Kalman filter and LQ based speed controller for torsional vibrationsuppression in a 2-mass motor drive system

In this paper, a high-performance speed control for torsional vibration suppression in a 2-mass motor drive system, like a rolling mill which has a long shaft and large loadside mass or a robot arm which has flexible coupling, was studied. The speed control method which has better control response than a typical one in command following, torsional vibration suppression, disturbance rejection, and robustness to parameter variation, was proposed. The performance of command following, torsional vibration suppression, and robustness to parameter variation was satisfied by using a Kalman filter and LQ based speed control with an integrator. Also, disturbance rejection performance was improved through load torque compensation. Through various experiments of a real 22 kW field oriented controlled AC motor drive system having 2-mass mechanical system, the characteristics of the proposed speed controller and typical PI speed controller were compared and analyzed     

A new motor speed estimator using Kalman filter in low-speed range

In this paper, a new machine drive technique using novel estimation strategy for the very low-speed operation to estimate both the instantaneous speed and disturbance load torque is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, a Kalman filter is incorporated to estimate both the motor speed and the disturbance torque. The Kalman filter is an optimal state estimator and is usually applied to a dynamic system that involves a random noise environment. The effects of parameter variations are discussed, and it is verified that the system is stable to the modeling error. Experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed estimation technique     

Neural-Network Application for Mechanical Variables Estimation of a Two-Mass Drive System

This paper deals with the application of neural networks (NNs) to the mechanical state estimation of the drive system with elastic joint. The torsional vibrations of the two-mass system are damped using the control structure with additional feedbacks from the torsional torque and the load-side speed. These feedbacks signals are obtained using NN estimators. The learning procedure of the NNs is described, and the influence of the input vector size to the accuracy of the state-variable estimation is investigated. The neural estimators of the torsional torque and the load machine speed are tested with open-loop and closed-loop control structures. The simulation results are confirmed by laboratory experiments     

Speed estimation of an induction motor drive using an optimizedextended Kalman filter

This paper presents a novel method to achieve good performance of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for speed estimation of an induction motor drive. A real-coded genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the noise covariance and weight matrices of the EKF, thereby ensuring filter stability and accuracy in speed estimation. Simulation studies on a constant V/Hz controller and a field-oriented controller (FOC) under various operating conditions demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. The experimental system consists of a prototype digital-signal-processor-based FOC induction motor drive with hardware facilities for acquiring the speed, voltage, and current signals to a PC. Experiments comprising offline GA training and verification phases are presented to validate the performance of the optimized EKF     

High-performance speed control of electric machine usinglow-precision shaft encoder

For a high-performance servo drive system, it is important to estimate and control the motor speed precisely over a wide-speed range. Therefore, the disturbance-rejection ability and the robustness to variations of the mechanical parameters such as inertia should be considered. This paper shows that the adaptive state estimator and self-tuning regulator based on the recursive extended least squares (RELS) parameter identification method can achieve high-performance speed control over a wide-speed range. The RELS method identifies the variations of mechanical parameters, and the estimated mechanical parameters are used to replace the role of manual tuning by adjusting the gain of the speed controller automatically for good dynamic response. Also, these estimated parameters are used to adapt the Kalman filter, which is an optimal state estimator, to provide good estimation performance for the rotor speed, rotor position and disturbance torque even in a noisy environment. Simulation and experimental results show an improved speed control performance in the wide-speed range     

Simple Derivative-Free Nonlinear State Observer for Sensorless AC Drives

In this paper, a new Kalman filtering technique, unscented Kalman filter (UKF), is utilized both experimentally and theoretically as a state estimation tool in field-oriented control (FOC) of sensorless ac drives. Using the advantages of this recent derivative-free nonlinear estimation tool, rotor speed and$dq$-axis fluxes of an induction motor are estimated only with the sensed stator currents and voltages information. In order to compare the estimation performances of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and UKF explicitly, both observers are designed for the same motor model and run with the same covariance matrices under the same conditions. In the simulation results, it is shown that UKF, whose several intrinsic properties suggest its use over EKF in highly nonlinear systems, has more satisfactory rotor speed and flux estimates, which are the most critical states for FOC. These simulation results are supported with experimental results.     

Adaptive Sliding-Mode Neuro-Fuzzy Control of the Two-Mass Induction Motor Drive Without Mechanical Sensors

In this paper, the concept of a model reference adaptive control of a sensorless induction motor (IM) drive with elastic joint is proposed. An adaptive speed controller uses fuzzy neural network equipped with an additional option for online tuning of its chosen parameters. A sliding-mode neuro-fuzzy controller is used as the speed controller, whose connective weights are trained online according to the error between the estimated motor speed and the speed given by the reference model. The speed of the vector-controlled IM is estimated using the $hbox{MRAS}^{rm CC}$ rotor speed and a flux estimator. Such a control structure is proposed to damp torsional vibrations in a two-mass system in an effective way. It is shown that torsional oscillations can be successfully suppressed in the proposed control structure, using only one basic feedback from the motor speed given by the proposed speed estimator. Simulation results are verified by experimental tests over a wide range of motor speed and drive parameter changes.      

自适应SICKF及在目标跟踪中的应用

针对容积卡尔曼滤波（CKF) 估计精度在系统状态或参数突变时下降的问题,结合均方根嵌入式容积卡尔曼滤波(SICKF)和强跟踪滤波(STF)思想,提出了一种自适应SICKF(ASICKF)方法。在SICKF获得高估计精度的同时引入STF条件,根据系统输出残差获得自适应渐消因子,将其引入系统输出协方差均方根阵和互协方差阵中对滤波增益进行实时修正,强迫系统输出残差序列始终正交,从而使SICKF算法具备强跟踪能力。为验证所提ASICKF算法性能,利用数值仿真将其应用于存在突变情况的目标跟踪问题中。仿真结果表明,ASICKF在系统状态突变时仍能保持较高的估计精度,算法稳定性和适应能力较好。     

平方根容积卡尔曼滤波在角测量跟踪中的应用

为解决扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(EKF)在处理角测量跟踪问题时对复杂非线性状态估计收敛速度慢、估计精度低的问题,引入一种平方根容积卡尔曼滤波算法(SRCKF)。SRCKF是一类sigma点滤波方法,基于容积原则的数值积分方法计算非线性随机函数的均值与协方差,避免了EKF中Jacobian矩阵的计算,有效提高了计算效率。另外,与一般容积卡尔曼滤波算法相比,SRCKF确保了状态协方差矩阵的对称性与半正定性,有效改进了数值精度和鲁棒性。将SRCKF应用于角测量跟踪系统中,仿真结果表明,SRCKF、Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)滤波精度较传统EKF有较大提高,同时,与UKF相比,SRCKF能以较快的运行效率获得较好的滤波效果。     

Integrated design of speed-sensorless and adaptive speed controller for a brushless DC motor

The study develops a design of an integrated new speed-sensorless approach that involves a torque observer and an adaptive speed controller for a brushless dc motor (BLDCM). The system is based on the vector control drive strategy. The speed-sensorless approach first employs a load observer to estimate the disturbed load torque, and then the estimated load torque is substituted into the mechanical dynamic equation to determine the rotor speed, and thus develop a speed-sensorless algorithm. Additionally, the mechanical rotor inertia constant and the friction coefficient, which are the inputs of the load observer, are estimated using the recursive least-square rule. Therefore, the proposed speed-sensorless approach is unaffected by the time-variant motor parameters nor is affected by the integrator drift problem. It also has a simpler computing algorithm than the extended Kalman filter for estimating the speed. The modified model reference adaptive system algorithm, an adaptive control algorithm, is adopted as a speed controller of the BLDCM to improve the performance of the speed-sensorless approach. Simulation and experimental results confirm that the performance of the design of a new integrated speed-sensorless approach and the adaptive speed controller is good.     

基于测量协方差离散Kalman滤波估计算法的视频跟踪

视频中人体跟踪存在复杂性,尤其是对复杂背景下的人体上、下肢区域进行识别与跟踪时,传统算法存在一些问题。本文在传统Kalman滤波跟踪算法基础上,提出一种基于可变测量协方差的离散Kalman滤波人体识别算法。通过初始化测量协方差,用递归的方法从新获取的观测数据中计算出新的测量协方差估计量,通过离散Kalman滤波器进行跟踪。在实际的视频图像中,表现出良好的跟踪效果,并且对上肢、下肢及整个人体的区分以及部位跟踪方面都有很好的表现。相对于传统的Kalman滤波算法,本算法没有丢失跟踪目标的现象,跟踪速度适中,与人体行进速度保持一致,基本为1.5 m/s,特别适用于对视频中的人体行为进行跟踪及分析处理。     

Sensorless full-digital PMSM drive with EKF estimation of speed androtor position

This paper concerns the realization of a sensorless permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor drive. Position and angular speed of the rotor are obtained through an extended Kalman filter. The estimation algorithm does not require either the knowledge of the mechanical parameters or the initial rotor position, overcoming two of the main drawbacks of other estimation techniques. The drive also incorporates a digital d-q current control, which can be easily tuned with locked rotor. The experimental setup includes a PM synchronous motor, a pulsewidth modulation voltage-source inverter, and floating-point digital-signal-processor-based control system     

Speed-sensorless control system of a bearingless induction motor based on iterative central difference Kalman filter

ABSTRACT

In order to obtain speed self-detecting with low cost for a bearingless induction motor (BIM) a speed-sensorless control strategy based on the iterative central difference Kalman filter (ICDKF) is proposed. Firstly, on the basis of the BIM mathematical model, the nonlinear state equation is established and its order is reduced from fifth-order to fourth-order using the stator terminal voltage and current as input. Then, a sterling interpolation formulation is used in the filter to reduce the model error, and an iteration loop link is adopted to improve the filter accuracy. Finally, the online speed of the BIM is identified through the filter rotor speed estimation. Theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results by UKF and CDKF method have been compared. The results show that the proposed speed-sensorless control system not only has good speed tracking performance and reduce the load disturbance but also improves the BIM suspension performance.     

基于HFM和感知后滤波器的语音增强

研究了只能获得带噪信号的情况下的语音增强问题。将语音信号看作由高斯噪声激励的自回归(AR)过程,观测噪声为加性高斯白噪声,把信号转化为状态空间模型。首先用隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)估计AR参数和噪声的方差作为卡尔曼滤波器初值,估计信号作为参数估计的中间值给出,然后将估计信号通过一个感知滤波器平滑以消除残余噪声。仿真结果表明该算法有良好的性能。     

Damping of Torsional Vibrations in Two-Mass System Using Adaptive Sliding Neuro-Fuzzy Approach

In this paper, a new robust control system with the adaptive sliding neuro-fuzzy speed controller for the drive system with the flexible joint is proposed. A model reference adaptive control structure (MRAC) is used in this drive system. The torsional vibrations are successfully suppressed in the control structure with only one basic feedback from the motor speed. The damping ability of the proposed system has been confirmed for a wide range of the system parameters and compared with the other control concepts, like the adaptive Pi-type neuro-fuzzy controller and the classical cascade PI structure.     

改进的平方根容积卡尔曼滤波及其在POS中的应用

为解决扩展卡尔曼滤波在处理复杂非线性状态估计时,存在收敛速度慢、估计精度低及数值稳定性差等问题,引入一种改进的平方根容积卡尔曼滤波算法(A-SRCKF)。该算法在容积卡尔曼滤波基础上引入矩阵QR分解、Cholesky分解因数更新等技术,避免了矩阵分解、求逆及求导等复杂运算,极大降低了计算复杂度;并针对系统时变及统计特性未知情况下量测噪声协方差阵难以获取问题,通过引入自适应噪声估计器并结合小波卡尔曼滤波思想,构造出加权量测噪声协方差阵,提高了数值精度及稳定性。将A-SRCKF应用于机载定姿定位系统中,仿真结果表明:该算法有效地提升了估计精度,并且运行速度较快。     

Modified RHKF Filter for Improved DR/GPS Navigation against Uncertain Model Dynamics

In this paper, an error compensation technique for a dead reckoning (DR) system using a magnetic compass module is proposed. The magnetic compass‐based azimuth may include a bias that varies with location due to the surrounding magnetic sources. In this paper, the DR system is integrated with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver using a finite impulse response (FIR) filter to reduce errors. This filter can estimate the varying bias more effectively than the conventional Kalman filter, which has an infinite impulse response structure. Moreover, the conventional receding horizon Kalman FIR (RHKF) filter is modified for application in nonlinear systems and to compensate the drawbacks of the RHKF filter. The modified RHKF filter is a novel RHKF filter scheme for nonlinear dynamics. The inverse covariance form of the linearized Kalman filter is combined with a receding horizon FIR strategy. This filter is then combined with an extended Kalman filter to enhance the convergence characteristics of the FIR filter. Also, the receding interval is extended to reduce the computational burden. The performance of the proposed DR/GPS integrated system using the modified RHKF filter is evaluated through simulation.     

Adaptive nonlinear velocity controller for a flexible mechanism of a linear motor

In the paper a nonlinear load control method is developed and implemented for a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The purpose of the controller is to track a flexible load to the desired velocity reference as fast as possible and without awkward oscillation. The control method is based on an adaptive backstepping algorithm whose stability is ensured by the Lyapunov stability theorem. The states of the system needed in the controller are estimated by using the Kalman filter. The proposed controller is implemented and tested in a linear motor test drive and responses are presented.     

自校正分布式观测融合Kalman滤波器

对于带未知噪声统计和带具有相同右因子的观测阵的多传感器系统,应用加权最小二乘(WLS)法可得到一个等价的融合观测方程。该文应用现代时间序列分析方法,基于新息模型参数的在线辨识,可估计未知噪声方差,进而提出了自校正加权观测融合Kalman滤波器。在新息模型参数估计是一致的和观测数据是有界的假设下,该文证明了自校正Kalman滤波器收敛于当噪声统计已知时的全局最优融合Kalman滤波器,因而它具有渐近全局最优性。最后给出了一个4传感器跟踪系统的仿真例子并验证了其有效性。     

Digital control of an induction motor drive by a stochasticestimator and airgap magnetic flux feedback loop

An approach for the problem of airgap flux estimation in induction motors is presented. The Kalman filter algorithm is developed to provide an estimated state vector containing flux linkage components. The estimated fluxes are then used to implement a direct flux control loop through an inverter-fed AC drive scheme. The overall control system is developed around a digital unit based on a 16 bit microprocessor and a signal processor