Real-Time 2-D Temperature Imaging Using Ultrasound

We have previously introduced methods for noninvasive estimation of temperature change using diagnostic ultrasound. The basic principle was validated both in vitro and in vivo by several groups worldwide. Some limitations remain, however, that have prevented these methods from being adopted in monitoring and guidance of minimally invasive thermal therapies, e.g., RF ablation and high-intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU). In this letter, we present first results from a real-time system for 2-D imaging of temperature change using pulse-echo ultrasound. The front end of the system is a commercially available scanner equipped with a research interface, which allows the control of imaging sequence and access to the RF data in real time. A high-frame-rate 2-D RF acquisition mode, M2D, is used to capture the transients of tissue motion/deformations in response to pulsed HIFU. The M2D RF data is streamlined to the back end of the system, where a 2-D temperature imaging algorithm based on speckle tracking is implemented on a graphics processing unit. The real-time images of temperature change are computed on the same spatial and temporal grid of the M2D RF data, i.e., no decimation. Verification of the algorithm was performed by monitoring localized HIFU-induced heating of a tissue-mimicking elastography phantom. These results clearly demonstrate the repeatability and sensitivity of the algorithm. Furthermore, we present in vitro results demonstrating the possible use of this algorithm for imaging changes in tissue parameters due to HIFU-induced lesions. These results clearly demonstrate the value of the real-time data streaming and processing in monitoring, and guidance of minimally invasive thermotherapy.      

Ultrasound Transducers for Pulse-Echo Medical Imaging

The transducer is probably the single most important component of any ultrasonic imaging system. A basic introduction to the problems and paradoxes of transducer design is given. After introducing the piezoelectric equations and discussing important transducer material such as lead zirconate titanate and polyvinylidene difluoride, the techniques for modeling the electromechanical impulse response are reviewed. Quarter-wave matching and short pulse techniques are discussed. The prediction of the ultrasound field of plane, spherical, and conical transducers is reviewed with emphasis on the spatio-temporal impulse response technique. Finally, the use of the above approaches is illustrated in a very practical fashion for three interesting transducer geometries: 1) a split aperture device with two focal lengths, 2) a five-element annular array, and 3) a 37.5 degree conical/annular array hybrid transducer.     

A 3-D Miniaturization Method for Low-Impedance Designs

Microstrip interconnects with a V conductor are designed, fabricated, and measured to provide a compact solution for designs requiring low characteristic impedance lines. S-parameter curves are shown up to 35 GHz for 0.5-cm-long lines. The 308-mum-deep V structure produces a 33.8-Omega line with strong standing waves and reflections under 5 dB. To further reduce the impedance, a partial shield is added that results in 6.7 times reduction of signal line width, near elimination of open-end effect, and excellent correlation with a standard 15-Omega microstrip up to 25 GHz. A filter demonstration shows near ideal behavior in the 3 dB response and low return loss when compared to a similar conventional design.     

相控阵超声成像补偿聚焦技术

针对相控阵成像中因为聚焦深度唯一且不能改变而导致成像失真问题,提出改进方法,提高相控阵检测成像质量。在用单个换能器单元轮流发射声波,全孔径单元接收的收发超声方式得到基础数据组的基础上,在数据处理中重构出发射聚焦和接收聚焦。提出在重构过程中运用动态聚焦补偿技术,使各个深度都聚焦。该文给出重构发射和接收聚焦点及动态聚焦补偿的理论基础,补偿点的计算方法,补偿电路的具体实现。从仿真结果可看出成像效果比传统单点聚焦相控阵有显著提高。提出的相控阵动态深度补偿技术改善了成像质量,物理实现电路简单且具有实用价值。     

稀疏重航过阵列SAR运动误差补偿和三维成像方法

该文针对机载交轨阵列SAR下视3维成像模型,采用以巴克码伪随机序列为准则的稀疏重航过采样方式,利用较少飞行次数提高交轨向分辨率。针对重航过采样方式存在的运动误差,利用修正均匀冗余阵列(Modified Uniformly Redundant Arrays, MURA)编码空间调制和3维后向投影(Back Projection, BP)算法获得各航过3维复图像对,基于干涉处理和频域压缩感知(Compressed Sensing, CS)等效实现各航过阵列形变误差补偿。将MURA反码对应回波形成的3维复图像相位作为参考,对各单航过复图像进行相位补偿,以恢复各航过间复图像相位关系。根据单航过阵列SAR3维复图像具备频域稀疏的性质,对各个复图像相干累加,实现稀疏重航过阵列SAR高分辨率下视3维成像。仿真和暗室试验数据处理结果验证了方法的有效性。      

A Super-Resolution Framework for 3-D High-Resolution and High-Contrast Imaging Using 2-D Multislice MRI

A novel super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) framework in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is proposed. Its purpose is to produce images of both high resolution and high contrast desirable for image-guided minimally invasive brain surgery. The input data are multiple 2-D multislice inversion recovery MRI scans acquired at orientations with regular angular spacing rotated around a common frequency encoding axis. The output is a 3-D volume of isotropic high resolution. The inversion process resembles a localized projection reconstruction problem. Iterative algorithms for reconstruction are based on the projection onto convex sets (POCS) formalism. Results demonstrate resolution enhancement in simulated phantom studies, and ex vivo and in vivo human brain scans, carried out on clinical scanners. A comparison with previously published SRR methods shows favorable characteristics in the proposed approach.     

用于机载线阵三维SAR成像的MIMO阵列构型设计

机载线阵3维SAR成像技术在军事和民用方面都有着广泛应用,是当前雷达成像领域的研究热点。其切航迹向分辨率是利用机翼上的线阵所获取,阵列分布直接影响到成像性能。受机翼体积的限制,机载线阵3维SAR系统的阵元数有限,可以采用MIMO技术来获取更多的目标信息,提高切航迹向的空间采样能力。该文研究了机载线阵3维SAR系统的阵列设计问题,即以空间卷积原理为基础,归纳出卷积逆运算的规律,从而通过卷积逆运算求解出多组MIMO线阵设计方案,并从机载线阵3维SAR成像的需求出发,分析了各组设计方案的优缺点,为实际构建机载线阵3维SAR成像系统提供了技术支撑。     

Array interconnection for rearrangeable 2-D MEMS optical switch

Two-dimensional (2-D) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) optical switches can be constructed by arranging the MEMS-actuated micromirrors as an array. We consider here the switching capability, routing, and optimization of the rectangular array interconnection on which the capability and efficiency of 2-D MEMS switches depend. The switching capability of a rectangular array is proved analytically. Two routing algorithms, namely, the most-bend routing and the least-bend routing, are developed, which, respectively, maximize and minimize the number of 2 /spl times/ 2 switches in the "bend" state. A method of counting the number of permutations realizable with a given number of switches in the "bend" state is proposed to evaluate the performance of both routing schemes. The understanding of the underlying interconnection pattern enables us to study the problem of constructing rearrangeable optical switches of arbitrary size.     

均匀阵列下二维TLS-ESPRIT改进算法的研究

通过对均匀阵列下二维TLS-ESPRIT算法的研究,将一维ESPRIT改进算法推广到二维领域,在二排平面均匀直线阵模型中使用同一排几何阵列构造两个子阵列,即将阵元为M的阵列够造成由前M-1个阵元构成的子阵列和后M-1个阵元构成的子阵列,从而增加了阵列的有效孔径,提高了信源波达方向的估计精度,并通过MATLAB仿真,给出了不同信噪比情况下,改进算法与原算法的性能比较,证实了该算法的有效性。     

二维离散傅立叶-离散小波混合变换及其在超声波医学图像去噪中的应用

如果二维信号沿水平方向和沿垂直方向的干扰和噪声是异类的,如沿水平方向为窄带频率干扰,而沿垂直方向为高斯白噪声,使用传统的二维离散傅立叶离散变换(2-D Drr)或二维离散小波变换(2-D DWT)可能造成信号成分的丢失和不必要的计算,而采用[1,2]提出的一种混合的二维变换:二维离散傅立叶离散小波混合变换(2-D DFF-DWT),可有效Ё解决异类的干扰和噪声中的信号提取问题.本文在[1,2]的基础上,进一步补充了2-D DFT-DWT的定义和算法,指出这种混合变换可被用来从不同方向去除二维信号中的噪声和干扰.通过这种变换可以结合离散傅立叶变换和离散小波变换二者的优点从干扰和噪声中提取有效信号.本文通过对超声波医学图像去除斑点噪声的具体实例说明了它的应用.     

Spectrum Illumination for 3-D Surface Imaging System

A method using spectrum illumination to reconstruct 3-D object image is a new concept in the field of computer vision. The design of optical illumination system is crucial in this method. Several ways to achieve multi-color spectrum illumination are discussed. A prism illumination system is designed by means of aligning symmetrically the prism at the mid-wavelength (n d=1.806 274) of light path and using reflection collimating lens, cylindrical expending lens and two optical shutters. The relations between deviation angles and light wavelengths are given, and some 3-D reconstruction results are presented.     

Spectrum Illumination for 3— Surface Imaging System

A method using spectrum illumination to reconstruct 3-D bject image is a new concept in the field of computer vision.The design of optical illumination system is crucial this method.Several ways to achieve multicolor spectrum illumination are discussed.A prism illumination system is designed by means of aligning symmetrically the prism at the mid-wavelength(nd=1.806 274)of light path and using reflection collimating lens,cylindrical expending lens and two optical shutters.The relations between deviation angles and light wavelengths are given,and some 3-D reconstruction results are presented.     

旋转目标干涉逆合成孔径三维成像技术

本文根据旋转目标微波成像原理,导出了采用干涉逆合成孔径（ＩＮＩＳＡＲ）处理获取第三维高程信息的旋转目标ＩＮＩＳＡＲ三维成像技术,这种技术通过鉴别由俯爷角微小差异的两副天线分别获取的两幅相位相干的二维图像对应获射中心的相位变化来确定散射中心在竖直维的位置;散射中心的横坐标,纵坐标及幅度由一幅二维图像给出,模拟计算与飞机模型实验测量均得到满意结果。     

基于 RMA 的三维成像与二维 MIMO 阵设计

距离迁移(RM)算法能够精确校正近场距离徙动,同时通过使用快速傅里叶变换可以达到很高的计算效率,具有应用于近场MIMO雷达三维实时成像的潜力。RM算法应用于近场MIMO成像的主要挑战是设计合适的阵列结构。文中利用球面波分解为无穷多个平面波的方法推导了MIMO雷达近场三维RM 成像算法,在深入分析算法实现流程的基础上得 到了RM算法对MIMO阵列构型的四条约束条件。提出了一种适用RM算法的MIMO阵列设计方法,并利用所提方法设计了MIMO阵列,结合仿真,分析了所设计阵列的成像性能。     

基于修正均匀冗余阵列正反编码的稀疏阵列SAR下视三维成像处理

该文研究基于频分正交信号的机载交轨稀疏阵列SAR下视3维成像问题。为解决孔径综合方法带来的重复频率高、数据冗余量大和运动补偿等问题,提出一种基于修正均匀冗余阵列(Modified Uniformly Redundant Arrays, MURA)编码和干涉处理频域稀疏的3维成像方法,直接在距离频域稀疏采样条件下对目标场景进行下视3维成像。引入MURA编码对回波数据在阵列采样平面进行正反编码调制,分别获得两幅3维复图像,并通过干涉处理使信号3维频谱集中在低频段,利用频域低通滤波或压缩感知(Compressed Sensing,CS)实现目标场景3维成像。该方法具有回波数据利用率高和工作重复频率低的特点。仿真分析和试验数据验证了方法的有效性。     

1092 Channel 2-D Array Demultiplexer for Ultralarge Data Bandwidth

We demonstrate 1 x 1092 channel wavelength demultiplexing with 50-GHz channel pitch and a 600-nm total bandwidth. Outputs from 1 x 40 channel arrayed waveguide gratings operating with multiple orders enter a free-space optical grating demultiplexer which separates the orders into a 2-D spot array, where the light can be coupled into discrete output fibers or operated on by a surface normal device (i.e., microelectromechanical system switch or detector array). Supercontinuum source input from 1140 to 1750 nm produced a 28 times 39 spot array at the output plane. The insertion loss for light is coupled into a single mode fiber ranged from 7 to 18 dB with less than 10-dB loss in channels between 1300 and 1750 nm. Bit-error-rate measurements show a negligible 0.1-dB power penalty at 10 GB/s.     

3-D Rat Brain Phantom for High-Resolution Molecular Imaging

With the steadily improving resolution of novel small-animal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography devices, highly detailed phantoms are required for testing and optimizing these systems. We present a three-dimensional (3-D) digital and physical phantom pair to represent, e.g., cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, or neuroreceptor binding in small regions of the rat brain. The anatomical structures are based on digital photographs of the uncut part of a rat brain cryosection block. The photographs have been segmented into ventricles and gray and white matter and have been stacked afterwards. In the resulting voxelized digital phantom, tracer concentration in gray and white matter can be scaled independently. This is of relevance since, e.g., cerebral blood flow or metabolism are much higher in gray than in white matter. The physical phantom is based on the digital phantom and has been manufactured out of hardened polymer using rapid prototyping, a process in which complicated 3-D objects can be built up layer by layer. X-ray computed tomography and high-resolution SPECT images of the physical phantom are compared with the digital phantom. The detailed physical phantom can be filled bubble-free. Excellent correspondence is shown between details in the digital and physical phantom. Therefore, this newly developed brain phantom will enable the optimization of high-resolution imaging for recovery of complex shaped molecular distributions.      

一种三坐标相控阵雷达的TWS算法

根据某三坐标相控阵雷达工作的特点,本文设计了一种Tws算法。该算法针对相控阵雷达变扫描周期的特点进行了适应性处理,针对不同目标模型状态变量不一致的问题进行了统一化的处理,并且在交互多模型算法中根据模型匹配程度动态调整模型的噪声协方差以达到更好的跟踪效果。该算法在雷达的实际跟踪试验中,取得了预期的效果。     

Antenna Array Designs for OFDM WLAN Indoor Transmission

Wireless local area networks (WLAN??s) based on the 802.11 standards are ubiquitous. However, the popularity of WLAN??s has made interference between WLAN users an issue. Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is one way to orthogonalize these users and reduce interference. The contribution of this paper is to use real antenna array prototypes to determine the best array design for implementing indoor SDMA. Two SDMA antenna array prototypes are constructed and used to collect propagation measurements in an indoor environment. The propagation data is then incorporated into an SDMA orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) analysis. This approach is able to very accurately predict how the two array designs will influence SDMA-OFDM performance in the indoor environment where the measurements are collected. The results indicate that the compact sectorized antenna array prototype performs better than the linear array prototype for in-room communication and that the reverse is true for inter-room communication.     

用均匀中心对称阵二维西ESPRIT方法实现闭环形式二维角估计

本文提出了适用于一类均匀中心对称阵的二维西ESPRIT方法,它是一种闭环形式的高分辨算法,对信号源方位角和仰角估计实现自动配对.在算法最后阶段构造一个矩阵,其第I个特征值的实部和虚部分别与第I个信号源相对X轴和Y轴的方向余波一一对应.该算法除了初始变换和最后矩阵特征分解外,整个过程都采用高效的实值计算.并推广应用于DFT波束空间,可在较小的空间维数上处理,从而减小计算复杂性.最后对算法做了一阶近似渐进性能分析.仿真结果说明了算法是有效的.