二维共形匹配层的衰减参数研究

给出了各向异性媒质的张量本构参数,由含各向异性媒质的三维波动方程出发推导了包含此类介质的散射问题的有限元变分公式,研究了共形匹配层衰减参数随目标尺寸和形状的变化规律,分析了参数选择对匹配层吸收效果的影响,数值结果表明衰减参数的最佳值将随散射体尺寸的变大而增加。得出的变化规律对共形匹配层和有限元的应用极有参考价值。     

A simple, nearly perfectly matched layer for general electromagnetic media

A new implementation of the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition is presented. This formulation is designed such that the partial differential equations in the PML are identical to those in the regular medium for any linear electromagnetic material. This makes this method particularly simple to implement, especially in dispersive and anisotropic materials. We call this method the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) because it employs variable changes that are not strictly exact when the PML conductivity is spatially variant. Comparisons with the convolutional PML in a Lorentz dielectric show that the NPML is as effective an absorber as exact PML formulations.     

Analysis of Perfectly Matched Double Negative Layers Via Complex Coordinate Transformations

Complex coordinate transformations are introduced for the analysis of time-harmonic electromagnetic wave propagation in perfectly matched double negative layers. The layer is perfectly matched to free space in the sense that any incident plane wave is transmitted through the free space-material interface without reflection, irrespective of the frequency and angle of incidence of the plane wave. The material constitutive parameters are obtained by mapping spatial coordinates into a manifold in complex space. The layer turns out to be anisotropic in general, and the special case where the medium is isotropic can be deduced from the coordinate transformations. The left-handedness, as well as the reversal in phase velocity appear naturally as a result of the mapping of the spatial coordinates into complex space. The consequences of this analysis are demonstrated by some examples     

Application of an anisotropic perfectly matched layer absorber for open boundary truncation in the multiresolution time domain scheme

We apply an anisotropic perfectly matched layer (APML) absorber for open boundary truncation in implementation of the multiresolution time domain (MRTD) scheme. We develop an APML update algorithm to handle a general APML region in the MRTD formulations with the content of the leapfrog algorithm applied in the conventional finite-difference time-domain method. We also discuss the boundary truncations for both perfectly electric conductor (PEC) and perfectly magnetic conductor (PMC) walls using the image techniques. We validate the algorithm by analyzing various guided wave and antenna structures. It is found that the APML performs well for absorbing electromagnetic waves in the MRTD algorithm.     

广义柱形坐标系各向异性完善匹配吸收媒质

Ｂｅｒｅｎｇｅｒ提出的完善匹配层只能用于直角坐标系。本文将完善匹配各向异性吸收媒质推广到广义柱形坐标系。推导是在广义柱形坐标系均匀媒质的Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程与直角坐标系各向异性媒质的Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程之间等效基础上进行的。得出了广义柱形坐标系完善匹配层电导率计算公式。     

Efficient mode-matching analysis of discontinuities in finiteplanar substrates using perfectly matched layers

A new method to determine the reflection of substrate modes in finite substrate planar circuits is proposed. The perfectly matched layer (PML) concept is used to transform the open problem into a closed one. The discrete set of substrate, evanescent, and Berenger modes of the resulting anisotropic waveguides are then used in a mode-matching scheme to deduce the scattering coefficients of the substrate modes for oblique incidence on the edge of the substrate. We show results for single- and double-layered substrates and compare with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) results. The combined perfectly matched layer (PML) mode-matching technique turns out to be very efficient     

基于FDTD方法的微带线耦合噪声研究

基于时域有限差分（FDTD）方法,采用单轴各向异性介质完全匹配层为吸收边界条件,用上升沿为200ps、稳态值为1v的斜坡信号为激励源,在微带线间距保持不变,激励源及负载与微带线特性阻抗相匹配的情况下,研究微带宽度、PCB介质基板厚度和相对介电常数等参数对平直微带线近端耦合噪声和远端耦合噪声的影响,其次,研究微带线中部的直角弯曲对不同参数微带线耦合噪声特征的影响规律,和当微带线直角弯曲被45°斜切后,前述不同参数微带线耦合噪声特征的变化,结果有助于微带线的优化设计。     

色散媒质中的完全匹配层吸收边界

将Ａ．Ｐ．Ｚｈａｏ提出的与媒质无关的完全匹配层吸收边界推广到色散媒质中,推导出了用于色散媒质的无反射完全匹配条件。并对导电媒质进行了数值实验,结果十分理想。与Ｑ．Ｈ．Ｌｉｕ的方法相比,该方法可以应用到更复杂的媒质中。而与Ｓ．Ｄ．Ｇｅｄｎｅｙ的各向异性媒质吸收层相比,在角区的处理要简单得多,更适合于时域有限差分法,对于三维问题更是如此。     

广义正交坐标系FDTD算法的准完全匹配层吸收边界条件

本文推导出了广义正交坐标系下的各向异性准完全匹配吸收层(QPML)边界条件,给出了直角坐标、圆柱坐标、保角变换柱形坐标的各向异性准完全匹配吸收媒质.数值计算结果证明了准完全吸收层的吸收效果.     

Optimum design of a Salisbury screen radar absorber

The author derives expressions for the sheet resistance of a Salisbury screen radar absorber which will yield the maximum bandwidth for a specified level of reflectivity performance, angle of incidence and polarisation. Design curves are also given which relate the maximum absorber bandwidth, reflectivity performance and spacer dielectric constant     

Full-vector finite-element beam propagation method for anisotropicoptical device analysis

A finite-element full-vectorial beam-propagation method is presented, for the first time, for the analysis of 3-D anisotropic optical waveguides. Full 3×3 permittivity and permeability tensors are considered. The formulation takes into account the polarization dependence and the component coupling due to the waveguide geometry and the medium anisotropy without any analytical approximations. The perfectly matched anisotropic absorber is introduced to eliminate the influence of the computational border on the numerical solutions. The correctness of the proposed approach is verified by analyzing several kinds of anisotropies. For the first time, a full vectorial finite-element propagation analysis is presented for diffuse waveguides and magnetooptic devices     

Improvement in the Low Frequency Performance of Geometric Transition Radar Absorbers Using Square Loop Impedance Layers

A technique is described for improving the low frequency performance of geometric transition (GT) radar absorbers based on lossy foam pyramids. The technique makes use of the fact that at high frequencies, only the geometric transition region of the absorber is utilized whereas at low frequencies, the whole absorber thickness interacts with the incident wave. Hence the low frequency performance may be improved, without compromising that at high frequencies, by electrically loading the absorber base layer using one or more frequency selective surfaces (FSS) whose elements are typically in the form of single or nested loops. Other advantages of this technique include minimal increases in weight and manufacturing costs. The paper includes comparative predictions of unmodified and loaded GT absorber reflectivity at both normal and oblique incidence and discusses the effect on absorber performance of tolerance variations in the dimensions and location of the loading FSS elements. Finally, free-space reflectivity measurements on unmodified and loaded commercial absorber blocks are made over the frequency range 1-10 GHz and these confirm the validity of the technique.     

A comparison of anisotropic PML to Berenger's PML and itsapplication to the finite-element method for EM scattering

The use of an anisotropic material for the boundary truncation of the finite-element method is considered. The anisotropic material properties can be chosen such that a plane-wave incident from free space into the anisotropic halfspace has no reflection. Because there is no reflection, the material is referred to as a perfectly matched layer (PML). The relationship between the anisotropic PML and the original PML proposed by Berenger (see J. Comp. Phys., vol.114, p.185-200, October 1994) is considered. The anisotropic PML is applied to the finite-element solution of electromagnetic (EM) scattering from three-dimensional (3-D) objects. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the PML     

Monostatic Reflectivity Measurement of Radar Absorbing Materials at 310 GHz

This paper presents monostatic reflectivity measurements of radar absorbing materials at 310 GHz in a phase-hologram-based compact range. The radar cross-section method was used and the backscattered reflection was measured with horizontal and vertical polarizations in plane-wave conditions. Transmission was also studied. The reflectivity was measured over an incidence angle of 0$^circ$–45$^circ$. The reflectivity of Thomas Keating Terahertz RAM at normal incidence was found to be$-$56 dB—the smallest of the studied materials. The reflectivity of carpet material measured was also below$-$40 dB and it was found to be suitable for use as an absorber. The results are in line with those available from previous studies of reflectivity and complement them with new materials, frequency, and angle information.     

Numerical modeling of a spherical array of monopoles using FDTD method

In this paper, the spherical-coordinate finite-difference time-domain method is applied to numerical analysis of phased array of monopoles distributed over a sphere. Outer boundary of the given problem is modeled by accurate spherical-coordinate anisotropic perfectly matched layer. The problem of increased cell aspect ratio near the sphere poles causing degradation of results is solved by dispersion optimization through artificial anisotropy. The accuracy of the approach is verified by comparing a model case with an exact solution. Finally, radiation patterns obtained by frequency-domain near-to-far-field transform and s-parameters of the array elements are presented and validated by comparing with measurement data.     

Cylindrical FDTD Analysis of LWD Tools Through Anisotropic Dipping-Layered Earth Media

Electrical logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools are commonly used in oil and gas exploration to estimate the conductivity (resistivity) of adjacent Earth media. In general, Earth media exhibit anisotropic conductivities. This implies that when LWD tools are used for deviated and horizontal drilling, the resulting borehole problem may include dipping-layered media with dipping beds having full 3 times 3 conductivity tensors. To model this problem, we describe a 3-D cylindrical finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm extended to fully anisotropic conductive media and implemented with cylindrical perfectly matched layers to mimic open-domain problems. The 3-D FDTD algorithm is validated against analytical results in simple formations, showing good agreement, and used to simulate the response of LWD tools through anisotropic dipping beds for various values of anisotropic conductivities and dipping angles     

Minimizing the discrete reflectivity of perfectly matched layers

The perfectly matched layer (PML) method is widely used for truncating unbounded domains in simulations of optical waveguiding structures. In this letter, we develop a practical procedure for selecting a PML profile for a given set of discretization parameters. Our approach is designed for frequency domain simulations and it is based on minimizing the average discrete reflectivity of the PML.     

Thin wideband electromagnetic wave absorber for oblique incidenceapplications

A thin tapered absorber is described that is capable of effecting wide band absorption of electromagnetic waves at oblique incidence. The absorption mechanism for the taper is shown to be inherently wide band and seems not to be constrained by the bandwidth/reflectivity limitations that apply to thin planar materials. Predicted reflectivity data for the tapered absorbing layer are shown     

Three-dimensional diffraction by infinite conducting and dielectric wedges using a generalized total-field/scattered-field FDTD formulation

We extend the generalized total-field/scattered-field formulation of the finite-difference time-domain method to permit efficient computational modeling of three-dimensional (3-D) diffraction by infinite conducting and dielectric wedges. This new method allows: 1) sourcing a numerical plane wave having an arbitrary incident angle traveling into, or originating from, a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary and 2) terminating the infinite wedge inside the perfectly matched layer with negligible reflection. We validate the new method by comparing its results with the analytical diffraction coefficients for an infinite 3-D right-angle perfect electric conductor wedge obtained using the uniform theory of diffraction. Then, we apply the new method to calculate numerical diffraction coefficients for a 3-D infinite right-angle dielectric wedge, covering a wide range of incident and scattering angles. Finally, we show means to compactly store the calculated diffraction coefficients in a manner which permits easy interpolation of the results for arbitrary incidence and observation angles.     

SESAM实现脉冲式Nd∶YAG激光器的被动锁模特性研究

为了研究半导体可饱和吸收镜的被动锁模特性,采用中科院半导体所提供的半导体可饱和吸收镜,实现了脉冲式Nd:YAG激光器1.06μm激光的被动锁模,获得了稳定的皮秒激光脉冲序列输出.经自相关实验装置测量,其锁模激光脉冲宽度大约为48.2ps,脉冲序列的能量为24mJ,实验中采用直腔结构的谐振腔,该腔结构简单、易于调整.理论上分析了1.06μm半导体可饱和吸收镜结构及被动锁模基本原理,计算并模拟了半导体可饱和吸收镜中布喇格反射层不同周期时对应的反射谱图以及不同周期时中心频率处布喇格反射层的反射率曲线.结果表明,随着布喇格反射层周期数的增加,其中心波长处的反射率也随着增加.当周期数大于13时,其中心波长反射率超过99%.半导体可饱和吸收镜是实现Nd:YAG激光器的被动锁模的理想锁模器件.