,炮孔数72个。结果表明,平均循环进尺达到1.7 m,炮孔利用率大于85%,提高了巷道的掘进速度和成巷质量。现场应用取得了良好的爆破效果,确保了会理县兴隆矿业矿山巷道全断面开挖的成功。     

抗拔桩孔开挖控制爆破技术

介绍应用控制爆破技术进行小断面抗拔桩孔的全断面掘进,给出了桩孔开挖的控制爆破技术措施,爆破参数和施工方法,工程实践表明,控制爆破技术可实现桩孔断面的一次爆破成形,所形成的桩孔周壁不产生宏观爆生裂缝,其平均日掘进深度达2．2－2＝3米,开挖效率是人工法的8倍。     

瓦斯隧道掘进爆破新技术探讨

《爆破安全规程》中规定 ,瓦斯隧道掘进中起爆总延期时间不能超过 130ms。当采用常规的掏槽爆破法时 ,总延期时间不可能满足小于 130ms的要求 ,因而不能用于瓦斯隧道的掘进。通过工程试验发现 ,短毫秒间隔微差爆破法可以解决总延期时间的限制与全断面、大进尺爆破掘进的矛盾 ,这是瓦斯隧道掘进中爆破技术的一种新尝试     

瓦斯隧道掘进爆破新技术探讨

《爆破安全规程》中规定 ,瓦斯隧道掘进中起爆总延期时间不能超过 130ms。当采用常规的掏槽爆破法时 ,总延期时间不可能满足小于 130ms的要求 ,因而不能用于瓦斯隧道的掘进。通过工程试验发现 ,短毫秒间隔微差爆破法可以解决总延期时间的限制与全断面、大进尺爆破掘进的矛盾 ,这是瓦斯隧道掘进中爆破技术的一种新尝试     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from